
城乡融合区乡村地域系统的空间结构识别与优化路径分析——以湖南省长沙县为例
钟洋, 李嘉奇, 孙铭悦, 李嘉明, 路娜
自然资源学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (8) : 2076-2096.
城乡融合区乡村地域系统的空间结构识别与优化路径分析——以湖南省长沙县为例
Spatial structure identification and optimization path of rural regional system in urban-rural integration area: A case study of Changsha county in Hunan province
科学系统地识别乡村地域系统空间结构,进而制定相应的村庄发展战略,对进一步落实国家乡村振兴战略和推动城乡融合发展有着重大的意义。以湖南省长沙县为研究对象,引入乡村地域多体系统理论与乡村振兴多级目标构建了乡村发展评估指标体系,综合引力模型、K-Means聚类、地理探测器和空间自相关等研究方法,量化识别长沙县的“乡村振兴极—村镇空间场—乡村发展区—城乡基础网”空间结构。研究结果表明:(1)长沙县乡村发展水平的空间分异是多种因素共同作用的结果,呈现以城镇核心区为圆心向外围减弱的圈层式分布结构,且空间集聚效应显著;(2)地域间供求关系的密切程度是影响空间联系强弱的重要因素,而立足于因素作用的空间联系强度可以较好地表现区域发展的需求和互补格局;(3)“极—场—区—网”多维分析框架能较好地应用于市区近郊县区乡村地域系统的空间结构识别与优化,具体确定并划分了11个乡村振兴极、3个村域空间场和7个乡村发展区,构建了基于“极—场—区—网”互联网络的城乡基础网,进一步为推进区域城乡融合发展与乡村振兴提供科学依据。
Identifying the spatial structure of the rural regional system scientifically and systematically is the premise of proposing differentiated rural revitalization strategies. This is of important practical significance for thoroughly implementing the rural revitalization strategy and accelerate the integrated development of urban-rural areas. This paper takes Changsha county, Hunan province as the research area, constructs a rural development evaluation index system based on the rural regional multi-body system and the multi-level goals of rural revitalization, and integrates research methods such as gravity model, K-Means clustering, geographic detectors and spatial autocorrelation. Quantifying and identifying the spatial structure, including poles of rural revitalization, fields of village-town space, zones of rural development and urban- rural infrastructure networks, is composed of 137 administrative villages in Changsha county. The results show that: (1) The spatial differentiation of rural development level in the study area is the result of a combination of factors, which presents a circle structure weakening from the center of the town core to the periphery, and the spatial agglomeration effect is significant. (2) The closeness of supply and demand between regions is an important factor affecting the strength of spatial linkage, and the intensity of spatial connection based on factors can better express the needs and complementary pattern of regional development. (3) The "Pole-Field-Zone-Network" multidimensional analysis framework has strong applicability for the identification and division of the spatial structure of the rural regional system in the suburbs of the urban area. Finally, 11 rural revitalization poles, 3 village space fields, and 7 rural development areas were specifically determined and divided, and an urban-rural infrastructure network based on the "pole-field-zone" network structure was constructed. According to the spatial structure, this paper puts forward differentiated suggestions for promoting rural revitalization and urban-rural integration development.
乡村地域系统 / 城乡融合区 / 空间优化 / “极—场—区—网”结构 / 乡村振兴 / 差异化发展路径 {{custom_keyword}} /
rural regional system / urban-rural integration areas / space optimization / "Pole-Field-Zone-Network" method / rural revitalization / differentiated development path {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 乡村发展评价指标体系Table 1 Evaluation index system of rural development |
目标层 | 准则层 | 指标层 | 权重 | 计算方法及说明 | 指标效应 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
乡村发展潜力 | 社会经济 | 财政收入X1 | 0.030 | 财政收入① | 正 |
财政支出X2 | 0.055 | 财政支出① | 正 | ||
餐饮服务密度X3 | 0.038 | 餐饮服务核密度的平均值 | 正 | ||
购物服务密度X4 | 0.025 | 购物服务核密度的平均值 | 正 | ||
住宿服务密度X5 | 0.051 | 住宿服务核密度的平均值 | 正 | ||
公司企业密度X6 | 0.027 | 公司企业核密度的平均值 | 正 | ||
资源禀赋 | 旅游资源丰度X7 | 0.101 | 5A级旅游景点数×5+4A级旅游景点数×4+3A级旅游景点数×3+2A级旅游景点数×2+A级旅游景点数×1 | 正 | |
耕地面积占比X8 | 0.017 | 农村耕地面积/行政村面积 | 正 | ||
劳动年龄人口数X9 | 0.014 | 劳动年龄(18~59岁)人口数① | 正 | ||
农村居民点面积占比X10 | 0.063 | 农村居民点面积/行政村面积 | 正 | ||
林地占比X11 | 0.017 | 农村耕地面积/行政村面积 | 正 | ||
水域占比X12 | 0.061 | 农村水域面积/行政村面积 | 正 | ||
人口迁入数X13 | 0.018 | 人口迁入数① | 正 | ||
人口迁出数X14 | 0.017 | 人口迁出数① | 逆 | ||
乡村环境质量 | 公共设施 | 娱乐休闲密度X15 | 0.014 | 娱乐休闲核密度的平均值 | 正 |
生活服务密度X16 | 0.028 | 生活服务核密度的平均值 | 正 | ||
科教文化服务密度X17 | 0.019 | 科教文化服务核密度的平均值 | 正 | ||
医疗保健服务密度X18 | 0.017 | 医疗保健服务核密度的平均值 | 正 | ||
物流点密度X19 | 0.055 | 物流点核密度的平均值 | 正 | ||
公交站密度X20 | 0.019 | 公交站核密度的平均值 | 正 | ||
自然环境 | 平均海拔X21 | 0.023 | 村内海拔的平均值 | 逆 | |
坡度大于10°占比X22 | 0.015 | 坡度大于10°的面积/行政村面积 | 逆 | ||
地表粗糙度X23 | 0.014 | 详见 ② | 逆 | ||
水土流失占比X24 | 0.032 | 水土流失面积/行政村面积,详见 ③ | 逆 | ||
平均遥感生态指数X25 | 0.035 | 详见 ④ | 正 | ||
