A China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) was designed in 1989 to examine the nutritional status of the populations. This paper used the CHNS data acquired in 2011 to investigate the consumption status of Chinese urban and rural residents, which covered nine provinces and three municipalities. Out-of-home food consumption was also analyzed in this paper. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The average yearly ration consumption in 2011 was 119.93 kg per capita, and the out-of-home consumption took 9.91%. 2) Total meat consumption per capita reached 32.804 kg in 2011, including pork, beef, mutton, and poultry, in which pork took 69.85%, poultry took 20.98%, and beef and mutton together took only 9.20%. Egg and milk consumption per capita in 2011 were 10.90 kg and 13.56 kg, respectively. 3) The yearly ration consumption of Chinese urban residents was obviously lower than that of rural residents, but the yearly meat consumption of urban residents was obviously higher than that of rural residents. It is notable that the out-of-home meat consumption of rural residents was higher than that of urban residents. 4) The consumptions of meat, egg and milk released by the National Bureau of Statistics were lower than the data of CHNS, especially the egg, poultry and milk consumptions of rural residents. The food consumptions released by the National Bureau of Statistics were coincident with the at-home food consumptions of CHNS. However, the data of the National Bureau of Statistics missed the amount of out-of-home food consumption. According to the experience in developed countries, it is hard to reduce the amount of food rations, and it is expected that the consumptions of meat and dairy products will continue to rise in a long time. So, agricultural production pressure and the large amounts of animal feed import will continue to exist.
Tourism destination is a complex adaptive system including many spatial elements which connect with each other composing tourism destination network. Complexity is the inevitable trend of the development of tourism destination network. Taking the Yesanpo tourism destination in Hebei Province as a case, this paper selects four types of tourism elements as the tourism nodes, which are core scenic spots, central towns, rural communities and characteristic gardens, to build the tourism destination network whose edges are the tourism connection strength. Based on the spatial analysis of TOP network, the paper analyzes the spatial structure of tourism destination network and its complexity characteristics. The results show that: 1) There is a hierarchical agglomeration phenomenon in the tourism destination network, which forms the spatial agglomeration units composed of core scenic spots, central towns, rural communities and characteristic gardens and has the dual characteristics of “adjacent connection” and “preferential connection”. 2) Yesanpo tourism destination network obeys power-law distribution, which shows the scale-free characteristic. 3) Compared with the random network, the Top3 and Top5 networks have smaller average path length and larger agglomeration coefficient, showing typical characteristics of “small world network”. 4) The tourist network is a typical heterogeneous network whose degree has a negative correlation, and it shows hierarchical properties since there is an approximate reciprocal relation between the agglomeration coefficient and the degree of nodes. The study also finds that the development model integrating scenic spots, towns, communities and gardens as basic structural unit is of great significance to guide spatial reconstruction of tourism destinations.
The study of the spatial evolution of rural settlements at micro-scale contributes to the deep understand of the diversity of settlement evolution. The paper discusses the multivariate space evolution model of the typical karst rural settlements in the Guizhou Plateau at patch scale and aims to reveal the diversity of rural settlements in karst mountainous areas, which is important to promote the reconstruction model in suitable production, living and ecological space in karst mountainous villages. The high resolution remote sensing images with long time series from 1963 to 2015 and the field surveys of local households are the main data sources. In order to reflect the spatial distribution pattern of the settlements in the study area, the average neighborhood index, the patch density per unit area and the percentage of the settlement area are defined, and the types of settlement evolution are divided based on the space composition of new and old settlement houses. The results show that the overall settlements in the study area can be characterized as “dense in the peripheral area and sparse in the middle”, and this kind of spatial pattern had been continuously strengthened from 1963 to 2015. The types of settlement evolution can be divide into “hollowing out and abandoned type”, “Old declined and new built-up type”, “natural fading type”, “internal reconstruction type”, “basically unchanged type” and “comprehensive evolution type”. In 1963, the settlements mixed with old and new buildings in the study area accounted for 71.83% of the area, and the settlements dominated with old buildings accounted for 28.17% of the area. In 2015, the settlements mixed with old and new buildings, the settlements dominated with old buildings and the settlements dominated with new buildings accounted for 45.14%, 28.07% and 26.79% of the total area, respectively. The settlement landscape in the study area experienced the evolution process of mixture of old and new buildings, old buildings dominated and new buildings dominated from 1963 to 2015. The multiple paths of the settlement evolution in the study area can be summarized as three types: lowland oriented, traffic oriented and economy and central area oriented. Based on the above results, this paper argues that the remediation of the settlement and the spatial optimization and control in the study area should be based on the multiple evolution models.
