
农户承包地流转行为对宅基地退出意愿的影响机制——来自全国4275户农户的经验证据
李星佚, 董渤, 杜欣蔚, 李哲敏
自然资源学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (7) : 1933-1950.
农户承包地流转行为对宅基地退出意愿的影响机制——来自全国4275户农户的经验证据
The influence mechanism of farmers' contracted land transfer behavior on the willingness to homestead withdrawal: Empirical evidence from 4275 households nationwide
探索农户宅基地退出意愿的影响因素对于推动以人为本的农村土地制度改革具有重要意义。基于全国范围的微观调查数据,从土地多功能性视角出发,解释了农户承包地流转行为何以影响宅基地退出意愿,并探索了农户生计策略的中介效应以及代际差异和改革试点参与情况的调节效应。研究发现:(1)承包地转入行为削减了农户的宅基地退出意愿,承包地转出行为提高了农户的宅基地退出意愿。(2)使用户内外出人口比例和非农收入占比作为代理变量检验农户生计策略的中介效应,发现农户承包地流转行为通过改变家庭人口迁移的方向进而影响宅基地退出意愿,而并非通过改变家庭收入结构。(3)承包地转出对年轻农户宅基地退出意愿的促进作用更大,对改革试点地区农户宅基地退出意愿的促进作用更小。对此,未来应在尊重农民意愿的前提下明确宅基地退出政策的主要目标群体,并注意与承包地流转的改革联动性;持续提高农民的非农就业能力,科学促进农村人口高质量转移;针对农民内部差异和地区特性分类施策。
Exploring the influencing factors of farmers' voluntary and compensated withdrawal intention from homestead land is of great significance for promoting the people-oriented rural land system reform. Utilizing micro-survey data encompassing a nationwide scope, this study is anchored in the multifunctional perspective of land, which delineates how the transfer of contracted land influences the willingness to withdraw homestead land and demonstrate the mediating role of household livelihood strategies, as well as the moderating effects of generational disparities and reform pilot effect. The findings are as following: (1) The inflow of contracted land suppresses farmers' willingness to withdraw homestead land, whereas the outflow of contracted land enhances this willingness. (2) Using the ratio of out-migrating population and the proportion of non-agricultural income as proxy variables to assess the mediating role of household livelihood strategies, the study identifies that demographic transition is a significant pathway through which land transfer impacts the willingness to withdraw homestead land, rather than the change of household income structures. (3) The effect of outflow of contracted land in enhancing the willingness of younger farmers to withdraw homestead land is more pronounced, while its influence is less significant among farmers in reform pilot areas. Consequently, future policy formulations regarding homestead land withdrawal should identify the target group, with a respect for the willingness of farmers. It is necessary to synchronize policies of homestead withdrawal and contracted land transfer. It is also imperative to continuously enhance the off-farm employment capabilities of farmers and to facilitate the high-quality migration of the rural population in a scientifically sound manner. Policies should be tailored to account for the heterogeneity among farmers and the unique characteristics of different regions.