城乡融合条件 | 交通环境 | 道路网密度X26 | 0.011 | 村内道路总长度/村总面积 | 正 |
村庄可达性X27 | 0.039 | 详见 ⑤ | 正 | ||
生活舒适度 | 农村居民人均医疗床位X28 | 0.048 | 医疗卫生机构床位数/户籍人口① | 正 | |
人均绿地面积X29 | 0.017 | 农村水域面积/户籍人口① | 正 | ||
城乡居民基本医疗保险参保比X30 | 0.011 | 城乡居民基本医疗保险参保/户籍人口① | 正 | ||
安居乐业实现度 | 农村居民最低生活保障人数占比X31 | 0.024 | 农村居民最低生活保障人数/户籍人口① | 正 | |
提供住宿的社会工作机构床位数占比X32 | 0.045 | 提供住宿的社会工作机构床位数/户籍人口① | 正 |
注:① 指标中村内的财政收入、财政支出等缺乏村级数据,具体用乡镇相应指标代替;② 地表形态的宏观指标,计算公式为kR=1/cosβ,kR代表地形粗糙度,β代表栅格单元坡度因子;③ 采用Liu等[35]提出的中国土壤流失模型(CSLE)进行计算,模型的基本形式为: |
表2 核心行政村及振兴极类型识别Table 2 Type identification of core administrative villages and revitalization poles |
村名 | P | F | S | L | 第一主成分指标 | 振兴极类型识别 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
黄兴新村 | 0.49 | 94.74 | 308.94 | 1.57 | X3、X4、X17、X18、X22 | 科教资本驱动振兴极 |
高塘村 | 0.33 | 100.36 | 279.76 | 1.26 | X1、X3、X9、X22、X26 | 城镇化区域带动振兴极 |
打卦岭村 | 0.40 | 16.80 | 126.84 | 3.37 | X3、X6、X9、X16、X18 | 休闲康养振兴极 |
鹿芝岭村 | 0.33 | 25.88 | 93.31 | 2.50 | X1、X6、X4、X9、X18 | 产业转型振兴极 |
黄龙新村 | 0.36 | 18.32 | 89.28 | 2.65 | X3、X4、X15、X17、X18 | 专业化市场振兴极 |
蓝田新村 | 0.29 | 16.65 | 73.31 | 2.63 | X7、X9、X18、X22、X23 | 全域旅游振兴极 |
上杉市村 | 0.36 | 13.50 | 69.89 | 2.79 | X18、X21、X22、X23、X27 | 风景观光振兴极 |
长安村 | 0.24 | 12.20 | 70.69 | 2.01 | X1、X2、X9、X10、X23 | 农业专业化生产振兴极 |
麻林村 | 0.25 | 8.38 | 56.06 | 2.68 | X15、X17、X21、X23、X27 | 产业融合振兴极 |
回龙村 | 0.20 | 16.88 | 55.30 | 1.88 | X1、X13、X22、X23、X26 | 城郊生态旅游振兴极 |
湘丰村 | 0.36 | 7.12 | 46.33 | 2.97 | X1、X5、X9、X13、X18 | 红色农旅振兴极 |
注:P表示行政村空间发展竞争力;F表示行政村间最大引力值;S表示行政村累积引力综合;L表示最大引力间距。 |
图6 K-Means算法下各聚类数的贡献度q值边际效益曲线Fig. 6 Marginal benefit curve of contribution q value of each cluster number under K-Means algorithm |
表3 长沙县乡村发展类型区基本特征Table 3 Basic characteristics of rural development type areas in Changsha county |
类型 | 行政村数/个 | 内涵 | 社会 经济 | 资源 禀赋 | 公共设施 | 自然 环境 | 交通 环境 | 生活舒适度 | 安居乐业实现度 | 乡村发展水平 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
自然设备限制低水平区 | 18 | 各项条件均处于劣势,自然和设施环境是最薄弱环节,乡村发展水平最低 | 0.30 | 0.51 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 1.48 |
经济资源限制低水平区 | 48 | 自然环境好,受经济和资源条件的限制,乡村发展水平低 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 1.52 |
自然交通主导中低水平区 | 20 | 自然、交通环境优势明显,资源、设施条件差,乡村发展水平较低 | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.30 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.32 | 0.17 | 1.80 |
经济交通主导中高水平区 | 21 | 经济发展程度高,交通便利,但其他条件相对较差,乡村发展水平较高 | 0.86 | 0.67 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 2.17 |
经济环境限制中高水平区 | 8 | 经济和自然环境最为薄弱,但生活舒适度和安居乐业实现度水平最高 | 0.21 | 0.44 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.88 | 0.63 | 2.56 |
资源交通主导中高水平区 | 8 | 资源条件最好,交通条件优越,乡村发展水平高 | 0.37 | 1.42 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 2.56 |
经济设施主导高水平区 | 14 | 社会经济发展水平最高,公共设施环境最好,乡村发展水平最高 | 1.47 | 0.75 | 1.06 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 3.68 |
图8 长沙县乡村发展水平Moran散点图Fig. 8 Moran scatter plot of rural development level in Changsha county |
表4 乡村发展区及乡村振兴路径Table 4 Rural development area and rural revitalization path |
乡村发展区 | 集中分布的乡镇 | 区域发展现状特征及乡村振兴路径 |
---|---|---|
自然设备限制低水平区 | 金井镇 | 包括石井村、团山村等18个行政村。该区村庄多位于海拔高、地形崎岖的山区,地质灾害易发,水土流失较严重,交通基础设施建设困难,但生态环境质量较好,是区域水源涵养功能和生物多样性的重要载体,未来在继续保持生态功能的基础上,盘活已有内外部资源适度强化经济和生产能力,同时通过“中心村提升、小村合大村”等村庄整治途径优化内部结构,协调人地关系 |
经济资源限制低水平区 | 北山镇、福临镇、春华镇、开慧镇、江背镇 | 包括九木、福安村等48个行政村。生产资源匮乏、设施条件差等诸多要素使得该类村庄经济不发达,但生态环境质量较高,旅游资源丰富,文化底蕴深厚,亟需适当提高开发力度。未来应激发该区生态旅游休闲功能的发展潜力,依托交通优势,发挥已有旅游品牌效应,以完善环境建设和基础设施建筑为着力点,提高区域生态旅游的吸引力,进而推动区域经济社会发展 |
自然交通主导中低水平区 | 安沙镇 | 包括沿春华山村、葛家山村等20个行政村。该区村庄虽然城镇化水平较低,距离市区较远,且地势起伏较大,但生态环境质量较高,交通条件优势明显。未来应综合区域农业资源和交通优势,重点培育蔬菜种植、配送加工等产业以提高农产品生产与供应能力,加强与城市的经济联系;加强农田水利、水土保持工程等基础设施建设,改善农业生产条件 |
经济交通主导中高水平区 | 黄兴镇、黄花镇 | 包括敢胜村、车马村等21个行政村。该类型区的发展以社会经济优势和交通便利为驱动力,但经济对外依赖较大,发展内生动力相对不足;区域城镇化水平较高,但村内设施环境较差,设施以生产活动为主,功能单一,仅能满足部分生活和精神需求。未来该区应依托经济优势紧抓新型城镇化发展的机遇,加强公共服务设施建设和内部改造提升,改善乡村生活设施环境、优化配置劳动力、积极培育新型经营业态,激发乡村发展内生动力 |
经济环境限制中高水平区 | 路口镇 | 包括上杉市村、明月村等8个行政村。该区村庄经济发展潜力巨大,耕地和旅游资源禀赋、交通区位、生产生活设施、生态环境质量等各项条件优势显著。未来应进一步完善和延长产业链,促进农副产品深加工,加强生态观光、农业采摘、都市休闲等农旅类旅游产业的开发力度,促进产业融合,最大化该区的辐射带动作用 |
资源交通主导中高水平区 | 零星分布 | 包括浔龙河村、开慧村等8个行政村。该区村庄各项发展条件较为均衡,有着较强的经济实力、功能齐全的设施环境,但高水平的城镇化发展导致自然环境优势相对不足。未来应以促进经济和生态协调发展为导向,依托区域较强的经济实力,引导资金向资源保护、环境整治、打造美丽乡村和促进产业转型升级等方向流动,促进区域可持续性发展 |
经济设施主导高水平区 | 黄兴镇 | 包括黄兴新村、蓝田新村等14个行政村。该区村庄基本处于城乡结合部,长沙市区辐射带动作用较强,具备较好的社会经济基础和对外交通条件,基础设施和公共服务设施完善,但资源禀赋和自然环境相对较差。未来应以促进区域城乡一体化发展为目标,既充分发挥该区向内作为市区与乡村信息、资金和物资的桥梁作用,又兼顾分担城市压力的功能;并坚持将生态环境规划和保护放在优先地位,加强生态资源治理和保护,控制城乡结合部“有限发展” |
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刘彦随. 中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴. 地理学报, 2018, 73(4): 637-650.
