基于自然的解决方案的生态保护修复前沿进展与实践路径研究
杨崇曜(1994- ),女,辽宁大连人,硕士,工程师,主要从事生态保护修复、基于自然的解决方案研究。E-mail: yangchongyao@lcrc.org.cn |
收稿日期: 2024-06-17
修回日期: 2024-10-12
网络出版日期: 2024-12-16
基金资助
青海省国土整治与生态修复中心政府采购项目 [青海诚鑫公招(服务)](2023-076)
自然资源科技战略研究项目(2023-ZL-85)
Research on frontier advances and implementation pathway of ecological conservation and restoration with Nature-based Solutions
Received date: 2024-06-17
Revised date: 2024-10-12
Online published: 2024-12-16
基于自然的解决方案(NbS)在当今全球生态保护修复领域广受关注,理论技术逐步发展完善。近年来在NbS理论体系构建、技术模式发展、应对气候变化的路径识别和潜力估算、协同应对气候变化与生物多样性丧失等社会挑战、管理模式与资金机制、未来发展方向等方面取得了大量研究成果,对于生态保护修复工作具有极强的参考价值。生态保护修复是中国生态文明建设的重要举措之一,NbS对于国土空间生态保护修复产生了积极影响,并在相关项目和地方实践中取得了明显成效。未来中国NbS可重点在持续开展相关理论技术研究、本土化、应用NbS促进中国生态保护修复工作总体提升、创新资金机制、开展NbS应用实践等方向发展,为中国生态保护修复的科学有效实施提供理论技术支撑。
杨崇曜 , 王军 , 张骁 , 李文卿 . 基于自然的解决方案的生态保护修复前沿进展与实践路径研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2024 , 39(12) : 2753 -2767 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20241201
Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have received worldwide attention from academics, governments, NGOs and the public in the field of ecological conservation and restoration. Since NbS was formally proposed, its concept has been continuously clarified and refined under the promotion of international organizations such as EU and IUCN, and was officially defined by the United Nations in 2022. The theory and technology of NbS have been gradually developed and perfected by fully admitting the basic theories of ecology, geography and other disciplines, as well as integrating and developing ecological conservation and restoration-related technologies. In recent years, a large number of research results have been achieved in the construction of NbS theoretical system, development of technical model, identification of pathways and estimation of potentials in coping with climate change, synergistic response to social challenges, management model and financial mechanism, and the direction of future development etc., providing strong reference values for ecological conservation and restoration practices. At present, as one of the most important measures for ecological civilization construction, NbS have a positive influence on the planning of ecological conservation and restoration of territorial space, and the integration of ecological conservation and restoration of mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, grasslands, and deserts, and significant results have been achieved in related projects and local practices. In the future, the application of NbS in China should focus on the following directions: (1) Continuously carry out theoretical and technical research to accurately grasp the intrinsic mechanisms of ecosystems. (2) Explore the localization pathway of NbS, implement NbS-based ecological conservation and restoration under the framework of China's territorial spatial planning and use control, and explore the coordination and integration with related project management requirements. (3) Apply NbS to promote the improvement of China's ecological conservation and restoration work with clarified social challenges, carry out monitoring and evaluation, adaptive management, update and improve the technical standards and norms system. (4) Innovate the funding mechanism, actively apply for relevant international projects, and explore the mechanism of transforming ecological benefits into economic benefits. (5) Carry out the application of NbS, comprehensively apply NbS in projects in key areas from planning and designing stage, and summarize practical experience to promote the overall improvement of China's ecological conservation and restoration work.
表1 NbS标准准则Table 1 Criterions of NbS global standard |
准则 | 内容 | 核心表述 |
---|---|---|
准则1 | NbS应有效应对社会挑战 | 应对挑战 |
准则2 | 应根据尺度来设计NbS | 选择尺度 |
准则3 | NbS应带来生物多样性净增长和生态系统完整性 | 有利生多 |
准则4 | NbS应具有经济可行性 | 经济可行 |
准则5 | NbS应基于包容、透明和赋权的治理过程 | 良好治理 |
准则6 | NbS应在首要目标和其他多种效益间公正地权衡 | 权衡效益 |
准则7 | NbS应基于证据进行适应性管理 | 适应管理 |
准则8 | NbS应具可持续性并在适当的辖区内主流化 | 持续主流 |
表2 联合国生态系统恢复十年指导原则Table 2 Principles for ecosystem restoration to guide the United Nations Decade 2021-2030 |
原则 | 内容 | 核心表述 |
---|---|---|
原则1 | 生态系统恢复有助于实现联合国可持续发展目标和里约三公约的目标 | 为全球政策框架做出贡献 |
原则2 | 生态系统恢复的整个过程会促进包容各方的参与性治理以及社会公平和公正 | 促进公平和包容性的参与 |
原则3 | 生态系统恢复包括连续性的恢复活动 | 包括连续性的恢复活动 |
原则4 | 生态系统恢复的目的是在最大程度上恢复生物多样性,确保生态系统健康和完整性,实现人类福祉 | 在最大程度上实现生态恢复,使自然和人类受益 |
原则5 | 生态系统恢复旨在应对导致生态系统退化的直接和间接原因 | 解决退化的根源 |
原则6 | 生态系统恢复过程涉及各类知识,并推动各类知识的交流和整合 | 纳入所有类型的知识 |
原则7 | 生态系统恢复基于明确的短期、中期和长期生态、文化和社会经济目标和目的 | 设定生态、文化和社会经济目标 |
原则8 | 生态系统恢复适合当地的生态、文化和社会经济条件,同时考虑更大范围内的景观 | 根据当地条件和景观因地制宜地开展恢复活动 |
原则9 | 生态系统恢复包括在项目或规划的整个生命周期内及开展监测、评估和适应性管理 | 衡量结果并调整行动 |
原则10 | 生态系统恢复有赖于政策和措施支持,以推动长期进展,复制和推广经验 | 整合政策和措施以产生持久影响 |
表3 NbS应对气候变化路径Table 3 Pathways to address climate change of NbS |
全球 | 中国 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
生态 系统 | 路径 | 生态 系统 | 路径 | 路径 类型 | |
森林 | 恢复森林 | 森林 | 恢复森林 | 恢复 | |
天然林管理 | 天然林管理 | 管理 | |||
避免森林转变 | 避免森林转化 | 保护 | |||
林火管理 | 林火管理 | 管理 | |||
加强植树 | 加强植树 | ||||
避免薪材使用 | |||||
农田与草地 | 生物碳 | 农田 | 生物碳 | 管理 | |
保护性耕作 | 覆盖作物 | 管理 | |||
农田养分管理 | 农田养分管理 | 管理 | |||
优化水稻种植 | 优化水稻种植 | 管理 | |||
混农(牧)林系统 | |||||
避免草地转变 | 草地 | 避免草地转变 | 保护 | ||
最适放牧强度 | 放牧优化 | 管理 | |||
牲畜管理 | |||||
改进饲料 | |||||
种植豆科牧草 | |||||
草地恢复 | 恢复 | ||||
湿地 | 避免海岸带湿地转化和退化 | 湿地 | 避免海岸带湿地转化和退化 | ||
海岸带湿地修复 | 滨海湿地恢复(红树林、盐沼和海草床) | 恢复 | |||
避免泥炭地转化和退化 | 避免泥炭地转化和退化 | 保护 | |||
泥炭地恢复 | 泥炭地恢复 | 恢复 |
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