Organizations are increasingly committing to biodiversity protection targets with focus on 'nature-positive' outcomes, yet examples of how to feasibly achieve these targets are needed. Here we propose an approach to achieve nature-positive targets with respect to the embodied biodiversity impacts of an organization's food consumption. We quantify these impacts using a comprehensive database of life-cycle environmental impacts from food, and map exploratory strategies to meet defined targets structured according to a mitigation and conservation hierarchy. By considering the varying needs and values across the organization's internal community, we identify a range of targeted approaches towards mitigating impacts, which balance top-down and bottom-up actions to different degrees. Delivering ambitious nature-positive targets within current constraints will be challenging, particularly given the need to mitigate cumulative impacts. Our results evidence that however committed an organization is to being nature positive in its food provision, this is unachievable in the absence of systems change.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

基于曲阜、莒县526份农户调研数据，利用碳足迹、能值分析等方法综合评估农户耕地利用可持续集约化水平（SICLU），在对耕地转入影响耕地利用可持续集约化的传导机制进行分析的基础上，利用中介效应模型检验耕地经营规模、细碎化水平的中介作用。结果表明：（1）耕地转入户SICLU水平较高，耕地利用可产生较好的经济、社会效益，而生态效率有待提高。转入户、未转入户、全样本农户户均耕地利用经济效益、生态效益、社会效益、耕地利用可持续集约化水平分别为0.115、0.067、0.081，0.623、0.630、0.628，0.045、0.043、0.044，0.261、0.247、0.251。（2）基准回归表明耕地转入对SICLU产生了显著的促进作用，且经过一系列稳健性检验后依然成立；家庭平均受教育年限、家庭抚养比是影响SICLU的重要因素。（3）中介效应结果表明，耕地转入对经营规模、平均地块规模有显著正向影响；耕地经营规模表现为显著的正向完全中介效应，中介效应为0.019；平均地块规模具有显著的正向部分中介作用，中介效应占总效应的43.021%；以上中介效应均通过稳健性检验。（4）农户异质性检验结果显示，耕地转入对“高家庭抚养比”“参加农业保险”组农户SICLU水平具有显著正向作用，对“低家庭抚养比”“未参加农业保险”组农户SICLU水平影响不显著。研究结论有助于理解耕地转入对耕地利用可持续集约化的影响及作用机制，对推动耕地利用转型具有指导意义。

Based on 526 survey data of farming households in Qufu and Juxian county, this paper comprehensively evaluates the sustainable intensification level of farming households' cultivated land use by carbon footprint and emergy analysis methods. Based on the analysis of the transmission mechanism of cultivated land renting-in affecting SICLU, we use the mediated effect model to test the mediated role of management scale and fragmentation of cultivated land. The results show that: (1) The SICLU level of cultivated land transferred to farming households is higher, producing better economic and social benefits, but its ecological efficiency needs to be improved. The economic benefit, ecological benefit, social benefit and the level of SICLU are 0.115, 0.067 and 0.081; 0.623, 0.630 and 0.628; 0.045, 0.043 and 0.044; 0.261, 0.247 and 0.251 for renting-in farming households, non-renting-in farming households and the whole sample, respectively. (2) Baseline regression shows that cultivated land renting-in has a significant positive effect on SICLU, which is still valid after a series of robustness tests. The average years of education and the ratio of family dependency are important factors affecting SICLU. (3) The mediated effect model shows that cultivated land renting-in has a significant positive effect on the management scale and the average land size. The cultivated land management scale whose mediating effect is 0.019 shows a significant positive and complete mediating effect, and the average land size shows a significant positive and partial mediating effect, whose mediating effect accounts for 43.021% of the total effect. All the mediating effects above pass the robustness test. (4) The results of farming households heterogeneity test show that cultivated land renting-in has a significant positive effect on the SICLU of farming households in the "high family dependency ratio" and "participating in agricultural insurance" group, but has no significant effect on the SICLU of farming households in the "low family dependency ratio" group and "not participating in agricultural insurance" group. The conclusion of this study is helpful to understand the impact of cultivated land renting-in on the SICLU and its mechanism, and has guiding significance for promoting the transformation of cultivated land use.