城市与乡村是一个有机体,只有二者可持续发展,才能相互支撑。依据人地关系地域系统学说,城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统是全新认知和理解城乡关系的理论依据。针对日益严峻的“乡村病”问题,全面实施乡村振兴,既是推进城乡融合与乡村持续发展的重大战略,也是破解“三农”问题,决胜全面建成小康社会的必然要求。本文探讨了新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴的基础理论,剖析了乡村发展面临的主要问题,提出了问题导向的中国城乡融合与乡村振兴科学途径及研究前沿领域。结果表明:① 城乡融合与乡村振兴的对象是一个乡村地域多体系统,包括城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体,乡村振兴重在推进城乡融合系统优化重构,加快建设城乡基础网、乡村发展区、村镇空间场、乡村振兴极等所构成的多级目标体系。② 中国“三农”问题本质上是一个乡村地域系统可持续发展问题,当前乡村发展正面临主要农业生产要素高速非农化、农村社会主体过快老弱化、村庄建设用地日益空废化、农村水土环境严重污损化和乡村贫困片区深度贫困化等“五化”难题。③ 乡村是经济社会发展的重要基础,城乡融合与乡村振兴战略相辅相成,乡村振兴应致力于创建城乡融合体制机制,推进乡村极化发展,按照产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的要求,构建乡村地域系统转型—重构—创新发展综合体系。④ 乡村振兴地理学研究应着眼于乡村地域系统的复杂性、综合性、动态性,探究以根治“乡村病”为导向的新型村镇建设方案、模式和科学途径,为实现新时代中国乡村振兴战略提供理论参考。
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Cities and villages are components of a specific organism. Only the sustainable development of two parts can support the prosperous development as a whole. According to the theory of man-earth areal system, urban-rural integrated system and rural regional system are the theoretical bases for entirely recognizing and understanding urban-rural relationship. To handle the increasingly severe problems of "rural disease" in rapid urbanization, accelerating rural revitalization in an all-round way is not only a major strategic plan for promoting the urban-rural integration and rural sustainable development, but also a necessary requirement for solving the issues related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people in the new era and securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This study explores the basic theories of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization and analyzes the main problems and causes of rural development in the new era, proposing problem-oriented scientific approaches and frontier research fields of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China. Results show that the objects of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization is a regional multi-body system, which mainly includes urban-rural integration, rural complex, village-town organism, and housing-industry symbiosis. Rural revitalization focuses on promoting the reconstruction of urban-rural integration system and constructs a multi-level goal system including urban-rural infrastructure networks, zones of rural development, fields of village-town space and poles of rural revitalization. Currently, the rural development is facing the five problems: high-speed non-agricultural transformation of agriculture production factors, over-fast aging and weakening of rural subjects, increasingly hollowing and abandoning of rural construction land, severe fouling of rural soil and water environment and deep pauperization of rural poverty-stricken areas. The countryside is an important basis for the socioeconomic development in China, and the strategies of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization are complementary. The rural revitalization focuses on establishing the institutional mechanism for integrated urban-rural development and constructs the comprehensive development system of rural regional system, which includes transformation, reconstruction and innovation in accordance with the requirements of thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance, and prosperity. Geographical research on rural revitalization should focus on the complexity and dynamics of rural regional system and explore new schemes, models and scientific approaches for the construction of villages and towns, which are guided by radical cure of "rural disease", implement the strategy of rural revitalization polarization, construct the evaluation index system and planning system of rural revitalization, thus providing advanced theoretical references for realizing the revitalization of China's rural areas in the new era. {{custom_citation.content}}
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郑小玉, 刘彦随. 新时期中国“乡村病”的科学内涵、形成机制及调控策略. 人文地理, 2018, 33(2): 100-106.
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乔陆印. 乡村振兴村庄类型识别与振兴策略研究: 以山西省长子县为例. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(9): 1340-1348.
乡村振兴战略是新时代破解“三农”问题、实现农业农村现代化的重大战略部署。坚持乡村差异性与发展分化原则,科学识别乡村类型、明晰乡村振兴导向,对于编制区域乡村振兴规划与分类施策具有重要的现实意义。村域尺度是乡村振兴战略的基本尺度,但囿于微观尺度统计数据与基础资料的缺乏,亟需构建一套科学合理、简便易行的乡村类型识别方法体系。论文简要解析了影响村庄分布、演进与发展潜力的关键因素,据此构建乡村振兴村庄类型识别指标体系,并按照“自然因素→振兴潜力→发展现状→资源基础”的逻辑思路逐级识别乡村主导类型。结果表明:① 自然因子限制了村落的基本格局与演变方向,经济区位决定了村落的发展潜力与转型能力,二者在村落演进与乡村振兴中起到决定性作用;② 从农户视角看,村落的空间区位效能是否适应农户生产生活需求和生计方式,决定了农户居住场所是否发生空间迁移,并通过闲置废弃宅基地得到呈现;③ 将长子县村庄识别为城郊融合型、集聚提升型、传统农业型、特色保护型、搬迁撤并型5类,结合不同的乡村振兴模式提出相应的发展导向与振兴策略,以期为乡村振兴分类施策提供决策参考。
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China's rural revitalization strategy is a long-term strategic deployment for agricultural and rural modernization by 2050. Given the differences of villages and the divergence of their development trends, it is important to identify village types scientifically and clarify their development directions in order to make sound rural revitalization plans and take differential measures. The village scale is a basic scale for implementing rural revitalization. However, limited by the lack of micro-scale statistical data and basic information, it is urgent to build a scientific, simple, and usable methodological framework for identifying village types. This study integrated geographic data and rural land use data to construct a village type identification system. Then natural factors, revitalize potential, development situation, and resource endowment were examined in turn to identify village types of Zhangzi County, Shanxi Province. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) Natural factors limit the basic pattern and direction of change of villages, location determines the development potential and transformation capability, and both play a decisive role in the evolution and revitalization of villages. 2) From the perspective of farmers, whether the location efficiency of a village is compatible to farmers' production and living needs and livelihood style determines whether a change takes place in the location of residence of farmers, and this trend can be reflected by idle and abandoned homesteads. 3) The villages of Zhangzi County can be divided into five types, including urban-suburban integration, agglomeration for improvement, traditional agricultural, protection due to special characteristics, and relocation and merging types. Combining with different modes of rural revitalization, corresponding development paths are proposed accordingly to provide a theoretical basis and decision references for differentiated rural revitalization strategies. {{custom_citation.content}}
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刘彦随, 张紫雯, 王介勇. 中国农业地域分异与现代农业区划方案. 地理学报, 2018, 73(2): 637-650.
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Cities and villages are components of a specific organism. Only the sustainable development of two parts can support the prosperous development as a whole. According to the theory of man-earth areal system, urban-rural integrated system and rural regional system are the theoretical bases for entirely recognizing and understanding urban-rural relationship. To handle the increasingly severe problems of "rural disease" in rapid urbanization, accelerating rural revitalization in an all-round way is not only a major strategic plan for promoting the urban-rural integration and rural sustainable development, but also a necessary requirement for solving the issues related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people in the new era and securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This study explores the basic theories of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization and analyzes the main problems and causes of rural development in the new era, proposing problem-oriented scientific approaches and frontier research fields of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China. Results show that the objects of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization is a regional multi-body system, which mainly includes urban-rural integration, rural complex, village-town organism, and housing-industry symbiosis. Rural revitalization focuses on promoting the reconstruction of urban-rural integration system and constructs a multi-level goal system including urban-rural infrastructure networks, zones of rural development, fields of village-town space and poles of rural revitalization. Currently, the rural development is facing the five problems: high-speed non-agricultural transformation of agriculture production factors, over-fast aging and weakening of rural subjects, increasingly hollowing and abandoning of rural construction land, severe fouling of rural soil and water environment and deep pauperization of rural poverty-stricken areas. The countryside is an important basis for the socioeconomic development in China, and the strategies of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization are complementary. The rural revitalization focuses on establishing the institutional mechanism for integrated urban-rural development and constructs the comprehensive development system of rural regional system, which includes transformation, reconstruction and innovation in accordance with the requirements of thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance, and prosperity. Geographical research on rural revitalization should focus on the complexity and dynamics of rural regional system and explore new schemes, models and scientific approaches for the construction of villages and towns, which are guided by radical cure of "rural disease", implement the strategy of rural revitalization polarization, construct the evaluation index system and planning system of rural revitalization, thus providing advanced theoretical references for realizing the revitalization of China's rural areas in the new era. {{custom_citation.content}}
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刘彦随, 周扬, 李玉恒. 中国乡村地域系统与乡村振兴战略. 地理学报, 2019, 74(12): 2511-2528.
