
基于交易费用理论的新型农业经营主体与农户合作模式研究——以农业文化遗产地安溪为例
张永勋, 李先德, 张长水
自然资源学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5) : 1150-1163.
基于交易费用理论的新型农业经营主体与农户合作模式研究——以农业文化遗产地安溪为例
Study of the model of new types of agribusiness cooperating with small farmers based on the transaction cost theory: A case study of Tieguanyin tea industries in Anxi
因合作模式与机制问题,新型农业经营主体对小农户发展的带动作用并不理想。以福建安溪铁观音茶文化系统的茶产业为案例,使用深度访谈和文献研究获取数据,采用交易费用理论分析安溪四类茶产业新型经营主体与农户合作模式选择成因。研究表明:新型农业经营主体与小农户合作通过稳定茶叶原料数量和品质的供应,可减少市场端和供应端的交易费用来获得稳定收益;企业负责人领办的农民合作社经营管理更有效,可实现多方共赢;产业基础、发展定位和资源基础影响新型农业经营主体与农户合作模式的选择,导致一地多模式现象;有效监督机制是保证其与农户长期合作共赢的关键;选择合适模式和机制与农民合作,可助其有效推动农业文化遗产保护。
With the development of industrialization and urbanization, the production mode of small farmers has been unable to adapt to the demands and transaction traits of the large market, which has hindered the sustainable development of agriculture and the continual increase of farmers' income. Therefore, the central government of China made a series of policies to encourage the development of new agricultural management systems and cultivate new types of agribusiness (NTA) to promote the development of small-scale agriculture and the income improvement of small farmers. However, in reality, due to problems in the cooperation mode and mechanism, many NTA companies failed to play a leading role in improving incomes of small farmers. Relevant research needs to be strengthened. Taking the tea industry of the Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture system, the Globally Important Agricultural Cultural Heritage, as an example, this study used in-depth interviews and literature research to obtain relevant data and analyzed the four types of cooperation modes between NTA and small farmers related to tea industries in Anxi county to reveal the reasons for the choice of cooperation mode done by NTA based on transaction cost theory. The results show that the NTA can reduce the transaction costs at the market side and the supply side depending on stabilizing the supply of tea raw material quantity and quality by cooperating with small farmers. The cooperatives set up by the principal person of enterprises have a higher management efficiency, which can realize multilateral win-win situation. Industrial bases, development orientation and resource bases are all important factors that influence NTA's cooperation mode choices between them and farmers, leading to the phenomenon of multiple modes existing in one place. Effective supervision mechanism is the key to ensure long-term win-win cooperation between NTA and small farmers. In Anxi, NTA established a supervision mechanism between enterprises, cooperatives, farmer members or different households, and the reward-punishment mechanism, which is a reward for conscientious performance and a social punishment for breach of contract to achieve a long-term cooperation among them. The NTA can effectively promote the protection of important agricultural heritage systems by choosing appropriate mode and mechanism to cooperate with farmers.
交易费用 / 新型农业经营主体 / 合作模式 / 农业文化遗产 / 安溪铁观音 {{custom_keyword}} /
transaction cost / new types of agribusiness / cooperation model / agricultural heritage systems / Anxi Tieguanyin {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 遗产地新型农业经营主体与农民合作的四种不同模式对比Table 1 Comparison of the four different cooperation models among new types of agribusiness and small farmers |
合作案例 | 产业基础 | 主要风险 | 监督方式 | 激励与惩罚机制 |
---|---|---|---|---|
“H公司+H合作社+农户”订单农业合作模式 | H公司从事茶叶出口贸易,为饮品跨国企业CC公司供应茶叶原料 | 在市场端,供货不足导致违约费 | 安溪县及所在乡镇政府,CC公司和国际公平贸易认证机构,合作社社员共同监督企业和合作社;企业和合作社监督社员 | 与农民的合作通过合作社盈利分红、加入并通过IFAT公平贸易认证获得CC公司提供发展基金等措施,提高合作社社员激励性收益g,使得 |
“G公司+G基地+农户”的茶叶生产紧密合作模式 | 从事茶叶种植及相关制品加工和销售,生产高端茶叶,与X公司签订茶叶供货协议 | 在市场端,X公司对茶叶质量要求较苛刻,增加了市场端违约概率 | 乡村两级领导协调公司从农户流转土地,主要领导人背书;派专职管理人员对工人工作质量进行检查;送第三方机构检测产品质量 | 采取联作制,与15户一组的小组签约,小组内有一户违约,公司拒绝收购整个小组的毛茶以增加农户违约的社会性惩罚f,使得 |
“L公司+L合作社+农户”的茶叶生产松散合作模式 | 从事茶叶种植、加工、销售等经济活动,生产有机、绿色高端茶叶 | 公司销售渠道不稳定,寻找市场费用 | 安溪县及所在乡镇政府监督与管理L公司和J合作社;L公司和J合作社对社员进行全程监督,合作社分厂相互监督 | 分类定价,通过市场调节,控制茶叶质量 |
“DF合作社+农户”的多样化经营合作模式 | 铁观音制作技艺非遗产传承人主打传统手工茶,自有茶园为老茶园,位于核心区,景观较好 | 市场端形成了全国茶叶代理销售制,市场较稳定,违约影响品牌信誉,重建市场费用 | 合作社与农户合作接受安溪县及所在乡镇政府的监督与管理;专门的管理人员对每道工序的工作质量进行监管 | 茶叶按质量分等收购,按岗位技术水平定工资,多途径给予认真履约农户以激励g,又增强了不认真履约农户接受其他农户谴责或踢出合作社的社会性惩罚f,使得 |
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