促进农户采纳低碳农业技术是应对气候变化和实现“双碳”目标的重要路径。但目前从环境规制和社会资本视角探讨农户低碳农业技术采纳行为的研究还比较缺乏。基于山东省569份农户调研数据，运用有序Probit模型分析了环境规制、社会资本对农户低碳农业技术采纳行为的影响，并揭示了不同代际农户低碳农业技术采纳行为的差异。结果发现：（1）环境规制和社会资本均对农户低碳农业技术采纳行为有显著的正向影响。其中，激励型规制和脱嵌型社会资本的影响更加显著。（2）社会资本在环境规制对农户低碳农业技术采纳行为的影响中发挥增强性调节作用。（3）约束型规制和激励型规制对老一代影响更大，引导型规制对新一代影响更大。脱嵌型社会资本对新一代影响更大，嵌入型社会资本对中生代影响更大。因此，应强化环境规制体系的建设和完善，加大社会资本培育力度，针对农户代际差异实施差异化政策。

Promoting farmers to adopt low-carbon agricultural technology is an important way to cope with climate change and achieve the goal of "double carbon". However, there is still a lack of research on farmers' adoption behavior of low-carbon agricultural technology from the perspective of environmental regulation and social capital. Based on the survey data of 569 farmers in Shandong province, this paper analyzes the influence of environmental regulation and social capital on farmers' adoption behavior of low-carbon agricultural technology by using the ordered Probit model, and reveals the differences of farmers' adoption behavior of low-carbon agricultural technology in different generations. The results show that: (1) Environmental regulation and social capital have significant positive effects on farmers' adoption of low-carbon agricultural technology. Among them, the influence of incentive regulation and embedded social capital is more significant. (2) Social capital plays an enhanced regulatory role in the influence of environmental regulation on farmers' adoption behavior of low-carbon agricultural technology. (3) Constraint regulation and incentive regulation have a greater impact on the old generation, while guidance regulation has a greater impact on the new generation. Disembedded social capital has a greater impact on the new generation, and embedded social capital has a greater impact on the middle. Therefore, we should strengthen the construction and improvement of environmental regulation system, increase the cultivation of social capital, and implement differentiated policies for the intergenerational differences of farmers.

城乡融合是国土空间低碳转型的重要路径，在区域一体化背景下探究其对低碳土地利用的作用机制具有重要意义。在测度城乡融合发展水平和低碳土地利用效率的基础上，运用ESTDA框架和空间计量模型量化了长三角地区城乡融合对低碳土地利用的时空动态性，并对具体因素及其空间效应进行甄别。结果表明：（1）2005—2020年长三角城乡融合发展水平与低碳土地利用效率在波动中上升，区域差异显著并呈现以区域中心城市为核心的扩散模式；（2）城乡融合发展水平与低碳土地利用效率之间具有显著的空间正相关且空间依赖程度呈增强态势，局部格局保持稳定并表现出HH型和LL型的空间聚类趋同现象；（3）城乡融合发展相对于低碳土地利用格局演化的空间整合性较弱，且局部关联和动态跃迁展现出一定的路径依赖和空间锁定特征；（4）城乡融合是影响低碳土地利用的关键因素，其发展水平每提高1%将导致本地低碳土地利用效率增加0.2%，而控制因素中科技投入和对外开放的直接效应为正，财政压力和生态压力的直接效应为负，财政压力、环境规制、公共服务设施和土地市场化则均不存在显著的空间溢出效应。研究结果可为制定低碳高效的土地利用政策，促进城乡融合高质量发展提供参考。

生态产品价值实现既是“两山”转化的重要桥梁，也是加快推进新型城镇化和乡村振兴的有效抓手，厘清其背后的实践逻辑对实现中国式现代化和推动生态文明建设具有重要意义。基于自然资源领域87个典型案例，运用扎根理论研究范式，按照“开放式编码—主轴编码—选择性编码”程序，解析生态产品价值实现发生过程，并构建其一般性思维导图。结果表明：“识别资源本底—多元机制协同—产出综合效益”是生态产品价值实现全过程的内在逻辑。通过识别资源本底明确治理方向，利用准备机制、实施机制、保障机制驱动生态产品价值转换和增值，最终产出生态效益、经济效益和社会效益，实现生态共治、生态共富以及生态共享的有机统一。本文是对探索生态产品价值实现理论的有益尝试，可为完善区域生态产品价值实现机制和实施路径提供有益参考。

为了更好地评价和推进生态文明建设,改进足迹家族并构建生态文明建设评价指标体系,以新疆为例进行试评估。结果表明：1990-2013年新疆的生态文明建设属中等水平。其中,生态压力一直处于低水平;温室气体由低排放升为高排放;水资源从中等压力升至高压力;社会发展由低水平上升至中等。空间上,2013年克孜勒苏州、阿勒泰地区、巴音郭楞州和伊犁直属县市的生态文明建设水平高,博尔塔拉州、塔城、喀什、和田及阿克苏等地区为中等水平,乌鲁木齐市、克拉玛依市、吐鲁番地区、哈密地区和昌吉州的水平低。研究表明,制约新疆生态 文明建设的主要因子是温室气体排放高和水资源压力大,节能减排和节水是今后需要努力的方向。

