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中国反食物浪费监测与评估体系建设
({{custom_author.role_cn}}), {{javascript:window.custom_author_cn_index++;}}A analysis for establishing an anti-food waste monitoring and evaluation system for China
({{custom_author.role_en}}), {{javascript:window.custom_author_en_index++;}}《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》的颁布与实施,标志着中国的食物浪费从理论研究转向实践应用。为了推动食物浪费的减量,亟需构建覆盖全国的、系统性的监测和评估体系并实现食物浪费的定量监测与评估。本文面向《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》实施过程政府及社会中各界的主要关切,通过系统梳理国内外食物浪费的相关研究,辨析了食物浪费的定义及主要演变,论述了全球食物浪费监测与评估情况。在此基础上,本文重点分析了中国食物浪费监测与评估进展,提出了通过餐厨垃圾,将食物浪费从传统概念向广义概念延伸的理念,并提出了适合中国国情的反食品浪费监测与评估指标。本文旨在为中国相关政府部门开展食物浪费的监测和评估提供科学参考,从而为全球可持续发展目标12.3的实现提供借鉴。
The enforcement of the Anti-food Waste Law of the People's Republic of China indicates that the resolution to food waste has transformed from scientific study to application. In order to quantify the amount of food thrown away and to promote waste reduction, a comprehensive and systematic national food waste monitoring and evaluation system is therefore needed to be in position. Facing some major issues raised during the implementation of the Law, this paper reviewed previous studies and literatures, identified the major definitions and scopes, and reviewed current research progress about food waste quantification, monitoring and evaluation by the global community. Based on these, the current working progress toward food waste monitoring and evaluation in China was analyzed, the concept extension of traditional to general food waste was proposed, and potential indicators for monitoring were suggested for consideration. The study could offer scientific supports for government departments concerned, lay a foundation for food waste quantification studies in a new stage, as well as provide references for the global community to achieve the 12.3 target of the sustainable development goals.
食物浪费 / 监测与评估指标 / 《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》 / 可持续发展目标（SDGs） {{custom_keyword}} /
food waste / monitoring and evaluation / the Anti-food Waste Law of the People's Republic of China / sustainable development goals (SDGs) {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 《反食品浪费法》明确由政府部门的开展监测与评估的内容Table 1 The contents of monitoring and evaluation signed to government departments according to the Anti-food Waste Law of China |
| 部门与机构 | 与食品浪费监测和评估有关的权责 | 对象或范围 | 食品浪费监测内容 | 食品浪费评估内容 | 评估周期 | 范围 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 各级人民政府 | 加强对反食品浪费工作的领导,确定反食品浪费目标任务,建立健全反食品浪费工作机制,组织对食品浪费情况进行监测、调查、分析和评估,加强监督管理,推进反食品浪费工作（第四条） | 食品供应链 | 食品浪费情况 | 食品浪费情况 | — | 各县（市、区） |
| 国务院发展改革部门 | 加强对全国反食品浪费工作的组织协调;会同国务院有关部门每年分析评估食品浪费情况,整体部署反食品浪费工作,提出相关工作措施和意见,由各有关部门落实（第五条） | 全国食品供应链 | — | 食品浪费情况 | 每年 | 全国 |
| 国务院商务主管部门 | 加强对餐饮行业的管理,建立健全行业标准、服务规范;会同国务院市场监督管理部门等建立餐饮行业反食品浪费制度规范,采取措施鼓励餐饮服务经营者提供分餐服务、向社会公开其反食品浪费情况 | 全国餐饮行业 | 反食品浪费情况 | 反食品浪费情况 | — | 全国 |
| 机关事务管理部门 | 会同有关部门建立机关食堂反食品浪费工作成效评估和通报制度,将反食品浪费纳入公共机构节约能源资源考核和节约型机关创建活动内容（第十八条） | 机关食堂 | — | 反食品浪费工作成效 | — | 机关食堂 |
| 食品、餐饮行业协会 | 开展食品浪费监测,加强分析评估,每年向社会公布有关反食品浪费情况及监测评估结果,为国家机关制定法律、法规、政策、标准和开展有关问题研究提供支持,接受社会监督（第十九条） | 餐饮机构 | 食品浪费情况 | 食品浪费情况 | 每年 | 餐饮行业 |
| 注：“—”表示未明确。 |
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图1 食物损失指数和食物浪费指数的边界划分示意图（修改自FAO 2019年报告[12]）
表1 《反食品浪费法》明确由政府部门的开展监测与评估的内容图2 食物供应和消费过程中各部分的相关关系示意图/
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