乡村地域系统是由人文、经济、资源与环境相互联系、相互作用下构成的、具有一定结构、功能和区际联系的乡村空间体系,是一个由城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体等组成的地域多体系统。以乡村地域系统为对象,服务支撑国家乡村振兴战略,为新时期地理学创新研究提供了新机遇和新挑战。乡村振兴地理学研究,亟需以问题为导向、战略为指向,以人地关系地域系统理论和人地系统科学为指导,致力于地表人地系统交互作用下乡村地域系统结构、转型过程、演变机理、分异格局、地域功能,以及乡村振兴途径与模式综合研究,科学把握乡村地域系统类型及其分异规律。本文以全国39164个乡镇为基本单元,采用定量和定性相结合的研究方法,诊断识别了制约中国乡村地域系统可持续发展的主导因子,划分了中国乡村地域系统类型,揭示了乡村地域系统分异格局,探明了不同类型区乡村振兴科学途径。结果表明:① 地理环境、村镇化水平、资源禀赋、人口流动程度和老龄化水平等是乡村地域系统分异的主导因子,反映了乡村发展自然本底特征以及外援动力、内生动力的大小。② 通过主导要素聚类和空间叠加分析,将中国乡村地域系统划分为12个一级区、43个二级区。一级区采用“地理区位+主导要素驱动力/约束力”的方法命名,二级区采用“地域范围+主导要素驱动力/约束力+乡村经济发展水平”命名。③ 不同类型区乡村振兴地域模式和路径不同,乡村振兴战略与规划的落地要因地制宜、分类施策。
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Rural regional system is a spatial system with certain structure, function and inter-regional relationship, which is composed of humanity, economy, resources and environment that are connected and interacted with each other. It is a regional multi-body system, including urban-rural integrity, rural synthesis, village-town organism, and housing-industry synergy. Targeting the rural regional system and supporting the rural revitalization strategy provides new opportunities and challenges for innovation of Chinese geography in the new era. Guided by the theory of regional system of human-land system and the science of human-land system, the research on rural revitalization geography should serve national strategy by finding solutions to problems hindering rural sustainable development, and make contribution to the comprehensive study of rural regional system structure, transformation process, evolution mechanism, differentiation pattern, regional function, and rural revitalization path and model under the interaction of surface's human-land system. There is an urgent requirement to better understand and reveal differences in the types of rural regional system and their differentiation law. Taking 39164 townships in China as research object, this paper used quantitative and qualitative methods to detect and identify the dominant factors that restrict the sustainable development of rural regional systems in China. Then we divided the types of Chinese rural regional systems, revealed the pattern of rural regional differentiation and further proposed scientific approaches to rural revitalization in different areas. Results demonstrate that topographic conditions, climate conditions, ruralization level, land resources endowment, population mobility and aging level are the dominant factors restricting the sustainable development of rural regional system, of which reflects the level of resource endowment, endogenous power and external aid of rural development. Through cluster analysis and spatial overlay of dominant factors, China's rural regional system can be divided into 12 first-class zones and 43 second-class zones. The first-class zones are named by means of 'geographical location + driving force of dominant factors', and the second-class zones are named by means of 'regional scope + driving force of dominant factors + economic development level'. The driving force of rural sustainable development in different regional types are varied. The regional pattern and path of rural revitalization in different types of areas are varied, and promoting the rural revitalization strategy should be based on local conditions to realize the coordination and sustainable development of rural economy, society, culture and ecosystem. {{custom_citation.content}}
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刘玉, 唐林楠, 潘瑜春. 村域尺度的不同乡村发展类型多功能特征与振兴方略. 农业工程学报, 2019, 35(22): 9-17.
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李旭辉, 王经伟. 共同富裕目标下中国城乡建设绿色发展的区域差距及影响因素. 自然资源学报, 2023, 38(2): 419-441.
统筹推进城乡建设绿色发展是实现共同富裕目标的基本遵循。采用主客观组合赋权法,从绿色一体化、绿色发展方式、绿色创新三个维度对2010—2020年中国城乡建设绿色发展水平进行综合测度,在此基础上,借助Dagum基尼系数、Kernel密度方法和QAP方法揭示其区域差距的空间来源、演进趋势及影响因素。研究发现:样本考察期内中国城乡建设绿色发展水平稳步上升,在各子系统中,东部地区均呈现出显著优势,而中西部和东北地区绿色创新水平不容乐观;城乡建设绿色发展的区域差距呈恶化趋势,板块间差距是整体差距的最主要来源,缓解板块内差距的着力点位于西部和东部地区;全国及四大板块城乡建设绿色发展水平的演进脉络各异,但极化趋势均日益加剧并伴随着“优者更优”现象;合理调控科创环境差距与居民收入差距是缓解城乡建设绿色发展区域失衡问题的决定力量,而第二产业占比过高会抑制城乡绿色发展,此外在区域层面各影响因素呈现出明显的空间异质性。
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包雪艳, 戴文远, 刘少芳, 等. 城乡融合区乡村地域多功能空间分异及影响因素: 以福州东部片区为例. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37(10): 2688-2702.
乡村地域多功能是有效破解城乡二元结构、促进城乡融合发展的重要途径。本文以国家城乡融合发展试验区——福州东部片区为研究区,基于乡镇域尺度分析研究区乡村地域多功能空间分异规律与特征,使用地理探测器分析空间分异的影响因素。结果表明:(1)研究区各乡镇的乡村单一功能空间格局特征表现为农业生产功能在沿海小范围聚集,工业发展和生活保障功能主要集中分布在福州城区边缘郊区和南部乡镇,生态保育功能西部山区大于东部乡镇,而旅游休闲功能主要分布在中北部乡镇和平潭岛;(2)依据LSE模型,将研究区乡镇划分为五功能、四功能、三功能、双功能复合区和单功能主导区,其中拥有五、四功能复合区的乡镇共计58个,占比45.68%,说明研究区乡村地域多功能整体上处于较高水平,城乡融合发展基础良好;(3)乡村地域多功能的空间分异受自然环境、社会经济等内外因素的共同影响,自然环境因素塑造了乡村地域初始与特色功能,地理区位因素促进乡村功能的形成与分化,社会经济是优化乡村功能的基础因素,政策资金是推动乡村多功能转型的主导因素。研究结果为进一步推进区域城乡融合发展与乡村振兴提供科学依据。
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资明贵, 周怡, 罗静, 等. 山区乡村地域系统韧性测度及影响因素研究: 以大别山区罗田县为例. 地理科学进展, 2022, 41(10): 1819-1832.
韧性理论是可持续性科学的核心议题之一,微观尺度视域下乡村地域系统与韧性理论的结合是对乡村振兴战略的回应与思考。论文构建山区乡村地域系统风险—韧性(R-PAT)模型,运用熵值法、地理探测器等方法对大别山区罗田县68个样本村的系统韧性进行测度并分析其空间格局,识别村域单元R-PAT类型后,剖析山区乡村地域系统韧性水平空间分异的影响因素。研究发现:① 罗田县村域单元抵御能力、适应能力、转型能力及综合韧性指数差异显著,样本村综合韧性指数普遍不高但具有较大的提升潜力;② 依据韧性指数与风险指数的变化,山区乡村地域系统分为高风险—低韧性、高风险—高韧性、低风险—高韧性和低风险—低韧性4种类型,罗田县以高风险—低韧性型与低风险—低韧性型为主;③ 罗田县乡村地域系统韧性受多个因子影响,乡村内生动力是山区乡村地域系统韧性水平空间分异的关键性因素,乡村自然与社会本底是其基础性因素,乡村发展潜力是系统潜能持续提升、能力逐渐强化的推动性力量。研究旨在将韧性理论聚焦山区乡村微观单元,为山区乡村脱贫攻坚成果巩固与山区振兴提供可资借鉴的理论指导与案例支撑。
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Resilience theory is one of the core topics of sustainability science. Integrating rural regional system and resilience theory at the micro-scale is a response and reflection to the rural revitalization strategy. By constructing a rural regional system risk-resilience (R-PAT) model in mountainous areas, this study examined the system resilience of 68 sample villages in Luotian County of the Dabie Mountains using entropy method, and analyzed its spatial patterns. After identifying the R-PAT type, the influencing factors of the spatial differentiation of the rural regional system resilience in mountainous areas were examined through geographical detector. The results show that: 1) There are significant differences in the resistance, adaptability, transformability, and comprehensive resilience index of villages in Luotian County. The comprehensive resilience index of the sample villages is not high in general and has great potential for improvement. 2) According to the changes of resilience index and risk index, the rural regional systems in mountainous areas are divided into four types: high risk-low resilience, high risk-high resilience, low risk-high resilience and low risk-low resilience. The high risk-low resilience type and low risk-low resilience type are dominant in Luotian County. 3) The resilience of rural regional system in Luotian County is affected by multiple factors. Rural endogenous power is the key factor for the spatial differentiation of resilience level of the area, rural natural and social backgrounds are the basic factors, and rural development potential is the driving force for the continuous improvement of the system potential and the gradual strengthening of the resilience capacity. This study focused on applying the resilience theory to the micro spatial units of mountainous rural areas to provide theoretical guidance and case support for the consolidation of poverty alleviation achievements in these areas and their revitalization. {{custom_citation.content}}
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李平星, 陈雯, 孙伟. 经济发达地区乡村地域多功能空间分异及影响因素: 以江苏省为例. 地理学报, 2014, 69(6): 797-807.
