
基于循环耦合视角的区域水资源资产核算
Regional water resources assets accounting based on cyclic coupling perspective
为实现区域水资源平衡与社会经济高质量协同发展,提高水资源资产化管理水平,在系统分析多元水循环模式下水资源系统演变规律与水资源要素近远程耦合的基础上,提出水资源资产核算边界的多种分类方法;从循环耦合视角出发,利用水足迹分析方法,构建考虑实体水与虚拟水相结合的水资源资产核算模型,核算并分析中国各省(市、自治区)水资源资产情况。研究结果有助于厘清双循环新格局下水资源资产动态耦合的内在机理,拓展水资源核算的理论体系,为国家和区域开展水资源资产核算提供有益的科学参考。
To achieve regional water resources balance and promote coordinated development of socio-economy, and enhance the level of water resources assets management, this study systematically analyzed the evolutionary patterns of water resources system under multiple water circulation mode and the near and remote coupling of water resources elements, and proposed multiple classification methods of water resources assets accounting boundary. From the perspective of circular coupling, the water footprint analysis method is used to construct the water resource assets accounting model considering the combination of physical water and virtual water, and the water resources assets of each province, municipality and autonomous region in China are analyzed. This study is helpful to clarify the internal mechanism of the dynamic coupling of water resource assets under the dual-cycle pattern, expand the theoretical system of water resources accounting, and provide useful scientific reference for national and regional water resources assets accounting.
水资源资产核算 / 虚拟水资源资产 / 多元水循环模式 / 核算边界 {{custom_keyword}} /
water resources assets accounting / virtual water resources assets / multiple water circulation mode / accounting boundary {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 区域水资源资产情况、指标值及其排名Table 1 Regional water resources assets, index values and rankings |
区域 | 北京 | 天津 | 河北 | 山西 | 内蒙古 | 辽宁 | 吉林 | 黑龙江 | 上海 | 江苏 | 浙江 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
实体水资源资产/亿m3 | 39.60 | 27.51 | 181.60 | 74.80 | 187.90 | 131.10 | 126.70 | 353.00 | 104.80 | 591.30 | 179.50 |
(28) | (30) | (15) | (25) | (14) | (18) | (19) | (4) | (21) | (1) | (16) | |
虚拟水资源资产/亿m3 | 32.69 | 28.28 | 17.71 | 47.46 | -45.98 | -7.45 | -3.48 | -190.25 | 85.17 | 35.30 | 35.62 |
(10) | (11) | (16) | (6) | (30) | (20) | (18) | (31) | (3) | (9) | (8) | |
水资源资产 /亿m3 | 72.29 | 55.79 | 199.31 | 122.26 | 141.92 | 123.65 | 123.22 | 162.75 | 189.97 | 626.60 | 215.12 |
(27) | (28) | (14) | (23) | (18) | (20) | (21) | (17) | (15) | (2) | (12) | |
资源压力指数 | 1.33 | 2.12 | 1.31 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 0.32 | 0.48 | 3.08 | 1.50 | 0.20 |
(5) | (3) | (6) | (10) | (9) | (8) | (16) | (14) | (2) | (4) | (20) | |
水资源资产贸易依赖度 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.09 | 0.39 | -0.32 | -0.06 | -0.03 | -1.17 | 0.45 | 0.06 | 0.17 |
(3) | (2) | (16) | (6) | (30) | (24) | (19) | (31) | (4) | (17) | (11) | |
区域 | 安徽 | 福建 | 江西 | 山东 | 河南 | 湖北 | 湖南 | 广东 | 广西 | 海南 | 重庆 |
实体水资源资产/亿m3 | 290.40 | 192.00 | 248.00 | 209.40 | 233.80 | 290.30 | 327.00 | 433.50 | 285.00 | 45.50 | 77.40 |
(6) | (13) | (10) | (12) | (11) | (7) | (5) | (3) | (8) | (27) | (24) | |
虚拟水资源资产/亿m3 | -13.96 | 72.90 | -13.69 | -7.68 | 536.82 | -3.89 | 36.03 | 105.12 | -39.92 | -8.71 | 54.63 |
(25) | (4) | (24) | (21) | (1) | (19) | (7) | (2) | (29) | (22) | (5) | |
