Structural feature of cultivated land use output, namely the accurate information on cultivated land output value by crops, is important for making appropriate policies to ensure national food security and promote cultivated land use specialization and its sustainable management in China. The crops planted in the cultivated land are divided into cereal crops, tuber crops, legume crops, oil crops, fiber crops, sugar crops and vegetable crops in this paper. Then the output values of the seven types gathered from China Rural Statistical Yearbook are adopted to analyze the temporal and spatial variations of China’s cultivated land use output value. Furthermore, the output elasticity coefficient and price elasticity coefficient are developed to reflect the impacts of crops output and its price on crops output value. The results show that: 1) Cereal crops and vegetable crops have become the main part of cultivated land use outputs in China currently. The output value of vegetable crops was higher than that of cereal crops in 2007, and had become the biggest output crops since then. Thus, it is concluded that the leading crops of cultivated land output is shifting from cereal crops to vegetable crops. 2) The area where cultivated land output is dominated by vegetables expanded from eastern coastal provinces in 2004 to inland regions in 2012, including two thirds of Main Grain Producing Areas in China. 3) The increase of cereal crops output value in most Main Grain Producing Areas in China is largely due to the increasing total output, while the increase of vegetable crops output value in central and eastern provinces mainly attribute to the rise of price. 4) In the process of cultivated land use specialization, the advantage of cereal crops in Northeast China should be further exerted, and the characteristics of cotton planting in Xinjiang need to be given more prominence. Besides, the comparative advantage of farm production by county must be taken into account greatly in Huang-Huai-Hai region.