随着经济社会发展和土地利用格局变化,乡村地域功能和发展定位的多元化和空间差异特征日益明显。以经济发达的江苏省为例,采用定量化价值评价方法,研究县域尺度乡村地域生态保育、农业生产、工业发展和社会保障功能的空间差异,识别各县市区主导功能类型,揭示不同类型乡村地域功能的影响因素。结果表明:乡村地域多功能特征明显,工业发展功能占据主导;4 类乡村地域功能空间集聚程度均较低,生态保育功能高值区集中于沿湖、沿海或苏南山丘地区,农业生产功能集中于苏北和苏中,工业发展功能以苏南最强,社会保障功能则集中于市辖区及其临近市县;乡村地域功能组合类型多样,共可分为9 种;4 类乡村地域功能的影响因素存在较大差异,自然地理、空间区位、经济社会发展等因素的影响在强度和影响方向上明显不同。研究可为针对性地定位乡村功能和发展导向、增强县域乡村功能特色和竞争力提供参考依据。
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张富刚, 刘彦随. 中国区域农村发展动力机制及其发展模式. 地理学报, 2008, 63(2): 115-122.
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The agriculture, rural and farmer development are the principal and radical problems in the recent economic and social process in China. Nowadays, aiming at building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and modernizing the country, the project of new socialist countryside construction was advanced at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Party, which means advanced production, improved livelihood, a civilized social atmosphere, clean and tidy villages and efficient management. Though many researches have been conducted on the new socialist countryside construction and given some suggestions, there have been relatively few studies on the research of rural development theory. It is an original approach to the analysis of the elements and configuration of the whole rural development system to provide theoretical basis for choosing rural development models based on the view of system theory. The results are as the follows: (1) The regional system is a urban-rural integration, so it is very necessary to study rural development problem in the general framework of the whole regional system. (2) Regional rural development system is a complicated synthesis, including regional rural development core system and regional rural development exterior system. The former is composed of rural natural system, rural economic system, rural social system and rural ecological system, and the latter consists of regional development policies, international trade circumstance, etc. The essence of rural development is the process of mutual coupling and coordination of the two sub-systems. (3) The regional rural comprehensive ability lies on two aspects including the rural development inner ability and the exterior drive of urbanization and industrialization. The interaction mechanism obeys parallelogram principle in physics. The evolvement characteristics of rural development system are different in the different combinations of the inner and exterior driving forces. (4) According to the difference of rural development driving forces, rural development models are classified into two types, namely the dominant type of rural self-development and the dominant type of the exterior drive of industrialization and urbanization, and six sub-types at the second level, which are industry driving, villages and towns construction driving, labor force transfer driving, characteristic industry driving, eco-tourism development and specialized market organization driving. In conclusion, it is a scientific approach to the exploration of regional rural sustainable development models, based on the analysis of elements, construction, and function of regional rural development system and characteristics. {{custom_citation.content}}
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[13] |
裴进堂. 河南省乡村内核系统与外缘系统发展协调度及空间格局: 基于18个省辖市数据分析. 中国农业资源与区划, 2020, 41(5): 215-222.
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任国平, 刘黎明, 孙锦, 等. 基于“胞—链—形”分析的都市郊区村域空间发展模式识别与划分. 地理学报, 2017, 72(12): 2147-2165.
村域空间发展模式识别和划分一直是乡村地理学研究热点之一。本文引入“胞—链—形”分析方法,以上海市青浦区为例,利用引力模型、断裂点模型、因子分析法和频度统计法分析该区184个“行政村空间发展模式格局(驱动形)”—“核心行政村模式传导界面(辐射链)”—“行政村主导产业(产业胞)”,以期从空间力学视角识别和构建村域空间发展模式体系,实现对都市郊区村域空间发展模式划分的目的。结果表明:空间发展模式竞争力评价可衡量区域发展模式的综合实力,反映了区域空间发展模式的优劣;“胞—链—形”分析框架对于都市郊区村域空间发展模式识别和划分具有较强的适用性;上海市青浦区村域空间发展模式可识别和划分为3种格局(“形”)、10种核心行政村模式传导界面(“链”)和20种行政村主导产业(“胞”),该研究结果可为都市郊区乡村空间重构提供科学依据。
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The spatial development patterns of administrative villages have attracted attention worldwide. It is a research hot-spot to identify and classify the spatial development patterns precisely in the field of rural geography. In this paper, we introduced the "cell-chain-shape" method, the gravity model, the breaking point model, the factor analysis method and the frequency statistics method, to analyze the spatial development patterns of the 184 administrative villages in Qingpu District of Shanghai Municipality. We identified the spatial development patterns (shapes) - the conductive interfaces of the spatial development patterns of the core administrative villages (chains) - the leading industries of the administrative villages (cells). In order to classify the spatial development patterns of the administrative villages, this paper identified and built them from the perspective of spatial mechanics. The results show that: (1) the evaluation results of competitiveness of spatial development patterns could weigh the comprehensive strength of the regional development patterns, and could also reflect the advantages and disadvantages of each pattern; (2) the "cell-chain-shape" method had strong applicability to identify and classify the spatial development patterns of the administrative villages in the metropolitan suburbs; (3) the spatial development patterns of the administrative villages in Qingpu District could be identified and classified into three categories of patterns (shapes), ten categories of conductive interfaces of the spatial development patterns of the core administrative villages (chains) and 20 categories of the leading industries of administrative villages (cells). The results of this study can provide policy-makers a scientific basis for rural restructuring in the metropolitan suburbs. {{custom_citation.content}}
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[15] |
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李琳娜, 璩路路, 刘彦随. 乡村地域多体系统识别方法及应用研究. 地理研究, 2019, 38(3): 563-577.
乡村与城市相互依赖、相互补充,共同构成了城乡人地关系地域系统。针对我国目前城乡发展面临的诸多挑战,着眼于乡村振兴战略需求和地理学服务国家战略的需要,亟需构建乡村多体系统的识别方法体系,加快城乡基础网、乡村发展区、村镇空间场、乡村振兴极等多级目标体系建设。本文依托城乡融合系统和乡村地域系统理论,尝试构建城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体乡村地域多体系统的识别方法体系。其中,城乡融合系统指标体系涵盖经济发展、社会发展、环境发展、基础设施4个方面,乡村地域系统指标体系涵盖人口、社会、经济、资源、环境5个子系统。进一步通过均方差决策法、多目标加权求和模型、耦合协调模型等研究方法,识别出城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体和居业协同体。以宁夏盐池县为案例区,实证研究表明,分析结果基本能反映不同乡镇、行政村的发展特征和定位。区别于以往研究侧重城镇体系等级结构,本研究提供了乡村地域系统内部等级差异的识别方法,对县域乡村振兴规划实践具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。
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Cities and villages are interdependent and complementary, both of which constitute the urban-rural man-earth regional system. However, the urban-rural development in China has faced various challenges. Aiming at the national strategy of rural revitalization, we think it necessary to construct rural regional multi-body system including urban-rural integration, rural complex, village-town organism, and housing-industry symbiosis and rural multi-level goal system including urban-rural infrastructure networks, zones of rural development, fields of village-town space and poles of rural revitalization. This study proposed an identification method of rural regional multi-body system, based on the theory of urban-rural integration system and rural regional system. The index system of urban-rural integration system included four dimensions of economic, social, environmental, and infrastructural development, and the index system of rural regional system included five sub-systems of population, society, economy, resource, and environment. Then, based on means square deviation method, multi-objective weighted sum model, and coupling coordination model, the rural multi-body system including urban-rural integration, rural complex, village-town organism, and housing-industry symbiosis can be identified. Taking Yanchi County of Ningxia as a case study, we applied our proposed identification method. It was found that compared with other regions of Ningxia, the overall urban-rural integration level of Yanchi County was relatively high, but its urban-rural integration level in the aspects of social and infrastructure development was relatively low. Meanwhile, the area of Yanchi County can be divided into different rural development regions, i.e. agricultural region, industrial region, commercial region, and ecological region. In addition, the towns and villages with high rural regional comprehensive development level and housing-industry coordination level were identified as village-town organism and housing-industry symbiosis, respectively. The empirical results showed that the analysis can basically reflect the development characteristics and orientation of different towns and villages. Different from previous research focusing on the hierarchical structure of urban system, this study provides a method to analyze the hierarchical differences within the rural regional system, which has certain reference value to guide the rural revitalization practices at the county level. {{custom_citation.content}}
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[17] |
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璩路路, 李裕瑞, 李明洋, 等. 基于ML分析的乡村空间发展模式识别与振兴途径研究. 干旱区资源与环境, 2022, 36(5): 25-32.
