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    Innovations of Theory and Practice in Heritage Sites Protection and Inheritance for the New Era
  • Innovations of Theory and Practice in Heritage Sites Protection and Inheritance for the New Era
    CUI Feng, WANG Zhe-zheng
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    As an important part of dynamic protection and adaptive management of agricultural heritage, the early-warning is of great significance to the maintenance of agricultural heritage values and the sustainable development of agricultural heritage sites. In view of the current situation that the theoretical research and practical work on the early-warning of agricultural heritage protection are lagging behind, on the basis of defining the concept of early-warning of agricultural heritage protection, and conbined with the analysis of attributes and characteristics of agricultural heritage, the paper offers the basic principles of constructing the early-warning evaluation system of agricultural heritage protection. Based on the "Pressure-State-Response" model (PSR) and the Delphi method, we selected three first-grade indicators, 11 second-grade indicators and 21 third-grade indicators of the early-warning evaluation. Because of the fuzziness of early-warning evaluation of agricultural heritage protection, the study puts forward the technical route of early-warning evaluation by using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and divides the early-warning level into four scales (no warning, light warning, medium warning, and severe warning) according to the determined warning degree range, and comprehensively uses the principles of air pollution warning classification and traffic signal warning lights to intuitively reflect the warning situation by blue color, yellow color, orange color and red color. The results show that the given index system and method of evaluation can effectively and quantitatively evaluate the early-warning status of agricultural heritage protection, and thus lay the theoretical and methodological foundations of establishing scientific early-warning system and mechanism for agricultural heritage protection.

  • Innovations of Theory and Practice in Heritage Sites Protection and Inheritance for the New Era
    JU Ying-ying, CHENG Li
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    Tourism community residents are the ultimate guardians of heritage, but their heritage responsibility behavior has not been concerned. Based on the fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) method, this paper constructed a complex causal model of residents' heritage responsibility behavior with internal driving factors and social embedding factors as dependent variables. This paper took the Pingyao ancient city community as an example and made an empirical analysis based on the questionnaire survey results. The results show that: (1) There are eight condition configurations that can promote the formation of residents' heritage responsibility behaviors, among which residents' heritage responsibility behavior attitude, place attachment, relational embeddedness, political embeddedness, and cultural embeddedness are the necessary conditions for the formation of heritage responsibility behaviors. The above variables have more substantial explanatory power for residents' heritage responsibility behaviors than other variables. (2) Five modes can drive residents to form high-level heritage responsibility behavior, and a single variable cannot achieve high-level heritage responsibility behavior. The formation mechanism is characterized by multiple configurations and systems. The original coverage of the core existence mode of behavioral attitude, place attachment, political embeddedness, and cultural embeddedness is the highest. The original coverage of the configuration with missing minor conditions is lower than that of the configuration without missing minor conditions. (3) The factors affecting residents' heritage responsibility behavior are complicated and interactive. The lack of a single factor is not the bottleneck to form heritage responsibility behavior. Subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and structure embeddedness in different paths have different effects on heritage responsibility behavior. When subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and structural embeddedness are insufficient, the implementation of heritage responsibility behavior can be improved by promoting residents' place attachment, political embeddedness and cultural embeddedness. Finally, this paper has important practical guiding significance to perform heritage protection for the government and managers of cultural heritage sites.

  • Innovations of Theory and Practice in Heritage Sites Protection and Inheritance for the New Era
    ZHANG Yong-xun, LI Xian-de, ZHANG Chang-shui
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    With the development of industrialization and urbanization, the production mode of small farmers has been unable to adapt to the demands and transaction traits of the large market, which has hindered the sustainable development of agriculture and the continual increase of farmers' income. Therefore, the central government of China made a series of policies to encourage the development of new agricultural management systems and cultivate new types of agribusiness (NTA) to promote the development of small-scale agriculture and the income improvement of small farmers. However, in reality, due to problems in the cooperation mode and mechanism, many NTA companies failed to play a leading role in improving incomes of small farmers. Relevant research needs to be strengthened. Taking the tea industry of the Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture system, the Globally Important Agricultural Cultural Heritage, as an example, this study used in-depth interviews and literature research to obtain relevant data and analyzed the four types of cooperation modes between NTA and small farmers related to tea industries in Anxi county to reveal the reasons for the choice of cooperation mode done by NTA based on transaction cost theory. The results show that the NTA can reduce the transaction costs at the market side and the supply side depending on stabilizing the supply of tea raw material quantity and quality by cooperating with small farmers. The cooperatives set up by the principal person of enterprises have a higher management efficiency, which can realize multilateral win-win situation. Industrial bases, development orientation and resource bases are all important factors that influence NTA's cooperation mode choices between them and farmers, leading to the phenomenon of multiple modes existing in one place. Effective supervision mechanism is the key to ensure long-term win-win cooperation between NTA and small farmers. In Anxi, NTA established a supervision mechanism between enterprises, cooperatives, farmer members or different households, and the reward-punishment mechanism, which is a reward for conscientious performance and a social punishment for breach of contract to achieve a long-term cooperation among them. The NTA can effectively promote the protection of important agricultural heritage systems by choosing appropriate mode and mechanism to cooperate with farmers.