水资源资产 /亿m3 | 276.44 | 264.90 | 234.31 | 201.72 | 770.62 | 286.41 | 363.03 | 538.62 | 245.08 | 36.79 | 132.03 |
(7) | (8) | (11) | (13) | (1) | (6) | (5) | (3) | (10) | (30) | (19) | |
资源压力指数 | 0.37 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.93 | 0.55 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
(15) | (21) | (23) | (7) | (11) | (18) | (22) | (17) | (24) | (25) | (26) | |
水资源资产贸易依赖度 | -0.05 | 0.28 | -0.06 | -0.04 | 0.70 | -0.01 | 0.10 | 0.20 | -0.16 | -0.24 | 0.41 |
(22) | (8) | (23) | (20) | (1) | (18) | (15) | (10) | (26) | (28) | (5) | |
区域 | 四川 | 贵州 | 云南 | 西藏 | 陕西 | 甘肃 | 青海 | 宁夏 | 新疆 | ||
实体水资源资产/亿m3 | 268.40 | 103.40 | 156.70 | 31.30 | 93.00 | 116.10 | 25.80 | 66.00 | 552.40 | ||
(9) | (22) | (17) | (29) | (23) | (20) | (31) | (26) | (2) | |||
虚拟水资源资产/亿m3 | -20.04 | 19.13 | 20.08 | 19.22 | -13.14 | -22.94 | 3.07 | 19.37 | -21.04 | ||
(26) | (15) | (12) | (14) | (23) | (28) | (17) | (13) | (27) | |||
水资源资产 /亿m3 | 248.36 | 122.53 | 176.78 | 50.52 | 79.86 | 93.16 | 28.87 | 85.37 | 531.36 | ||
(9) | (22) | (16) | (29) | (26) | (24) | (31) | (25) | (4) | |||
资源压力指数 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.49 | 0.03 | 6.11 | 0.54 | ||
(27) | (28) | (29) | (31) | (19) | (13) | (30) | (1) | (12) | |||
水资源资产贸易依赖度 | -0.08 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.38 | -0.16 | -0.25 | 0.11 | 0.23 | -0.04 | ||
(25) | (12) | (13) | (7) | (27) | (29) | (14) | (9) | (21) |
注:括号内数字表示排名。 |
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The investigation and preparation of natural resources balance sheet was regarded as an important national strategic mission during the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. It is also an important measurement for perfecting natural resources management system and promoting the construction of an ecological civilization. As a new concept,natural resources balance sheet is lack of theoretic reserve and practical experience in this field and there are many fundamental problems that need to be studied. For example,the definition of natural resources asset and liabilities is not clear,the concept and connotation of natural resources balance sheet is uncertain,and the accounting system is not perfect. National balance sheet has a very important reference value for the preparation of natural resources balance sheet. Here,we discuss the basic problem of natural resources balance sheet from the view of national balance sheet. First of all,we discuss the basic concept and connotation of the national balance sheet. The next,a detailed introduction of the development progress of national balance sheet is given,especially the accounting of natural resources. We briefly reveal the general form of the national balance sheet and estimation methods. Lastly,on this basis,we propose a basis of natural resources balance sheet type,confirm the recognition principle of natural resources asset and liabilities,and recommend accounting methods of natural resources asset. {{custom_citation.content}}
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沈镭, 钟帅, 何利, 等. 复式记账下的自然资源核算与资产负债表编制框架研究. 自然资源学报, 2018, 33(10): 1675-1685.