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[19] |
吴孔森, 孔冬艳, 王银, 等. 乡村转型发展影响因素及其作用效应的空间分异: 以陕西省为例. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37(8): 2033-2050.
以陕西省为例,围绕人口、土地、产业等乡村社会经济发展要素构建乡村转型发展评价指标体系,借助ArcGIS平台分析陕西省乡村转型发展时空格局演化特征;利用逐步回归、地理加权回归模型(GWR模型)对陕西省乡村转型发展影响因素及作用效应的空间分异进行探究,以期为陕西省乡村高质量发展路径设计与政策制订提供参考依据。研究结论如下:(1)2005—2017年间,陕西省乡村转型发展程度呈现持续上升趋势,在空间上整体呈现西安及其周边以及榆林北部能源区发展程度高,其余地区发展程度低的特点,且乡村转型发展经历了低度转型主导到较低、中度转型主导的发展过程。(2)地均固定资产投入、加权路网密度、人均生产总值、规模以上工业企业个数和人均耕地资源量是陕西省乡村转型发展的主要影响因素。(3)影响因素中除人均耕地资源量对乡村转型发展整体呈现负向影响外,其余因素均呈现正向影响,且对不同县域影响程度不同,影响效应的空间分异明显。研究对因地制宜地制定陕西省乡村转型发展的差异化政策措施具有重要的参考意义。
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冯健. 经济欠发达地区县域发展模式与战略: 以河南省兰考县为例. 地理研究, 2005, 24(5): 811-821.
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杨忍, 潘瑜鑫. 中国县域乡村脆弱性空间特征与形成机制及对策. 地理学报, 2021, 76(6): 1438-1454.
基于乡村脆弱性本质内涵,构建了中国县域乡村脆弱性综合测度的指标体系,对中国县域乡村脆弱性水平进行综合测度;通过遴选具有典型代表性的5条样带,深化分析中国乡村脆弱性的区域差异特征及其形成机制,并提出具有针对性的应对策略。结果表明:① 中国县域乡村脆弱性整体上处于较低脆弱度和中脆弱度阈值区间,并具明显的空间差异性,沿“博台线”呈南北分异的空间格局,东北部乡村脆弱性偏低,西南部乡村脆弱较高。② 外部性环境因素是诱发乡村脆弱性的先导因素,生态暴露、生态敏感和生态适应构成的乡村生态子系统是乡村脆弱性的根本性影响因素;经济暴露、经济敏感和经济适应构成的乡村经济子系统是乡村脆弱性的核心影响因素;社会暴露、社会敏感和社会适应组成的乡村社会子系统也是乡村脆弱性的重要影响因素。③ 以“地理区位、乡村脆弱性主导驱动因素和脆弱性程度”为依据,将中国县域乡村脆弱性划分为8个地域类型区。不同类型区域,遵循因地制宜原则,破除地区根植性和路径依赖,增强乡村地域系统扰动源的预测和监测,并对系统自身敏感性进行科学管制,提升乡村系统的适应能力,促进乡村可持续发展。
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Based on the essential connotation of rural vulnerability, this study constructs an indicator system for the comprehensive measurement of rural vulnerability in China at the county level. Through the selection of five typical representative transects, we will deepen the analysis of the regional differences in China's rural vulnerability and its formation mechanism and propose targeted coping strategies. The results show that: (1) The rural vulnerability of counties in China is generally within the threshold range of low and medium vulnerability characterized by obvious spatial differences. Along the "Bole-Taipei Line", there is a spatial pattern of north-south differentiation. Villages in southwestern China tends to have higher vulnerability than those in northeastern China. (2) External environmental factors are the leading factors that induce rural vulnerability. The rural ecological subsystem, composed of ecological exposure, ecological sensitivity, and ecological adaptation, is the fundamental influencing factor of rural vulnerability. The rural economic subsystem, which is composed of economic exposure, economic sensitivity, and economic adaptation, is the core influencing factor of rural vulnerability. The social subsystem, composed of social exposure, social sensitivity, and social adaptation, is also an important factor influencing rural vulnerability. (3) On the basis of "geographical location, the dominant driving factors of rural vulnerability and the degree of rural vulnerability", rural vulnerability in China at the county level can be identified into eight categories. According to the principle of adapting measures to local conditions, we should break down the regional embeddedness and path dependence. We should strengthen the prediction and monitoring of the sources of disturbance in the rural-area system and scientifically control the sensitivity of the system itself, then improve the adaptation of the rural system to ensure sustainable development of rural areas. {{custom_citation.content}}
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[23] |
李伯华, 李珍, 刘沛林, 等. 湘江流域传统村落景观基因变异及其分异规律. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37(2): 362-377.
传统村落在历史、文化、经济、旅游和科学等多个方面价值颇高,保护传统村落的空间格局和文化内涵极为重要。以中国湘江流域上中下游六个典型传统村落为例,以景观基因理论为基础,运用景观基因分析法识别了湘江流域传统村落景观基因,分析了上中下游传统村落显性物质景观基因与隐性非物质文化基因的变异特征,总结了湘江流域传统村落景观基因变异特征及分异规律,研究结果显示:(1)湘江流域上游传统村落平面基因变异相悖于本土的情况侧重发生在平面结构变异上;立面基因的变异相悖于本土、突变后直接消亡的情况较多;文化基因上受外来冲击的不适感较强,有加剧景观基因变异的风险和趋势。(2)湘江流域中游传统村落对立面基因的改动需求较大,且改动时间较早,造成立面基因变异以及平面基因中街巷格局、平面布局变异较大,变异后相悖于本土的特征显著;而在文化基因中,对文化的变异融合接受能力强,变异相融于本土的情况显著。(3)湘江流域下游传统村落在形态、布局特征明显的平面基因中产生的变异不大显著;在立面基因中遭遇突变后直接消亡的特征明显;在文化基因中,对家风信仰的基因变异以相融于本土为主,习俗礼仪的基因变异呈现分化趋势,单民族聚居式的家族以相悖于本土的特征为主,多民族聚居式的家族以相融于本土的特征为主。
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刘彦随, 杨忍, 林元城. 中国县域城镇化格局演化与优化路径. 地理学报, 2022, 77(12): 2937-2953.