Human mobilization and use of reactive nitrogen (Nr) has been one of the major aspects of global change over the past century. Nowhere has that change been more dramatic than in China, where annual net Nr creation increased from 9.2 to 56 Tg from 1910 to 2010. Since 1956, anthropogenic Nr creation exceeded natural Nr creation, contributing over 80% of total Nr until 2010. There is great interest and uncertainty in the fate and effects of this Nr in China. Here, a comprehensive inventory of Nr in China shows that Nr (including recycled Nr) has continuously and increasingly accumulated on land (from 17 to 45 Tg), accompanied by increasing transfers to the atmosphere (before deposition; from 7.6 to 20 Tg), inland waters (from 2.7 to 9.6 Tg), and coastal waters (from 4.5 to 7.7 Tg) over the past 30 y. If current trends continue, Nr creation from human activities will increase to 63 Tg by 2050, raising concerns about deleterious environmental consequences for land, air, and water at regional and global scales. Tremendous amounts of Nr have accumulated in plants, soils, and waters in China over the past 30 y, but the retention capacity of the terrestrial landscape seems to be declining. There is a possibility that the negative environmental effects of excessive Nr may accelerate in coming decades, increasing the urgency to alter the trajectory of increasing Nr imbalance. Here, a conceptual framework of the relationships between human drivers and Nr cycling in China is oriented and well-targeted to Chinese abatement strategies for Nr environmental impact.

弄清中国不同区域农田养分投入、产出和平衡状况，对养分资源管理和肥料的科学分配与施用，提高肥料利用效率等具有重要意义。在参考现有资料的基础上，系统分析和论述了中国的养分资源及其利用现状，估算了各种有机肥资源及其可提供的氮磷钾养分数量，分析和评价了中国不同区域养分输入、输出特点及平衡状况。针对目前养分输入、输出存在的一系列问题，提出了养分资源管理的对策和建议。

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for living systems with emerging sustainability challenges related to supply uncertainty and aquatic eutrophication. However, its long-term temporal dynamics and subsequent effects on freshwater ecosystems are still unclear. Here, we quantify the P pathways across China over the past four centuries with a life cycle process-balanced model and evaluate the concomitant potential for eutrophication with a spatial resolution of 5 arc-minutes in 2012. We find that P cycling in China has been artificially intensified during this period to sustain the increasing population and its demand for animal protein-based diets, with continuous accumulations in inland waters and lands. In the past decade, China's international trade of P involves net exports of P chemicals and net imports of downstream crops, specifically soybeans from the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. The contribution of crop products to per capita food P demand, namely, the P directly consumed by humans, declined from over 98% before the 1950s to 76% in 2012, even though there was little change in per capita food P demand. Anthropogenic P losses to freshwater and their eutrophication potential clustered in wealthy coastal regions with dense populations. We estimate that Chinese P reserve depletion could be postponed for over 20 y by more efficient life cycle P management. Our results highlight the importance of closing the P cycle to achieve the cobenefits of P resource conservation and eutrophication mitigation in the world's most rapidly developing economy.

生态足迹作为一种非货币化的生态系统评估工具，是近年来国际上一种重要的判别可持续发展程度的生物物理量方法。均衡因子是生态足迹计算中的一个重要参数，它将6种生物生产性土地类型的面积转换为具有相同生物生产力的面积，从而实现了6种类型土地面积的加和，因此，均衡因子是否准确直接影响到计算结果的可靠性与可比性。随着生态足迹方法的广泛应用，其标准化和本地化研究成为迫切的需要。本文采用中国2001年1km MODIS数据，根据植被的净初级生产力，对中国的平均均衡因子进行了测算：耕地和建筑用地为1.71，林地和能源用地为1.41，草地为0.44，水域为0.35，并与国际通用的均衡因子进行了对比。

Achieving sustainable global food security is one of humanity's contemporary challenges. Here we present an analysis identifying key "global leverage points" that offer the best opportunities to improve both global food security and environmental sustainability. We find that a relatively small set of places and actions could provide enough new calories to meet the basic needs for more than 3 billion people, address many environmental impacts with global consequences, and focus food waste reduction on the commodities with the greatest impact on food security. These leverage points in the global food system can help guide how nongovernmental organizations, foundations, governments, citizens' groups, and businesses prioritize actions. Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.