中国铁矿石海运输入格局解析及通道风险评估
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谢永顺(1994- ),男,河北石家庄人,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为交通地理与全球海运。E-mail: xieys@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2023-04-03
修回日期: 2023-07-13
网络出版日期: 2023-11-06
基金资助
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3704200)
中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2022-XBZD-27)
China's iron ore shipping import pattern and risk assessment
Received date: 2023-04-03
Revised date: 2023-07-13
Online published: 2023-11-06
针对目前贸易统计数据粒度粗、无法精准解析战略物资海运格局及风险的瓶颈,本文基于AIS大数据和贸易数据的细粒度耦合,刻画了中国铁矿石海运输入高分辨率空间特征;结合多源异构数据,利用空间多标准分析量化了风险水平。结果表明:(1)输入格局在始发和终到两端均高度集聚,澳大利亚和巴西是一主一次的双寡头供应国,并主要流入环渤海地区港口群。(2)输入风险呈显著空间分异,且主导因素不同,故而对风险的判断应兼蓄多重外部因素与自身暴露程度。(3)基于高分辨率的通道细分纠正了既有认知的错判,并通过通道层级的风险水平映射,平衡了科学研究的精确性与分析决策的直观性。研究结果可为全球范围内战略物资海运格局的细粒度解析及风险评估提供借鉴。
谢永顺 , 何廷堃 , 易文 , 彭鑫 , 刘欢 . 中国铁矿石海运输入格局解析及通道风险评估[J]. 自然资源学报, 2023 , 38(11) : 2741 -2756 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20231104
The current research on the global flow pattern of iron ore has two bottlenecks: one is relying on coarse-grained trade statistics, and the other is lacking high-precision risk assessment methods. Based on the fine-grained coupling of AIS and trade data, this paper depicts high-resolution spatial characteristics of China's iron ore shipping import pattern. This research quantifies the risk of sea lanes by combining multi-source heterogeneous data with spatial multi-criteria analysis. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The import pattern of China's iron ore shipping is concentrated at both the loading and the discharge stages. Australia and Brazil are primary and secondary duopoly suppliers, supplying more than 82.3% of China's iron ore, and most of them flow to China's Bohai-Rim port clusters. (2) This paper depicts a risk coefficient (RC) map of China's maritime shipping import by analyzing nine indicators and three dimensions (hazard level, vulnerability level, and mitigation capability). The paper also portrays a risk level (RL) map of China's iron ore shipping import, by combining the exposure levels of iron ore imports. The two maps clearly demonstrate that the risk of China's iron ore shipping shows significant spatial differentiation. The dominant factors are diverse, which suggests that the judgment of risk level should comprehensively consider the exposure level of shipping materials and other external factors. (3) In this paper, the import shipping lanes were divided based on a high-resolution import pattern. Therefore, correcting existing cognitive misjudgments and balancing the accuracy of scientific research with the intuitiveness of decision-making through risk level mapping at the lane level. Our research has shown that, the Strait of Sunda, and the Strait of Lombok-the Strait of Makassar Strait are the riskiest shipping lanes in the first tier, the Mediterranean-the Red Sea is the riskiest shipping lanes in the second tier, and the Black Sea is the riskiest shipping lanes in the third tier. The high-resolution spatial identification method built in this paper can solve the current inaccuracy of identifying global material flow status and improve the technology of quantitative risk assessment for key shipping lanes. This method is not only applicable to iron ore shipping, but also to the fine-grained analysis and risk assessment of other important material shipping patterns.