我国自然资源形势严峻,自然资源过度损耗、环境污染、生态破坏问题严重。“十八届三中全会”提出探索自然资源资产负债表,根本目的是加强自然资源核算与管理、提高资源利用效率、保护生态环境,以实现资源环境与经济社会可持续发展。论文认为“自然资源资产负债表的编制”是建立一种自然资源核算制度,基于会计学复式记账的“确认、计量、记录、报告”,核算涉及自然资源资产的变动事项;通过编制报表,呈现自然资源资产变化,明晰地方经济社会发展的资源环境代价;用自然资源核算制度约束各级地方政府的发展观、完善政绩考核体系;确立地方政府的资源环境责任,划定自然资源开发利用红线。以自然资源资产负债表的编制为主的自然资源核算制度是自然资源部完善自然资源管理的重要抓手。论文首先回顾了自然资源核算与自然资源资产负债表编制的探索历程和国内外相关研究成果;基于当前自然资源管理的重要任务和国家自然资源部的工作职责,分析了自然资源核算与资产负债表编制相关的生产理论、资源科学理论和会计学理论基础;基于编制目的和要求,确立自然资源资产负债表编制工作的主要内容,解析自然资源资产、负债、权益关键概念,提出基于资源环境承载力和相关规划为基础的自然资源权益划分;基于会计学的复式记账原理,借鉴相关自然资源资产负债表的研究成果,提出了基于复式记账的自然资源资产负债表编制框架及其核算过程;以土地资源为例,分析了基于复式记账的自然资源资产负债表的编制及其核算过程。论文创新性地提出基于会计学复式记账理论的自然资源核算和自然资源资产负债表编制方法,可以实现“明晰家底,明确责任,确认红线,考核绩效”,结合现有的研究成果,将来可进一步开展专项自然资源资产负债表的研究,建立标准的自然资源核算账户体系,构建自然资源核算管理信息系统,完善自然资源审计等工作。
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The problem of resource and environment requires human to strengthen the management of natural resources. In the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, balance sheet of natural resources is proposed. The fundamental purpose is to strengthen the accounting and management of natural resources, and to realize the sustainable development of resource, environment, economy and society. The purpose of preparing balance sheet of natural resources is to establish a system of natural resources accounting which accounts for changes in natural resources by compiling reports and clears the resources and environmental costs of local economic and social development. The system of natural resources accounting can be used to restrict the development view of local governments at all levels, improve the system of performance assessment, explicit the responsibility of local governments, and delineate red lines of natural resources development and utilization. Balance sheet of natural resources is an important start for the Ministry of Natural Resources to improve the management of natural resources. In this paper, we review the exploration of natural resource accounting and balance sheet of natural resources and the related research results both at home and abroad. Based on the important tasks of the current natural resource management and the responsibilities of the Ministry of Natural Resources, this paper studies the production theory, the resource science theory and the accounting theory related to balance sheet of natural resources. Based on the above research background and requirements of the balance sheet of natural resources, the main contents of balance sheet of natural resources are established, the key concepts of natural resource asset, liability and equity are analyzed, and the equities of natural resources are divided on the basis of the carrying capacity of resources and environment and related plans. On the basis of the related research results of natural resource balance sheet, we think that the balance sheet of natural resources is not only a report presentation, but also a suitable accounting system. We put forward the framework of balance sheet of natural resources and its accounting process and take the land resources as an example to demonstrate the process. This paper analyzes the compilation of balance sheet of natural resources and its accounting process. The main result of this study is the establishment of the system of “confirmation, measurement, record and report” of natural resources accounting based on double-entry bookkeep. Based on the equation of “assets = liabilities + equity”, the assets, the liabilities and the equities of natural resources are displayed. Combined with the research results of current natural resource research, it will be possible to further develop the special balance sheet of natural resources, establish the standard natural resources accounting subjects, and construct the management information system of natural resources accounting.
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孙振亓, 王世金, 钟方雷. 冰川水资源资产负债表编制实践. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(8): 2038-2050.