县域城镇化的有序发展和优化布局,对于推进城乡要素平等交换、产业结构优化调整、资源与市场优化配置、促进城乡融合发展与乡村振兴具有重要战略意义。研究表明:① 2000—2020年中国县域城镇化快速发展且区域差异显著,东部沿海地区、中部城郊地区和北方边境地区的县域城镇化率相对较高,而西南地区、中部农区、西藏及新疆大部分地区的县域城镇化率偏低;2020年沿“胡焕庸线”东侧的东北地区、冀北及晋陕豫地区、川东及云贵地区成为县域城镇化率高值区,珠三角地区、长三角地区、京津冀地区、成渝地区、长江中下游地区、内蒙古边境地区,以及江浙闽东南沿海一带城镇化率超过50%的县域达716个,占比38.3%。② 县域城镇化是人口、经济、社会、文化等要素综合作用的结果,经济发展水平、自然环境条件、基础设施建设、地理区位条件、公共资源供给、专业创业集群与宏观政策等影响县域城镇化的方向、范围和深度。预测到2035年中国城镇化率为76.04%,县域城镇化率为64.38%。未来要重视强化县域人口、经济、社会和空间组织结构的调整优化。③ 县域城镇化发展可分为大城市周边县域要素集聚型城镇化、专业功能县域产业集聚带动型城镇化、农产品主产区县域农业现代化引领型城镇化、重点生态功能区县域生态保育型城镇化、人口流失县域异地转移集中型城镇化等5种类型。④ 县域城镇化以县城和重点镇作为要素集聚的重要空间载体,形成居业协同与产城融合的多级体系。通过构建产业全价值链、主导产业关联集群、公共服务融合配置体系等创新路径,将推动城乡要素平等交换与公共资源均衡配置、城乡产业融合与等值化发展,促进城乡融合网络化、城乡治理体系化与资源利用集约化,为优化县域人地关系和城镇化空间体系提供持久动力。
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The orderly development of county urbanization, as an effective driving force for the integrated development of urban and rural areas in the new era, promotes the interaction and flow of elements between urban and rural territorial system, the optimization and adjustment of industrial structures, the optimal allocation of resources and markets, and the organic integration of urban and rural territorial system. The results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the county urbanization in China developed rapidly, and the regional differences in spatial and temporal dynamics were significant. The county urbanization rate in the eastern coastal, central suburbs and northern border areas was high, while it is low in southwest China, rural areas of the central region and most parts of Tibet and Xinjiang. In 2020, to the east of the Hu Huanyong Line, the northeastern region, northern Hebei, Shanxi-Shaanxi-Henan region, eastern Sichuan, and Yunnan-Guizhou region became high-value areas for urbanization rates at the county level. There are 716 counties with urbanization rates exceeding 50%, including the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Chengdu-Chongqing region, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the border areas of Inner Mongolia, and the southeastern coastal areas of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian, accounting for 38.3% of the country's total. (2) The county urbanization in China is the result of the combined effects of factors such as population, economy, society, and culture. The level of economic development, natural environment conditions, infrastructure construction, geographic locations, public resource supply, professional entrepreneurial clusters, and macro policies affect the direction, scope and depth of county urbanization. It is predicted that by 2035, the urbanization rate of China will reach about 76.04%, and that of counties will be about 64.38%. In the future, we should strengthen the adjustment and optimization of county population, economy, society and spatial organizational structure. (3) There are five types of county urbanization in China, including factor agglomeration urbanization in counties around big cities, industrial agglomeration-driven urbanization in counties with specialized function, agricultural modernization-led urbanization in counties with main agricultural production areas, ecological conservation urbanization in counties with ecological function areas, and concentrated urbanization in counties with population loss. (4) County urbanization takes county and key towns as important spatial carriers for the agglomeration of urbanization elements, and forms a multi-level system of residence-industry and industry-city coordination. The rational spatial distribution of factors such as the development of industrial integration and population resources will further promote the interactive flow of urban and rural elements, the integration of urban and rural industries, the equalization of urban and rural residents, and the equalization of urban and rural infrastructure, and enhance urban-rural integration and network development. {{custom_citation.content}}
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房艳刚, 刘继生. 基于多功能理论的中国乡村发展多元化探讨: 超越"现代化"发展范式. 地理学报, 2015, 70(2): 257-270.
传统的乡村现代化发展范式和地理学关于乡村的区域差异研究之间存在缝隙,不足以为快速演化分异的乡村地域发展提供直接理论支撑。本文引入西方近20年来逐渐兴起的多功能农业与多功能乡村理论,从新的视角观察思考中国乡村多元化发展的目标、路径及对策。首先从经济、社会和环境三个方面反思中国乡村现代化的基本历程与得失,以及西方国家乡村现代化产生的问题,指出传统的农业农村现代化发展在很大程度是以牺牲乡村环境和乡村社会机理脆弱化为代价的,也造成了乡村经济对外部支持的过度依赖,仅仅强调“现代化”发展范式显然是不够的;然后简要介绍了国外多功能农业与多功能乡村理论;在此基础上,从功能角度提出中国农业农村发展的多元目标,推演探讨农业农村发展的区域差异化路径及对策。
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There is a big gap between general rural modernization paradigm and huge empirical rural geography studies. This gap results in impotent development strategies on regionally differentiated countryside. Based on multifunctional agriculture theory and multifunctional rural theory which emerged in Western World as a new paradigm, this paper discusses the multiple objectives, differentiated pathways and policies of agriculture and rural development in China. Firstly, this paper reflects the problems and challenges caused by modernization paradigm in rural China on economic, social, and environmental aspects, as well as that of western developed countries. It can be concluded that conventional agricultural and rural modernization is developed largely at the expense of rural environment, social fabric and economic viabilities. Obviously, "modernization development paradigm" alone is not enough for healthy agricultural and rural development in such booming economy as China. A better paradigm should be developed which takes economic development, social justice and environmental sustainability into account at the same time. After a brief review of multifunctional agriculture theory and multifunctional rural theory overseas, the multiple objectives of agriculture and rural development in China are put forward. These multiple objectives, however, should not and could not be a burden on rural space indiscriminatingly due to the enormous differentiation of natural and socio-economic conditions. Thus, the final but main part of this paper envisions the differentiated pathways and policy portfolios of agricultural and rural development in China from the perspective of territorial division. {{custom_citation.content}}
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李鑫, 马晓冬, 胡嫚莉. 乡村地域系统人—地—业要素互馈机制研究. 地理研究, 2022, 41(7): 1981-1994.
乡村振兴需要系统化的理论支持,人-地-业要素是乡村地域系统的核心,探索乡村地域系统结构及其人-地-业要素互馈如何塑造乡村发展动力不仅有现实迫切性,更有重要学术意义。论文运用逻辑分析法对乡村地域系统人-地-业要素互馈机制进行考察。结果表明:乡村地域系统可分为本底要素、直接要素与间接要素三大子系统,本底要素是乡村发展的“基础台”,直接要素是乡村发展主体,而间接要素是乡村发展的“调节器”;人-地-业互馈的科学内涵是通过相互作用来优化要素数量组合与空间匹配而塑造乡村发展动力,驱动乡村地域系统向优化状态迁移;人-地-业要素互馈机制框架中三者存在相互作用路径,是一个联动互馈环,有动态性、传播性与关联性特征;人-地-业要素互馈理论框架可为农业农村现代化、村庄规划、全域土地综合整治等乡村振兴工作提供理论支持;人-地-业要素互馈耦合调控实际上是塑造乡村发展动力的过程,应根据互馈路径在综合权衡基础上确定互馈调控强度与方向。
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Nowadays the rural revitalization work in China needs a systematical theory to support its implementation, however few studies have addressed the rural development mechanism. As human-land-industry factors are the core of rural regional system (RRS), the exploration of the structure of RRS and how the mutual feedbacks among human-land-industry factors shapes the development impetus of RRS is not only urgently needed in reality, but also of great significance to academic research. Thus, this paper studies the mutual feedbacks among human-land-industry factors of RRS by logic analysis approach, to investigate how these feedbacks promote rural development. The results indicate that the RRS can be divided into three subsystems, namely, the background element, direct element and indirect element subsystem, of which background element subsystem is ‘the basic platform’, which is decisive for RRS development, including the location, hydrology, soil, climate and other resources and environmental conditions of providing physical basis. The direct element subsystem is the main body of rural development, including the human, capital, land and other production factors. The indirect element subsystem is the ‘regulator’ for RRS development, including the institution and policy, culture and customs and other social capital. The scientific connotation of the mutual feedbacks among human-land-industry elements is to optimize the quantitative combination and spatial matching of factors through interactions among human-land-industry elements, to create the internal driving force of rural development, and to drive RRS to the optimal status. According to the theoretical framework of Factor-Structure-Function, the development force of RRS comes from the structure optimization on the one hand, and from the improvement of factor level like population quality and land use efficiency on the other hand. The interactive paths among human-land-industry factors of RRS is a linkage mutual feedback loop, characterized mainly by dynamics, propagation and relevance. The theoretical framework of human-land-industry factors in this research can provide theoretical supports for actual works of agricultural and rural modernization, village planning and comprehensive land consolidation. The coupling regulation of human-land-industry elements of RRS is essentially a process of creating the endogenous development dynamics for RRS, therefore, the strength, direction and contents of coupling regulation measures should be determined based on the comprehensive trade-offs, according to the proposed framework. {{custom_citation.content}}
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蒋天颖, 谢敏, 刘刚. 基于引力模型的区域创新产出空间联系研究: 以浙江省为例. 地理科学, 2014, 34(11): 1320-1326.
