新时代“三农”问题和乡村振兴的理论思考与实践发展
周国华(1965-),男,湖南娄底人,硕士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为区域发展与国土空间规划、乡村地理与城乡转型、新型城镇化与城市更新。E-mail: uuy828@163.com。其他作者为共同第二作者。 |
收稿日期: 2023-06-26
修回日期: 2023-07-19
网络出版日期: 2023-08-24
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41971224)
Theoretical debates and practical development of the "three rural issues" and rural revitalization in the New Era
Received date: 2023-06-26
Revised date: 2023-07-19
Online published: 2023-08-24
“三农”是百年党建与中国城乡发展的一条重要主线。为推进新时代的“三农”问题破解与乡村振兴战略实施,特邀请“三农”问题与乡村振兴研究领域的10位专家开展访谈。访谈主要从历史过程与制度情境、城乡系统与跨尺度空间、政策理论—技术方法—实践路径相融合等三大视角,围绕“三农”战略阶段与制度变迁、“三农”问题的本质与新“三农”问题破解、乡村振兴机制与乡建实践等三条主线展开。主要结论有:(1)时空过程和制度语境下的“三农”问题本质、关键领域与体制机制创新。“三农”发展的规律认知与政策调控需要放在全球时空尺度与城乡地域系统中综合把握。“三农”问题是城乡地域系统整体框架下乡村地域系统功能提升的优化决策问题。城乡发展不平衡,农村发展不充分是新时代“三农”问题的集中反映,“三农”问题的症结在于“人地业”的不协调发展。新时代的“三农”发展体制和工作机制,需在国家粮食安全、农民生计发展、现代农业农村发展、乡村振兴与城乡融合发展等关键领域,抓好两个“底线”、做好两个“衔接”、促进两个“融合”。(2)城乡系统互动与人民共同富裕要求下的乡村振兴理论与“三生”空间规划。中国“三农”问题的研究与破解,根植于人地关系地域系统理论与区位理论、部门经济理论和经济周期理论以及发展经济学理论、社会功能理论与社会冲突理论的多学科沃土。在“三农”问题研究实践中也发展出了土地利用转型理论、乡村重构理论、乡村发展多体多极理论、界面理论、乡村吸引力以及乡村可持续性等理论。从区域发展理论和宏观战略政策来看,城乡融合发展与人民共同富裕,是区域均衡发展和中国式现代化的结果表征与应有之义。“让乡村生活具有吸引力”的民间表达与“2035年乡村基本实现现代化”的乡村振兴战略目标互为“表里”关系,可从乡村聚落演变与多功能转型、城乡互动下的乡村绅士化与乡村吸引力、乡村可持续性科学指导下的乡村现代化发展得到综合解释。提升地方品质是以创新驱动乡村振兴的本质要求和一般规律,基于禀赋的特色发展、数字化转型和城镇圈化是重要推进路径。以空间规划来引领城乡空间融合,以土地综合整治推动人居空间品质提升,以精细化管理助力农业空间多功能价值实现,以系统性保护和修复保障生态空间可持续利用,统筹乡村“三生”空间重构和功能融合发展,是乡村振兴和新型城乡关系构建的坚实基础。(3)生态文明建设与治理现代化新需求下全面乡村振兴的路径机制和乡村建设的技术支撑。全面乡村振兴需要“业”的振兴、“地”的改革、“人”的福祉发展与“技”的智能更新。一是统合农业高质量发展与乡村高品质宜业宜居问题,积极从大食物观的新思路,联动自然科学、工程技术创新与制度创新,落实食物安全和重要农产品供给保障安全;二是亟需创新农村土地系统的产权—治权融合机制,尤其是积极构建农户参与的农村绿色发展机制及生态环境治理外部性收益分享机制;三是打通农民分享农村资产升值收益的堵点、补齐小农户与现代农业有效衔接的短板、树立适应中国式现代化需要的县域治理理念;四是以“可计算乡村”理论和技术,推进国家与乡村之间的有效衔接和信息共享,通过多级主体共建共治共管,共同缔造宜居宜业和美乡村。上述观点,可为朝向中国式现代化的“三农”工作创新与乡村振兴实践提供理论借鉴和决策参考。
周国华 , 龙花楼 , 林万龙 , 乔家君 , 谭华云 , 杨开忠 , 岳文泽 , 郧文聚 , 黄贤金 , 陆汉文 , 李郇 . 新时代“三农”问题和乡村振兴的理论思考与实践发展[J]. 自然资源学报, 2023 , 38(8) : 1919 -1940 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20230801
"Three rural issues" (issues concerning agriculture, rural areas, and farmers) is an important mainline of the CPC's centennial course of party building and China's urban-rural development. In order to solve the "three rural issues" in the New Era and promote the implementation of rural revitalization strategy, we hereby invite ten experts in the research field of "three rural issues" and rural revitalization research to conduct interviews. The interview mainly focuses on three perspectives: Historical process and institutional context, urban-rural system and cross scale space, and the integration of policy theory, technical methods, and rural construction practice. It revolves three main lines: The strategic stage and institutional changes of "three rural issues", the essence of "three rural issues" and the ways to solve new "three rural issues", and the rural revitalization mechanism and rural construction practice. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The essence, key areas, and institutional mechanism innovation of the "three rural issues" in the context of spatio-temporal processes and institutional contexts. It is necessary to grasp the laws of "three rural" (agriculture, rural areas, and farmers) and diagnose the "three rural issues" from the perspective of urban and rural regional systems and even the global perspective space. The "three rural issues" is an optimization decision-making problem for improving the functions of rural regional systems within the overall framework of urban and rural regional systems. The imbalance in urban-rural development and insufficient rural development are the concentrated reflection of the "three rural issues" in the New Era. The crux of the "three rural issues" lies in the uncoordinated development of "human, land, and industry". The core goal of China's "three rural issues" in the new development stage is to move towards the common prosperity of farmers and rural areas. The corresponding development system and working mechanism of "agriculture, rural areas, and farmers" need to grasp the two "bottom lines", do a good job in the two "connections", and promote the two "integrations" in key areas such as national food security, farmers' livelihood development, modern agriculture and rural development, rural revitalization, and urban-rural integration development. (2) The theory of rural revitalization and the rural spatial planning under the requirements of urban-rural system interaction and people's common prosperity. The research and solution of China's "three rural issues" are rooted in the geographical theory of territorial system theory of human-environment interaction and location theory, the sector economy theory and the economic cycle theory, as well as the theory of development economics, sociological