  • Innovations of Theory and Practice in Heritage Sites Protection and Inheritance for the New Era
    YANG Li-guo, HU Ya-li, WU Xu-feng, HU Jia
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    Traditional villages are an important field for the inheritance and protection of Chinese traditional culture. As the core carrier for the continuation of local cultural lineage and the presentation of regional characteristics, cultural landscape genes are continuously produced in the process of socio-economic development and cultural renewal. Taking the Dong minority chorus of Huangdu village as an example, this paper adopts the qualitative research method of participatory observation and in-depth interview, and constructs an analytical framework of "landscape gene-space production" to study the process and mechanism of traditional village cultural landscape gene production. The research shows that: (1) The production of the Dong minority chorus in Huangdu village can be divided into three stages: "prototype generation", "structural reorganization" and "meaning restoration". The cultural landscape gene shows a process of change from following the perception of original values to fulfilling the transformation of tourism consumption and finally conforming to cultural identity. (2) The production of cultural landscape gene presents the structural mechanism of "shell-intermediary-core", the capital circulation of government and market in time and space scales promotes representations of space as the shell, the power behavior of elite groups in daily life supports representational spaces as an intermediary, and local villagers, as the main body of the village, carry the core of production to realize the expression of cultural authentic practice. (3) Capital goes through resource capitalization, capital spatialization and space capitalization in production to realize its triple cycle; power under the influence of elite groups, completes the construction of behavior logic through discourse representation, skill discipline and identity; villagers focus more on the practical expression of endogenous actions, from simple participation under intergenerational inheritance to resistance and protest under tourism consumption, and finally play a cooperative role under the call for heritage conservation.

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    LIN Jun-fan, ZHANG Zi-ang
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    Under the background of global food security issues, food waste has become the focus of all countries. Household is one of the significant sources of food waste. Along with the aims to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and promote the construction of ecological civilization, the reduction of household food waste is of substantially economic, social and ecological significance. Noted that domestic research on household food waste is still weak, systematic review of domestic and international research on household food waste can offer important theoretical and practical insights. A systematic literature review was conducted, following a thread of concept, theoretical framework, measurement methods, sub-themes. This review aims to summarize the shifts in connotation, advances in methods and theory concerning household food waste. This study argues that China's household food waste has its own characters owing to its historical and social factors, food culture and urban-rural divide. Academic research should be carried out in relation to the Chinese society, culture and institutions. The paper figures out the research prospects on food waste in Chinese families under the backgrounds of new environment and new technology. They include the difference between urban and rural household food waste, the influence of regional food cultures on China's household food waste, the relationship between Chinese family characteristics and food waste in the New Era, the influence of Chinese socio-cultural psychology on household food waste.