宅基地退出意愿 / 承包地流转行为 / 影响机制 {{custom_keyword}} /
willingness to homestead withdrawal / contracted land transfer behavior / influence mechanism {{custom_keyword}} /
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充分尊重农民主体意愿是宅基地三权分置的基本原则。如何增强农民参与宅基地三权分置的意愿成为一个重要问题。文章基于浙江德清与湖南浏阳的调查数据,采用内生处理效应模型,基于预期收益、机会成本、交易成本、公平偏好的视角,检验了部分配套措施对农民宅基地三权分置响应意愿的影响。结果表明:①宅基地使用权线上交易平台通过大幅降低交易成本,极大提升了农民宅基地三权分置响应意愿。②宅基地有偿使用通过降低农民参与宅基地三权分置的机会成本,显著增强了其响应意愿。③当前宅基地有偿退出补偿没有达到农民预期,从而对其宅基地三权分置响应意愿影响效应不明显。④当前宅基地民主管理机制没有充分满足农民的公平偏好,对其宅基地三权分置响应意愿的影响较小。因此,增强宅基地三权分置的农民参与意愿,需要提高宅基地有偿退出标准和优化补偿方式,加强宅基地民主管理机制的公开、公正、公平,稳步推进宅基地有偿使用和闲置收费的制度建设,建立健全宅基地使用权等农村产权线上交易平台。
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Fully respecting the farmers' main willingness is the basic principle of reform of the separation of the three rights of homesteads (RSTRH). It has become an important issue that how to enhance the willingness of farmers to participate in RSTRH. Based on survey data from Deqing, Zhejiang Province and Liuyang, Hunan Province, this paper examines the impacts of some measures on farmers' willingness to participate in RSTRH by using an endogenous treatment effect regression based on the perspectives of expected benefits, opportunity costs, transaction costs, and fairness preferences. The results show that: 1) The online trading platform for residential land use rights has greatly enhanced the farmers' willingness to participate in RSTRH by significantly reducing the transaction costs. 2) Reimbursable use of homesteads significantly increases farmers' willingness to participate in RSTRH by lowering their opportunity costs of participating. 3) The current compensation for the withdrawal of homesteads does not meet farmers' expectations, thus the effects on their willingness to participate in RSTRH is not obvious. 4) The current village-level management mechanism for homesteads does not fully satisfy farmers' fairness preferences and has no significant effect on their willingness to to participate in RSTRH. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the standards and methods of compensation for the withdrawal of homesteads, strengthen the fairness of the village-level management mechanism for homesteads, gradually establish a system of paid use of homesteads and charges for idleness, and establish and improve online trading platforms for homesteads and other rural property rights, in order to fully incentivize farmers' willingness to participate in RSTRH.
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宅基地退出是有效缓解城乡建设用地之间的矛盾、促进乡村振兴的重要手段。在梳理宅基地有偿退出路径的基础上构建宅基地价值补偿体系,按照政府能承受、农户能接受、工作可持续的原则,基于成本收益理论科学测定在不同模式下宅基地自愿有偿退出的有效阈值。结果表明:(1)宅基地退出补偿阈值是农户能接受的最小值和政府能承受的最大值所组成的补偿范围。(2)农户退出宅基地损失的机会成本和退出总成本之和小于最小阈值时农户愿意有偿退出,最大阈值低于宅基地、地上附属设施权利价值和退出总成本之和。(3)“异地改造”模式下,政府处于主导地位,资金来源较少,实际补偿金额接近最小阈值。“一户多宅”模式下,政府和农户诉求相当,补偿金额偏向中位数。“整体搬迁”和“社区化”模式下,农户处于主导地位,政府补偿资金来源较多,实际补偿金额趋向最大阈值。
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自愿性原则是当前宅基地退出制度改革的前提条件,引导农户自愿有偿退出宅基地,对盘活闲置宅基地、实现农户宅基地资产权益、促进城乡融合发展具有重要意义。基于改进技术接受模型理论,利用安徽省合肥市近郊肥西县农村与偏远宿松县农村738份农户问卷数据,应用结构方程模型揭示农户宅基地退出行为意愿影响因素的效应、作用路径及区域差异。研究发现:①期望权益诉求、实现期望权益的信心与确权效应认知等因素对宅基地退出行为意愿存在明显的区域分异:在近郊县农村,合理补偿、新区安置或代际继承是农户重点关注的期望权益,农户退出宅基地信心主要源于“自发性”与“诱发性”驱动力;在偏远县农村,新区安置或代际继承是农户重点关注的期望权益,农户退出宅基地信心主要源于“诱发性”驱动力;近郊县农村宅基地确权对农户退出行为意愿的激励效应大于偏远县农村;②2个区域农户退出行为意愿的作用路径中:感知易用性与感知有用性传递中介效应显著,满足农户期望权益并增强其信心,是推进宅基地退出的重要条件;2个区域潜变量总效应排序一致:确权效应<感知易用性<感知有用性,但近郊县农村各潜变量总效应强于偏远县农村;③近郊县农村同类型农户分化组各潜变量效应明显强于偏远县农村;近郊县农村深分化农户组呈现确权效应强于感知易用性,这预示未来宅基地确权比政府的强力推动更能有效激发农户退出行为意愿。基于此,应依据地区差异,从尊重农户期望权益诉求、增强农户信心及保障农户宅基地产权等方面入手,进一步完善宅基地退出政策。
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