function theory and social conflict theories. In the research practice of the "three rural issues", land use transformation theory, rural reconstruction theory, rural development multi-body and multi-pole theory, interface theory, rural attraction theory, and rural sustainability have also been developed. The urban-rural integrated development and the common prosperity of the people should be the result of balanced regional development and Chinese path to modernization. The folk expression of "making rural life attractive" and the strategic goal of "basically realizing rural modernization by 2035" are mutually "exterior-interior" relationship, which can be comprehensively explained from the following three aspects: The spatio-temporal differences and path differentiation of rural settlement evolution and multi-functional transformation, and the phenomenon explanation of rural gentrification and the theoretical application of rural attraction in the context of urban-rural interaction, as well as the theoretical significance and practical path of rural modernization under the guidance of rural sustainability science. Improving local quality is an inherent requirement to meet the people's needs for a better life, and it is an essential requirement and general law of rural revitalization driven by innovation. As the edge of the national urban-rural system, rural areas face constraints such as segmentation, remoteness, low density, and insufficient heterogeneity dividends in improving local quality. Therefore, to improve local quality of rural areas, it is necessary to adapt to and alleviate the relative inefficiency of rural geography, and its important promotion paths include the characteristic development based on endowment, digital transformation and rural agglomeration centered around cities and towns. Guided by spatial planning and taking into account the integrated functional development of production-living-ecological spaces in rural areas, as well as the integration of urban and rural space through spatial planning, through promoting the quality of living space through comprehensive land improvement, assisting in the realization of multifunctional value in agricultural space through refined management, ensuring the sustainable use of ecological space through systematic protection and restoration, which is a solid foundation for rural revitalization and the construction of a new urban-rural relationship. (3) The path mechanism and technical support for the comprehensive rural revitalization and rural construction under the new needs of ecological civilization construction and governance modernization. Comprehensive rural revitalization requires the revitalization of industries, the reform of land, the development of human well-being, and the intelligent updating of technology. First, the essence of operating rural areas is the rational allocation of resources as the object of factors. It is necessary to integrate the high-quality development of agriculture with the high-quality and livable rural areas, promote the interaction and integration of urban and rural systems, actively link natural science, engineering technology innovation, and institutional innovation from the perspective of the big food concept, and implement food safety and important agricultural product supply security. Second, facing the new demand of rural sustainable development and governance modernization, we should innovate the property right governance integration mechanism of rural land system, especially actively build a rural green development mechanism with farmers' participation and an external benefit sharing mechanism of ecological environment governance. Third, it is urgent to break through the barriers that farmers share the gains from the appreciation of rural assets, fill the gap between small farmers and modern agriculture, and establish a concept of county governance that meets the needs of Chinese path to modernization. Fourth, rural construction is an organic combination of the governance of public spaces by the state and the daily life practices of farmers. Through the theory and technology of "computational" rural areas, effective connection and information sharing between the state and rural areas can be achieved, promoting coordinated development from micro to macro, and from local to whole. And we should achieve the aim of building livable, suitable for work, and beautiful rural areas, through multi-level main body co-construction, co-governance, and management. To sum up, the interview views can provide theoretical reference and decision-making reference for the "three rural issues" work innovation and rural revitalization practice towards Chinese path to modernization.
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