冰川是自然资源重要组分。因受认知所限,当前水资源资产负债表编制中尚缺乏对冰川资源的考虑。参考水资源资产负债表编制案例,结合冰川水资源自身特征,构建了冰川水资源资产负债表。研究表明:冰川水资源的独特性使其资产负债核算与其他类型水资源存在差异;冰川水资源资产包括水量资产和水域资产,即冰川冰储量和冰川融水径流量,冰川面积和冰川融水水域面积;冰川水资源负债主要来源于人类活动造成的冰川水资源消退和过耗、冰川融水环境损害和由此导致的冰川水资源服务衰退。青藏高原大江大河源区是冰川水资源负债区,而其负债却成为中下游的收益。应建立国家或下游为主导的水资源补偿机制,以冰川水资源流量变化为依据,统筹管理青藏高原大江大河源区流域水资源,适度对源区进行冰川水资源价值补偿。
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为落实水资源资产负债的编制,提高核算主体水资源资产化管理水平,在对比分析水资源和资产定义的基础上,明确界定了水资源资产的概念和范围;根据水资源服务价值和水权益实体对水资源的不同用水方式,将水资源资产划分为水权资产、水经济资产和水生态服务资产3大类14个子科目;确定了水资源资产各科目的核算模型;最后通过构建水资源资产核算表,对郑州市水资源资产进行了实物量和价值量计量。本文进一步完善了水资源资产的确认、计量和列报体系,为区域水资源资产负债表的编制提供了一定的理论和实践参考。
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论文在阐述资产负债表基本概念和原理的基础上,遵循会计恒等式、复式记账规则和权责发生制的记账基础,结合我国水资源管理的实际,提出了基于会计学的水权益实体水资源资产负债表表式结构和基于统计学、经济学的国家(地区)水资源资产负债表表式结构,从而实现能够反映水权益实体之间和经济体与环境之间关于水资源资产的债务债权关系的水资源资产核算,实现国家和行政区层面的水资源资产负债核算,为生态文明体系建设、自然资源资产核算、领导干部离任审计考核等提供必要的基础信息,也为进一步完善水资源资产负债表账户体系奠定基础。
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探索编制自然资源资产负债表是党的十八届三中全会在生态文明建设领域中的一项重要制度创新。水资源资产负债表是自然资产负债表在水资源领域的重要应用,同时也是自然资源资产负债表的重要组成部分。目前,对于水资源资产负债表的研究还处于理论探索阶段,在相关概念、核算指标、核算框架以及核算表式方面仍存在争议。本文以探索构建水资源资产负债核算框架为目标,在回顾国内外水资源资产负债表和水资源环境经济核算相关研究进展的基础上,从辨析水资源资产、负债概念入手,分析了开展水资源资产、负债核算的相应指标,进而,提出了从存量到流量,从实物到价值,从分类到综合的水资源资产负债核算框架与相应的核算表式,为开展区域水资源资产负债核算提供参考。
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Establishing natural resource asset balance sheets was an important innovation during the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in the field of ecological civilization construction. The water resource asset balance sheet is a significant application of the natural resource asset balance sheet. Research into water resource asset balance sheets is in its infancy. Many disputes remain, such as accounting indicators, accounting frameworks and accounting expression. This paper aims to explore the construction of a water resource assets balance sheet accounting framework. Based on a review of domestic and international water resources asset balance sheet and water resource environmental economic accounting, considering the scientific nature of accounting and local operability, we started with discriminating the concept of water resources assets and liabilities. We explained the accounting scope of water resource assets and liabilities, and selected indicators for water resource assets and liabilities considering the multiple properties of water resources, water environment and water ecology, and the spirit and related achievements of “Three Red Lines of Water Resources Management” in the “Strict Water Resource Management System” currently implemented. Moreover, through the method of value, different dimension data were unified and expressed in terms of value, and linked with the results of other resource assets and liabilities. We put forward the accounting framework of water resource asset balance sheet and corresponding accounting expression from stock to the flow and from the physical to the value and four-level table accounting structure from basic table, auxiliary table and categorized table to summary table. {{custom_citation.content}}
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十八届三中全会提出“探索编制自然资源资产负债表,对领导干部进行自然资源资产离任审计”,这是我国在生态文明制度建设中的一项重大改革。自然资源资产负债表是表明一定期间内自然资源的存量以及存量变化情况的报表,论文在研究自然资源资产负债表概念内涵的基础上,分析自然资源资产负债表实物量和价值量核算方法,提出两者之间的换算表,最后研究自然资源资产负债表编制样式,提出设计方案,为自然资源资产负债表应用研究提供基础。
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马维兢, 耿波, 杨德伟, 等. 部门水足迹及其经济效益的时空匹配特征研究. 自然资源学报, 2020, 35(6): 1381-1391.