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    SONG Yang, HE Can-fei, XU Yang, QU Jun-xi
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    Based on the panel data of park green space and social economy of 284 prefecture- level Chinese cities since 2000, we examined the spatio-temporal patterns and driving mechanism of supply and demand of park green space, using the coefficient of variation, exploratory spatial data analysis methods and econometric models. The results show that: (1) The total area of China's urban park green space increased significantly since the beginning of the 21st century. The average level of park green space per capita has been significantly improved, with obvious differentiation in cities with different regions. (2) The difference degree of supply and demand of park green space converged significantly. After 2010, the supply of park green space in Western China has increased significantly. The lower per capita area of some small and medium-sized cities in Northeast, Central and Western China was the main inducement to block the equalization of park green space. (3) The spatio-temporal evolution of supply and demand of urban park green space was comprehensively driven by multi-dimensional factors such as urban background, social economy and public policy. Both the level of urban population agglomeration and land development had negative impact. The improvement of economic development, industrial structure upgrading and optimal allocation of residential land played an important promotive role. The public financial support, improvement of transportation infrastructure and level of environmental protection had significant positive impact. The driving mechanism of each factor however was obvious heterogeneous. We should increase the total supply of park green space according to the local conditions of different cities, innovate the supply mode and supply form, and improve the operation and maintenance system of park green space. The research results can provide references for improving the supply and demand of urban park green space, and solving the unbalanced and insufficient supply of park green space.

  • Regular Articles
    ZHA Rui-bo, XU Jin-rong, WANG Shan-jie
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    The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that common prosperity and the harmonious coexistence of man and nature are important features of Chinese path to modernization, creating a new form of human civilization, and providing a new theoretical path choice for countries in the world that hope for independent and sustainable development. This has important theoretical and practical significance for building a community with a shared future for mankind. Inbound tourism can promote the flow of international or regional resources between destinations and origins, which is conducive to the growth of economic trade and employment. In particular, with the intensification of global change in recent years, low-carbon sustainable development has become the mainstream value recognized by mankind, and the impact of inbound tourism on carbon emissions in the development of common prosperity has become increasingly important for most counties. However, the relationship between inbound tourism, common prosperity and carbon emissions is still unclear in the academic community. Therefore, the relationship between inbound tourism, common prosperity and carbon emissions needs to be explored and studied urgently. This paper constructs a research hypothesis based on literature analysis, taking RCEP, the world's largest free trade area dominated by developing countries, as a case study. This paper selects the panel data of 15 member countries in the region from 2000 to 2018, introduces the level of economic development as the adjusting variable, and empirically analyzes the impact of inbound tourism on common prosperity under the effect of carbon emissions through Pearson correlation test, unit root test, panel cointegration test, fixed/random effect model analysis and other econometric methods. The results showed that: (1) There was significant pairwise correlation between variables at 1% level. (2) There is a long-term equilibrium relationship between variables at the 1% significance level. (3) The fixed effect model results of common prosperity and carbon emissions verify the hypothesis, indicating that every 1% increase in inbound tourism promotes a rise of 0.644% in common prosperity and a 0.132% increase in carbon emissions, respectively; every 1% increase in common prosperity leads to a 0.019% increase in carbon emissions. Finally, the study puts forward the enlightenment and suggestions to help regional inbound tourism, common prosperity and low carbon development, which is of reference for promoting the coordinated and sustainable development of tourism economy of countries in the RCEP region.

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    FU Yang-jun, SHI Xue-yi
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    Ecological restoration zoning of county-level territorial space is an important part of the ecological restoration planning system and a superior guiding plan for the implementation of ecological restoration projects. The study of ecological restoration zoning based on small watershed scale can provide useful reference for the theory and practice of county ecological restoration zoning in the Loess Plateau Region. In this paper, taking the upper Fenhe River as an example, firstly, 89 small watershed units were identified based on the DEM to quantitatively assess four typical ecosystem services, namely water conservation, soil and water conservation, biodiversity and food supply, and to identify the dominant ecological functions and accordingly delineate five ecological function zones. Then, based on the ecological communities within the ecological function areas, 12 ecological restoration sub-areas were divided through statistical comparison of the ecological functions of different ecological communities. Finally, the small watersheds were combined to obtain ditch ecosystem units, and then 25 ecological restoration project sub-areas were identified to coordinate the implementation of later projects and propose corresponding ecological restoration strategies. This paper proposes a new idea of ecological restoration zoning, with a view to provide guidance for the preparation of ecological restoration planning in the county-level territorial space.