表1 评价指标选取、等级划分及权重Table 1 The selection, ranking and weighting of indicators |
| 系统层 | 指标层 | 等级 | 权重 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 低 | 较低 | 中等 | 较高 | 高 | |||
| 危害水平H | 水深/m | >250 | 150~250 | 50~150 | 10~50 | <10 | 0.36 |
| 风速/(m/s) | <5.4 | 5.4~8 | 8~10.8 | 10.8~13.8 | >13.8 | 0.23 | |
| 海盗及武装抢劫/年均频次 | <2 | 2~4 | 4~6 | 6~8 | >8 | 0.41 | |
| 脆弱水平V | 国家稳定性 (十分制) | 0~2 | 2~4 | 4~6 | 6~8 | 8~10 | 0.43 |
| 政府腐败度 (百分制) | 80~100 | 60~80 | 40~60 | 20~40 | 0~20 | 0.30 | |
| 军事基地距离/km | >3000 | 2200~3000 | 1500~2200 | 760~1500 | <760 | 0.27 | |
| 缓解能力M | 与主要航线的距离/km | >560 | 350~560 | 180~350 | 80~180 | <80 | 0.29 |
| 与主要港口的距离/km | >400 | 300~400 | 200~300 | 100~200 | <100 | 0.33 | |
| 与中国港口的距离/km | >15000 | 10000~15000 | 5400~10000 | 1200~5400 | <1200 | 0.38 | |
表2 中国铁矿石海运接卸港口划分Table 2 Classification of China's iron ore shipping ports |
| 港口群 | 包含港口 | 数量/个 |
|---|---|---|
| 环渤海 | 鲅鱼圈,曹妃甸,大连,丹东,董家口,和平,黄骅,锦州,京唐,莱州,岚北,岚桥, 岚山,连云港,龙口,秦皇岛,青岛,日照,天津新港,威海,潍坊,烟台,燕尾 | 23 |
| 长三角 | 北仑,常熟,常州,大丰,江阴,罗泾,马迹山,南京,南通,宁波,如皋,上海,鼠浪湖,台州,太仓,泰州,扬州,张家港,镇江,舟山老塘山,舟山武港 | 21 |
| 东南沿海 | 福州港,宁德港,莆田港,泉州港,厦门港,秀屿港 | 6 |
| 西南沿海 | 北海,防城,高栏港,广州,茂名,钦州,阳江,湛江 | 8 |
表3 中国铁矿石海运输入通道风险评估Table 3 Assessment of China's iron ore shipping import channel risk |
| 代码 | 通道层级 | 通道名称 | 危害水平 | 脆弱水平 | 缓解能力 | 风险系数 | 暴露水平 | 风险水平 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 一级输入通道 | 马六甲海峡 | 92.62 | 68.29 | 99.18 | 63.77 | 63.18 | 63.47 |
| 2 | 巽他海峡 | 90.16 | 60.97 | 100.00 | 54.97 | 61.27 | 58.04 | |
| 3 | 龙目—望加锡海峡 | 76.10 | 62.81 | 100.00 | 47.80 | 63.99 | 55.30 | |
| 4a | 菲律宾海a | 50.54 | 52.46 | 99.58 | 26.63 | 57.95 | 39.28 | |
| 4b | 菲律宾海b | 40.04 | 38.72 | 91.55 | 16.94 | 27.18 | 21.46 | |
| 4c | 菲律宾海c | 40.00 | 43.24 | 92.05 | 18.79 | 22.49 | 20.56 | |
| 4d | 菲律宾海d | 39.00 | 45.95 | 94.00 | 19.06 | 45.42 | 29.43 | |
| 5 | 朝鲜海峡 | 43.70 | 68.22 | 100.00 | 29.81 | 36.44 | 32.96 | |
| 6 | 二级输入通道 | 地中海—红海 | 66.64 | 60.13 | 84.86 | 47.22 | 52.88 | 49.97 |
| 7 | 孟加拉湾 | 54.46 | 51.95 | 99.90 | 28.32 | 42.82 | 34.83 | |
| 8a | 印度洋a | 38.09 | 37.03 | 81.84 | 17.23 | 83.95 | 38.04 | |
| 8b | 印度洋b | 35.95 | 23.13 | 69.29 | 12.00 | 81.50 | 31.27 | |
| 8c | 印度洋c | 38.27 | 20.88 | 62.66 | 12.75 | 70.29 | 29.94 | |
| 9a | 澳新a | 37.23 | 33.30 | 87.09 | 14.23 | 42.61 | 24.63 | |
| 9b | 澳新b | 43.92 | 40.08 | 100.00 | 17.60 | 89.07 | 39.60 | |
| 9c | 澳新c | 38.68 | 54.61 | 100.00 | 21.12 | 58.91 | 35.27 | |
| 9d | 澳新d | 40.76 | 48.40 | 89.86 | 21.95 | 36.78 | 28.42 | |
| 9e | 澳新e | 34.65 | 48.72 | 79.72 | 21.18 | 29.50 | 25.00 | |
| 10a | 太平洋a | 39.64 | 24.52 | 52.44 | 18.53 | 46.87 | 29.47 | |
| 10b | 太平洋b | 35.76 | 28.26 | 62.92 | 16.06 | 38.06 | 24.72 | |
| 10c | 太平洋c | 38.50 | 25.88 | 77.59 | 12.84 | 21.25 | 16.52 | |
| 11 | 北极 | 42.44 | 61.77 | 70.98 | 36.94 | 17.31 | 25.28 | |
| 12 | 三级输入通道 | 西北欧 | 48.23 | 34.58 | 79.17 | 21.06 | 41.98 | 29.74 |
| 13a | 大西洋a | 33.76 | 28.67 | 77.76 | 12.45 | 50.93 | 25.18 | |
| 13b | 大西洋b | 38.03 | 27.77 | 55.73 | 18.95 | 52.98 | 31.69 | |
| 13c | 大西洋c | 38.4 | 25.81 | 58.30 | 17.04 | 70.64 | 34.69 | |
| 13d | 大西洋d | 33.11 | 22.59 | 52.57 | 14.23 | 68.24 | 31.16 | |
| 14 | 黑海 | 45.34 | 69.26 | 80.00 | 39.26 | 67.83 | 51.60 | |
| 15 | 波斯湾 | 76.32 | 52.55 | 98.57 | 40.69 | 34.35 | 37.38 | |
| 16 | 巴拿马运河 | 62.65 | 57.61 | 73.75 | 48.94 | 22.72 | 33.34 |
感谢王光谦院士、邵安林院士等在项目执行过程中的方向引导。
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