利用水足迹账户法,核算了2005—2015年张家口市市辖区、坝上和坝下三个区域的农业、工业、建筑业、服务业和生活等部门的水足迹,在此基础上分析不同产业部门水足迹经济效益的时空特征。研究结果表明:(1)马铃薯种植成为张家口市农业水足迹快速上升的最主要驱动因子。马铃薯对农产品水足迹的贡献率由10%上升至50%,成为优势农作物,但是主要集中在坝上地区。(2)工业水足迹下降了64%,市辖区下降最快;建筑业水足迹只有工业水足迹的1%~4%;服务业水足迹由571万m<sup>3</sup>上升至1436万m<sup>3</sup>,市辖区上升最快。(3)为实现节水目标,张家口市应继续调整种植业结构、最大限度利用降水,进一步减少灌溉用水;工业领域建立与水有关的投入产出表,并对工业内部产业结构和区域产业布局进行节水规划。
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This study provides an innovative application of virtual water trade in the traditional allocation of physical water resources in water scarce regions. A multi-objective optimization model was developed to optimize the allocation of physical water and virtual water resources to different water users in Beijing, China, considering the trade-offs between economic benefit and environmental impacts of water consumption. Surface water, groundwater, transferred water and reclaimed water constituted the physical resource of water supply side, while virtual water flow associated with the trade of five major crops (barley, corn, rice, soy and wheat) and three livestock products (beef, pork and poultry) in agricultural sector (calculated by the trade quantities of products and their virtual water contents). Urban (daily activities and public facilities), industry, environment and agriculture (products growing) were considered in water demand side. As for the traditional allocation of physical water resources, the results showed that agriculture and urban were the two predominant water users (accounting 54% and 28%, respectively), while groundwater and surface water satisfied around 70% water demands of different users (accounting 36% and 34%, respectively). When considered the virtual water trade of eight agricultural products in water allocation procedure, the proportion of agricultural consumption decreased to 45% in total water demand, while the groundwater consumption decreased to 24% in total water supply. Virtual water trade overturned the traditional components of water supplied from different sources for agricultural consumption, and became the largest water source in Beijing. Additionally, it was also found that environmental demand took a similar percentage of water consumption in each water source. Reclaimed water was the main water source for industrial and environmental users. The results suggest that physical water resources would mainly satisfy the consumption of urban and environment, and the unbalance between water supply and demand could be filled by virtual water import in water scarce regions.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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王喜峰. 基于二元水循环理论的水资源资产化管理框架构建. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2016, 26(1): 83-88.
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陶建格, 沈镭, 何利, 等. 自然资源资产辨析和负债、权益账户设置与界定研究: 基于复式记账的自然资源资产负债表框架. 自然资源学报, 2018, 33(10): 1686-1696.
资源环境问题成为经济社会发展的约束性问题,成立自然资源部,探索编制自然资源资产负债表是加强自然资源统筹管理的重要举措。自然资源核算和自然资源资产负债表的编制是自然资源统筹管理的基础工作,目前国外较多自然资源核算成果建立在SEEA 2012的基础上。编制自然资源资产负债表首先由中国提出来并开展研究,但综合来看,在基础理论研究和实践方法上还处于研究初级阶段,需要进一步加强理论基础和科学方法研究。论文基于会计理论的复式记账核算理论,研究了自然资源负债和权益的生产论和自然资源循环理论基础,提出了基于资源环境承载力、相关资源功能规划、生态红线基础上的自然资源负债和权益界定标准,以及在此界定标准上设计自然资源资产负债表及其相关平衡核算。自然资源资产是指能够给人类带来直接或间接福利的自然要素总和,它不仅包括直接参与经济社会系统循环的物质和环境要素,也包括参与生态循环间接为人类带来生态服务价值的自然要素;基于自然资源资产分析,论文将自然资源资产的权益分为自然资源的生态权益和自然资源的经济权益,这样的分类也有其生态文明的伦理基础;自然资源负债的产生是由于资源过度损耗、环境污染和生态破坏,既有人为因素,也有自然因素,是经济社会为了补偿生态系统的可持续性而需要付出的经济代价。通过以上资产、负债、权益的界定,为我们设计自然资源资产负债表提供了逻辑基础。论文研究旨在设计合理的基于复式记账的自然资源过程核算,以及资源资产负债表编制账户体系设计和平衡关系理论,以期为自然资源核算和资产负债表的编制提供科学的理论基础,构建科学合理的自然资源核算理论和编制科学的自然资源资产负债表。
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石薇, 汪劲松. 水资源资产负债表的编制方法. 统计与决策, 2021, 37(12): 24-28.