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    DU Chen, LIU Tao, HUANG Da-quan, ZHU Shi-hao, TIAN Zhi-qiang, LIU Yun-zhong
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    The area of cultivated land reserved is a core policy tool to constrain the bottom line of cultivated land scale in spatial planning. Taking the 2006-2020 provincial overall plans for land utilization as example, this study explores the spatial distribution pattern and influencing factors of the area of cultivated land reserved in prefecture-level administrative units, using the food zoning perspective and hierarchical linear model. The results show that: (1) The area of cultivated land reserved shows a spatial pattern of concentrated in the northwest and balanced in the southeast, and the "cap lower than existing amount" quotas are distributed among regions under the requirement of the total quotas. (2) Prefecture-level administrative units with richer cultivated land resources and mechanical facilities undertake more tasks of cultivated land protection, while units with higher economic levels and more development investment do the opposite. (3) The main grain-producing regions are more inclined to the allocation orientation of large-scale agricultural production and constraint of construction land, while the main grain-marketing regions are more inclined to the allocation orientation of cultivated land intensification with mechanized production. Finally, this study proposes differentiated suggestions for the adjustment and optimization of cultivated land allocation strategies in the context of the territorial spatial planning system.

  • Regular Articles
    NIU Wen-hao, SHEN Shu-hong, LUO Lan, CHAI Chao-qing, ZHANG Bang-bang, LI Yu-heng, ZHENG Wei-wei, KONG Xiang-bin
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    Based on 1879 survey data of rural households in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin, this study analyzes the impact and mechanism of cultivated land transfer on rural households' income gap from the perspective of terrain difference using the UQR model and RIF regression decomposition method. The results show that: (1) The effect of cultivated land transfer on increasing the income of high-income rural households is greater than that of low-income rural households, resulting in the widening of rural households' income gap. The structure effect is the main reason for this gap expansion, the contribution of structure effect is more than 90% in renting-in and more than 60% in renting-out. (2) The effect of cultivated land renting-in on increasing the income of high-income rural households in the plain and mountainous areas is greater than that of low-income rural households, resulting in the widening of the income gap between rural households in the plain and mountainous areas, and this phenomenon is more significant in the mountainous areas. The structure effect is also the main reason for this gap expansion, as the contribution of structure effect is more than 90% in plain and more than 80% in mountainous areas. (3) The cultivated land renting-out only has a significant income increasing effect on the middle-income rural households in the plain, resulting in the widening of the income gap between the low-income rural households in the plain. The cultivated land renting-out only expands the income gap between low-income rural households in the plain, and the structure effect is also the main reason for this gap expansion, with the contribution of structure effect value of more than 70%. Therefore, differentiated cultivated land transfer support policies should be implemented for rural households at different income levels and different terrains, in order to promote the increasing income balance by cultivated land transfer on rural households' and cultivated land transfer income and narrow the gap between the rich and the poor in rural areas.

  • Regular Articles
    YANG Hua, XU Yong, WANG Li-jia
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    The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an important ecological barrier area in China and Asia.Conducting construction land suitability evaluation (CLSE) and arable land suitability evaluation (ALSE) is important for ecological protection, restriction of human activity space in this plateau. However, the application has the defects of existing CLSE and ALSE models and methods in high-altitude areas. In this paper, we constructed CLSE and ALSE models applicable to alpine-gorge region in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, as well as proposed the measurement methods of four control parameters: air density, sloping land suitability for construction, air temperature and soil erosion resistance of sloping land. Based on the standard scenarios of elevation-slope classification with an interval of 100 m in elevation and 1° in slope, an empirical application research was carried out in Nyingchi city, the typical area of alpine-gorge region in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the feasibility was demonstrated of two different elevation-slope classification scenarios for CLSE and ALSE as well. This article obtains four conclusions: (1) Construction land suitability (CLS) and arable land suitability (ALS) in Nyingchi city can be divided into five grade types: suitable, relatively suitable, moderately suitable, less suitable, and unsuitable. The grade type of CLS and ALS is mainly unsuitable in the city, with 87.48% and 87.42% area ratio of unsuitable grade type, 5.58% and 4.58% area ratio of less suitable grade type, and sum area ratio of suitable, relatively suitable, moderately suitable grade types accounted for only 6.94% and 7.60%. (2) The matching degree is high of CLS and ALS with current construction land and arable land under standard scenario in Nyingchi city, with the matching accuracy reaching 93.59% and 90.89%, respectively, among which the matching accuracy in Mainling county, Chagyib district, and Bowo county is above 95%, and the matching accuracy in Gongbo' gyada county, Nang county, and Mêdog county is very low, respectively. (3) The matching accuracy is 93.11% and 91.28% of CLS under scenarios 1 and 2, and its matching error is -0.48% and -2.31% with the standard scenario. The matching accuracy is 91.52% and 91.54% of ALS under scenarios 1 and 2, and its matching error is +0.63% and +0.65% with the standard scenario. The model error is within an acceptable range. (4) Classification schemes with an interval of 500 m in elevation and 3°, 5°, 8°, 12°, 15°, 20°, and 25° in slope are applicable for CLSE and ALSE in alpine-gorge region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