以浙江省为例,分析与探讨基于引力模型的区域创新产出空间联系。根据最大引力线数量与区域创新产出联系总量确定了区域创新产出空间联系的中心城市,并结合断裂点公式测度了中心城市的创新产出辐射范围。研究发现,与2005年相比,2011年各县、市区的区域创新产出联系量与区域创新产出联系总量有明显增加,但区域创新产出联系的空间格局并未有显著变化,联系密集区主要集中于杭州、宁波两地;二、三级节点城市发生明显变化,而杭州市辖区始终是浙江区域创新产出联系的中心城市;中心城市辐射区范围增大,除宁波市辖区外,中心城市对节点城市的辐射效果均略有增强。基于此,提出加大区域创新投入,优化创新环境,完善城市、县市间道路建设,加强信息发展,缩短区域之间的硬距离与软距离,增强区域创新产出的空间联系等政策建议。
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Research on spatial linkage of regional innovation output and analysis of the radiation range in the central city have important practical significance to advance the spatial linkage of regional innovation output and promote the level of regional innovation output. This article analyzes the spatial linkage of regional innovation output based on gravity model, identifies the central city according to the number of the largest attraction linkages and total spatial linkages of regional innovation output and calculates the radiation range of the central city by breaking point formula in Zhejiang Province. Compared to the level in 2005 and 2011, the quantity of regional innovation output spatial linkage and total amount of linkages have increased obviously, but the spatial pattern of regional innovation output linkage has changed little with the concentrated areas mostly focused in Hangzhou and Ningbo. Although the cities with second and third level have had overt changes, Hangzhou City has always been the central city of spatial linkage of regional innovation output in Zhejiang. The radiation area in the central city has been expanded. The radiation effect of central city has strengthened slightly except Ningbo City. Based on this conclusion, this article puts forward some suggestions such as increasing the regional innovation input, optimizing the environment of regional innovation, improving and perfecting the construction of the highway and railway in cities, reducing the hard distance and soft distance between regions and promoting the spatial linkage of regional innovation output. {{custom_citation.content}}
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王亚楠, 王数, 高阳. 基于GIS和灰色星座聚类模型的乡村发展类型识别及振兴策略: 以江西省万年县为例. 江苏农业科学, 2021, 49(17): 19-27.
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唐玉萍, 潘洪义, 张之凤, 等. 山地丘陵区乡村类型划分及乡村振兴路径研究: 以绵阳市为例. 山地学报, 2022, 40(5): 764-777.
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杨一鸣, 王健, 吴群. 中国城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响机制研究. 地理科学进展, 2022, 41(12): 2191-2202.
城乡要素流动贯穿城乡发展全过程,是构建城乡能否实现融合发展的核心,探究城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合发展的作用机制,能够为城乡融合发展破局提供科学指导。论文基于TOPSIS模型对全国292个城市的城乡融合发展水平进行评价,采用普通最小二乘法(OLS)和地理加权回归(GWR)模型探究城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合的影响机制。研究结果表明:① 中国城市层面的城乡融合发展水平存在较大空间分异特征,达到深度融合水平的多为经济发达城市。相较而言,东部地区的城乡融合发展最为平衡。② 全局上看,土地要素与人才要素的流动对城乡融合发展的影响最为显著,且两者驱动作用为负;局部上看,各城乡实体要素流动对城乡融合发展的影响具有明显的地域差异性。③ 土地要素流失使乡村失去了生产要素和发展空间,而人才要素无有效路径回流至乡村,使其限制了城乡融合;政府投资促进实体要素集聚并降低要素流动成本,城乡产业实现分工协作、功能互补,信息要素有效流动降低其他实体要素配置成本并提高配置效率,这益于城乡融合。
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The flow of urban and rural elements runs through the entire process of urban and rural development and is the core of achieving urban and rural integration. Exploring the mechanism of influence of urban-rural element flow on urban-rural integrated development can provide a scientific guidance for breaking the plight of urban-rural integrated development. Based on the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) model, this study evaluated the development level of urban-rural integration in 292 cities across China, and used the ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models to explore the impact mechanism of urban-rural element flow on urban-rural integration. The results show that: 1) There are large spatial differences in the level of urban-rural integrated development at the city level in China. Most of the cities that have reached the level of deep urban-rural integration are economically developed. In general, the eastern region has the most balanced urban-rural integration. 2) Overall, the flow of land elements and population elements has the most significant impact on the urban-rural integrated development, and the driving effects of the two are negative. Locally, the influence of the flow of various urban-rural elements on the urban-rural integrated development has obvious regional differences. 3) The loss of land elements of the countryside causes loss of production elements and development space in these areas, and the lost talents have no effective way to return to the countryside, which limits urban-rural integrated development. Government investment promotes the agglomeration of elements and reduces the cost of element flow, urban and rural industries achieve division of labor and complement each other in functions, and the effective flow of information elements reduces allocation costs and improves allocation efficiency of other elements, which are beneficial to urban-rural integration. {{custom_citation.content}}
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李裕瑞, 刘彦随, 龙花楼, 等. 参与式村域发展综合诊断的技术方法与实证应用. 地理研究, 2014, 33(2): 372-384.
2004年以来中国农业和农村发展政策逐渐转型,给农村发展带来新的机遇,也为相关发展决策与规划提出了新的现实需求。村域是中国农村社会经济活动的基本单元,承载着农村家庭联产、乡村企业生产、农民日常生活、农村社区发展等生产、生活行为。本文以“背景分析—机理剖析—水平评价—病症诊断—病因分析—路径谋划”为主线,构建基于模糊层次分析等方法的参与式村域发展综合诊断技术方法体系,并以黄淮海传统农区一个典型村域为例开展实证应用。结果表明,研究构建的技术方法体系有助于实现村域发展水平评价、问题诊断、成因分析和路径谋划,可为村域发展战略决策及规划编制提供科学支撑。
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空间分异是自然和社会经济过程的空间表现,也是自亚里士多德以来人类认识自然的重要途径。地理探测器是探测空间分异性,以及揭示其背后驱动因子的一种新的统计学方法,此方法无线性假设,具有优雅的形式和明确的物理含义。基本思想是:假设研究区分为若干子区域,如果子区域的方差之和小于区域总方差,则存在空间分异性;如果两变量的空间分布趋于一致,则两者存在统计关联性。地理探测器q统计量,可用以度量空间分异性、探测解释因子、分析变量之间交互关系,已经在自然和社会科学多领域应用。本文阐述地理探测器的原理,并对其特点及应用进行了归纳总结,以利于读者方便灵活地使用地理探测器来认识、挖掘和利用空间分异性。
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Spatial stratified heterogeneity is the spatial expression of natural and socio-economic process, which is an important approach for human to recognize nature since Aristotle. Geodetector is a new statistical method to detect spatial stratified heterogeneity and reveal the driving factors behind it. This method with no linear hypothesis has elegant form and definite physical meaning. Here is the basic idea behind Geodetector: assuming that the study area is divided into several subareas. The study area is characterized by spatial stratified heterogeneity if the sum of the variance of subareas is less than the regional total variance; and if the spatial distribution of the two variables tends to be consistent, there is statistical correlation between them. Q-statistic in Geodetector has already been applied in many fields of natural and social sciences which can be used to measure spatial stratified heterogeneity, detect explanatory factors and analyze the interactive relationship between variables. In this paper, the authors will illustrate the principle of Geodetector and summarize the characteristics and applications in order to facilitate the using of Geodetector and help readers to recognize, mine and utilize spatial stratified heterogeneity. {{custom_citation.content}}
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