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The shortage and uneven distribution of water resources in China are very serious. The contradiction of water utilization has changed from insufficient supply to overload of Water Resources Carrying Capacity (WRCC). Based on the concept of sustainability, this study, combined with the society cycle process of virtual water, improves the evaluation method of WRCC and analyzes the WRCC of Northwest China. The method can be helpful to maintain the integrity of water ecology and the stability of water supply. The results show that: (1) The WRCC of Shaanxi is generally good. However, it has a downward trend in the past ten years, in which the environmental pressure is the largest. The WRCC of Gansu shows a downward trend on the whole, especially in terms of environmental and social pressure. The WRCC of Ningxia has been on the verge of overloading or slight overloading, and alleviated by virtual water trade. The WRCC of Xinjiang is greatly affected by virtual water outflow and has been on the verge of overloading or slight overloading. The WRCC of Qinghai is basically in a surplus state of carrying capacity. (2) Virtual water trade has a significant influence on the comprehensive pressure index of WRCC. The evaluation method of WRCC, combined with the society cycle process of virtual water, has a practical significance. (3) The regions of different endowments of water resources and the efficiency of using water can be appropriately different in development modes. We suggest that the regions with high and low use efficiency of water take the "radical development mode" and the "radical environmental protection mode", respectively. {{custom_citation.content}}
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邓铭江, 龙爱华, 李江, 等. 西北内陆河流域“自然—社会—贸易”三元水循环模式解析. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1333-1345.
持续的强人类活动大大改变了流域水循环演变的结构、路径和驱动力,后者又反过来影响着人类生存发展的水安全。日益深入的市场经济使人类活动对水循环的影响从一个流域扩展到流域之外更宽广的区域范围,以产品贸易为纽带的水“流动”已成为驱动区域水循环演变与影响区域水安全的重要内在因素。以流域为单元的传统水循环研究,难以揭示不同区域之间的水循环联系、双向回馈机制与协同进化机理。本文从西北内陆河流域长期大量输出高耗水农产品这一现象分析入手,采用理论解析与案例相结合方法,阐述分析内陆河流域自然水循环、“自然—社会”二元水循环、区域间贸易水循环的基本过程、显著特征及其驱动机制,继而首次明确提出内陆河流域“自然—社会—贸易”三元水循环模式,并就其通量计量模型、影响因素与生态环境效应、科学前沿进行了探索分析,以便未来西北内陆河水循环、水文水资源等研究能更多重视对驱动内陆河流域水循环的外部力量及其双向互馈、协同进化的分析,更新内陆河流域水安全、生态安全的思考范式。
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The continuous and intense human activities have greatly changed the structure, path and driving force of the natural water cycle evolution, which conversely influences the water security of human being. With the process of globalization and market economy, human activities not only affect the artificial development of water and soil resources, but also extend to the economic field. The "flow" of water trade contained in product has become an important internal factor that drives the evolution of the regional water cycle and affects regional water security. Traditional water cycle research, which focused on the watershed scale, is difficult to reveal the linkage, two-way feedback mechanism and co-evolution dynamic mechanism in water cycle among different regions. Starting from the phenomenon of continuous and water-intensive agricultural products export in Northwest China, this research elaborates the phenomenon, the process, the structure and their driving forces of the unitary natural water circular, nature-human society binary circular, and trading water circular within multi-regional social economic complex systems by theoretical analysis. We explicated the theoretical framework for constructing the "natural-social-trading" ternary water cycle in the inland river basin, including mode of process, driving force of water cycle, conceptual model, influencing factors and ecological environment effects. Furthermore, we discussed the frontier of water cycle research in inland river basin based on ternary water cycle model-social hydrology. We advocated that the future study on water cycle and water resources should focus more on the external forces driving the water cycle of the inland river basin and its two-way mutual feedback and co-evolution, providing theoretical references for the decision-making of water security, ecological environment security and ecological civilization construction in inland river basins. {{custom_citation.content}}
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