  • Regular Articles
    ZHANG Yu-shuo, LIU Bo-yu, BI Xu, WANG Bin, SUI Ren-jing
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    As the coproducers and beneficiaries of ecosystem services, stakeholders play an important role in the supply, demand and decision-making of ecosystem services, and are crucial for exploring the social relevance and potential social effect of ecosystem services. It is important to evaluate ecosystem services from the perspective of stakeholder's perception, reveal the influencing factors, and balance the multiple ecological benefits of different stakeholders. Based on the theoretical framework and practical progress of ecosystem services at home and abroad, we summarized the concepts of stakeholder and perception, introduced the application of stakeholder's perception in ecosystem service research. Then, we analyzed the characteristics of identifying stakeholders, data acquirement and evaluation methods. Furthermore, we explained the influencing factors and mechanism of stakeholder's perception of ecosystem services. Under the guidance of the concept of social equity, decision-making participation and sustainable development of ecosystem services, we built a research framework taking stakeholders as core elements for the interaction and integration of social perception assessment, social effect analysis and policy-making application, and then effectively linked the natural ecosystem and human social system. In the future, we should focus on: (1) clarifying the diversified social needs and differences of ecosystem services, (2) deepening the role of multi-source big data in multi-scale ecosystem service perception assessment, (3) expanding the application of spatial analysis methods, and (4) revealing the influential mechanism of ecosystem service perception differences.

  • Regular Articles
    FAN Meng-juan, XIONG Sheng-xu, GUO lin-ying
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    Through a review of research literature on the forest resources balance sheet, it is found that there are still problems of completeness, such as controversial measurement of resource liabilities and missing measure of ecological product values, and operational problems, such as unclear compilation subjects, ambiguous reporting cycles, and difficulty in replicating and promoting the statements. Therefore, this study follows the principle of "complete content, high quality, and easy operation". First, from two aspects of the economy and the public welfare, we count the value of ecological products, which complements the connotation of resource liabilities from the perspective of intergenerational equity and sustainable development, and systematically summarizes the pricing methods of each item of forest resources to break through the accounting difficulties. Second, this study combines the four levels of the administrative system in China: provincial, municipal, county, and township, and constructs the system of "bottom table+auxiliary table+main table+general table", which comprehensively explains the process of report preparation, responsible units, reporting time and publication cycle. Finally, to serve the fiduciary responsibility of forest resource management of governments at all levels, the balance sheet of forest resource and the statement of changes are explored in Hubei province as an example.

  • Regular Articles
    WANG Jiang, WANG Peng
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    Inter-government ecological collaborative governance is an important means to promote the modernization of the ecological governance system and governance capacity in the basin, but the justification logic of its superiority over the traditional territorial governance model is not clear, which makes local governments lack confidence in the effectiveness of ecological collaborative governance. The implementation of the inter-governmental ecological collaborative governance mechanism faces the problems of lack of legal norms, lack of governance subjects and lack of endogenous power. Taking the cost-benefit as the driving analysis frame, this paper constructs the game model of ecological territorial governance and the game model of inter-governmental ecological cooperative governance, which can clarify the behavior logic and influencing factors of the local government in the river basin ecological governance. The study found that the central government is an effective leading force in promoting the implementation of the ecological collaborative governance model; the added benefit of ecological governance created by inter-governmental synergy also proved that the ecological collaborative governance model can improve the overall ecological quality of the river basin; maximizing the benefits of ecological governance and ensuring the fair distribution of benefits, which is as dual goals of watershed ecological governance.

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    SU Min, FAN Peng-fei, ZHANG Lan, FENG Shu-yi
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    As a means for multiple subjects to participate in rural environmental governance, social supervision can effectively overcome failures of government supervision and regulate farmers' behavior. This study put social supervision in rural social relations and deeply examined the mechanisms of social supervision on regulating households' domestic sewage discharge behavior (HDSDB). By adopting the Binary Probit Model and conducting an empirical analysis based on the sample of 2335 households from 13 prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu province, we found that: (1) Social supervision could reduce HDSDB, but this was mainly due to the river management teams' supervision. (2) Social relations moderated social supervision, mainly reflected in the supervision of village cadres being moderated by the cadre-farmer relations. Village cadres' supervision significantly decreased HDSDB only if the cadre-farmer relations were good. Otherwise, it significantly stimulated HDSDB. (3) It was robust that the river management teams' supervision significantly decreased HDSDB among different farmer groups according to the heterogeneity test. Moreover, for female, low literacy, low income, and elderly farmer groups, social supervision is moderated by farmer-farmer relations and river management team-farmer relations. However, social supervision is moderated by cadre-farmer relations and mutual supervision among rural households for males, high literacy, high income, and young groups.

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    LI Tao, CAO Wei-dong, WANG Xue-yan
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    In the context of the integration of the Yangtze River Delta, the size of the central city has been increased rapidly, which leads to the increase of the bearing pressure of resources and environment. Especially the water environment risk which restricts the high-quality development of the city has been deeply concerned. The comprehensive risk level of Hefei water environment was measured by PSIR-TOPSIS model. The dynamic relationship between city size and water environment risk was analyzed by combining environmental Kuznets curve and decoupling analysis. The specific conclusions include: (1) The city size level of Hefei grew linearly between 2006 and 2020, and the water environment risk index went through three stages of continuous increase-fluctuating decrease-fluctuating increase, suggesting that the current water environment risk pressure in the city has increased. (2) The environmental Kuznets curve fitting shows N-shaped curve relationship between city size and water environment risk in Hefei. The two inflection points are at the level of 0.2 and 0.8, respectively, corresponding to the initial stage and large-scale stage of city growth. (3) The analysis shows that the decoupling state of city-water relationship enters an unstable period after the city size of Hefei increases significantly. Strong decoupling alternates with extended negative decoupling. Although the risk level is still in the rising stage, the expanding trend of water environment risk has been restrained. This indicates that Hefei city size and water environment risk will enter a new balanced development state. In this paper, in order to avoid the limitations of traditional water environment evaluation, we combine various theoretical models to build a research framework of city-water relationship. To provide theoretical support and reference for promoting the integrated and high-quality development of the Yangtze River Delta with the harmonious coexistence of city and water environment.

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    XIONG Xue-zhen, HAN Zhen, SUN Yu-meng, YANG Chun
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    China has increasingly become an important importer of livestock products in the world. While effectively alleviating the pressure of domestic high-quality animal protein supply, it has also brought significant resource and environmental effects. In this study, virtual water and embodied carbon were used to measure the resource effect and environmental effect of the international trade of livestock products. Based on the IO model, the IO-LCA model system was constructed to measure the physiological and energy carbon emissions. The results show that: (1) With the increase in the import scale of livestock products and the decline in the level of self-sufficiency, the scale of virtual water net import scale trade increased from 28.75×108 m3 in 2002 to 1069.40×108 m3 in 2020, and the scale of embodied carbon exports increased from -17.33×104 to 1947.89×104 t. (2) The trade pattern of virtual water and embodied carbon is characterized by diversification, dispersion and regional agglomeration. South America, Oceania and Europe are the most important trading partners, of which, South America provides 48.25% of virtual water to China, and 40.17% of the implied carbon trade sources. (3) The increase in the import of livestock products has effectively eased the pressure on domestic livestock resources and the environment, and the resource contribution rate and environmental contribution rate have increased from 0.71% and -0.16% to 16.86% and 14.68% respectively. The import trade of livestock products has brought significant resource and environmental effects, which undoubtedly has a positive impact on China's ecological civilization strategy of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. However, the contribution of resources and the environment and the stable production and supply of livestock products need to be treated dialectically. It is possible neither to abandon the independent supply capacity and simply pursue ecological effects, nor to neglect ecological problems and consider supply alone. Under the global concern about carbon fairness, future international trade will discuss more about the transnational transfer of resource and environmental loads, which will have a significant impact on the global trade order, especially the trade in carbon-rich products.