The variation of springtime northern branch ridge (SNBR) and its impact on precipitation and temperature in China are analyzed using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the observational precipitation and temperature data at the 160 stations of China, with the methods of wavelet analysis, correlation analysis, etc. The results indicate that SNBR is gradually strengthening with periods of 2-3 years and quasi-6 years. Its position is moving eastward slightly with quasi-periods of 3 years and 12 years. When the SNBR is stronger (weaker), the spring precipitation from the Yellow River basin to south of the Yangtze River decreases (increases) obviously, while the spring precipitation rises (drops) in Northeast, Southwest and South China. When SNBR is eastward (westward), the spring pecipitation increases (decreases) in most part of the northern China and drops (rises) in most part of the southwest and southeast of China. Meanwhile, the springtime mean temperature in most part of China is higher (lower) than normal. When SNBR locates more westward (eastward), the precipitation decreases (increases) in the Huaihe River Basin, and rises (drops) in Northeast, Southwest and South China when the SNBR is strong (weak). The springtime mean temperature in most part of China is higher (lower) than normal. The relationship between the SNBR and the variation of the circulation can explain the climate change in China and improve the short-term climate forecasting.
In this paper, the daily datasets of snow depth, mean air temperature, and precipitation from 104 meteorological stations and NCEP/NCAR were used to study the snow cover days in winter in the arid region of Northwest China during 1961-2010. K-means clustering, Mann-Kendall test and other methods were used to calculate the temporal-spatial characteristics of the snow cover days and interpret the reason of the climate change. The results indicated that: 1) More snow cover days in winter mainly distributed in Junggar Basin and Altai Mountains (i.e. the region of III). The snow cover days in winter decreased gradually from high latitude to low latitude in the Inner Mongolia Plateau (i.e. the region of I). The snow cover days in winter were relatively few in the Xiliao River Basin, Ordos Plateau, Alxa Plateau, Tianshan Mountains and Tarim Basin (i.e. the region of II). 2) During the period 1961-2010, the snow cover days in winter presented an increased trend in the arid region of Northwest China, and the abrupt change was found in 1984. The big change of snow cover days in winter happened at some meteorological stations in the Inner Mongolia Plateau (i.e. the region of I), while snow cover days in winter had no obvious change at the stations in the Xiliao River Basin, Ordos Plateau, Alxa Plateau, Tianshan Mountains, Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin and Altai Mountains (i.e. the regions of II and III). 3) The variation of snow cover days in winter showed the periods of 5 years, 10 years, 25 years, approximately. The period of 25 years showed the most significance. 4) The increased precipitation in winter, caused by the weaken the East Asia major trough and Southern branch trough and the enhancement of the westerly wind, maybe the main factor of the increased trend of the snow cover days in winter in the arid region of Northwest China.
Compared to degree-day, degree-hour is more realistic to indicate the heating intensity. Using the degree-hour method and hourly temperature data of 2005-2014, the characteristics of temperature and heating intensity of the heating period in Harbin City were analyzed. The main conclusions include: 1) During the 183 days of Harbin heating period, the average temperature was -7.7 ℃. Higher temperatures appeared in 2007 and 2008, which were 2.6 ℃ higher than the average, and the lower temperature occured in 2013, which was 2.0 ℃lower than the average. 2) During the period of 2005-2014, the average annual heating intensity was 1.1×105 ℃·h, with the maximum value 1.2×105 ℃·h (2013), and the minimum value 1.0×105 ℃·h (2007). The highest heating intensity was in January, and the lowest was in April; the maximum hourly mean heating intensity appeared in the early morning, and the minimum hourly mean heating intensity appeared in the early afternoon. 3) The hourly mean heating intensity of Harbin heating period was 25.7 ℃·h, and the diurnal distribution of hourly mean heating intensity was opposite to the temperature. The maximum hourly mean heating intensity, 29.3 ℃·h, was at 06:00 am, while the minimum value, 21.6 ℃·h, was at 14:00 pm. The heating intensity was generally higher than the average during the period from 21:00 pm to 09:00 am, and was lower than the average during the period from 09:00 am to 21:00 pm. 4) January has the maximum hourly mean heating intensity of 35.4 ℃·h, followed by December, February, November, March, October, and April had the minimum of only 12.0 ℃·h. 5) The minimum hourly mean heating intensity was at 15:00 pm in March and April, and was at 14:00 pm in other months of the heating period; the maximum hourly mean heating intensity was generally at 07:00 am in January, February and December, and happened at 06:00 am in March, October and November, and 05:00 am in April. The highest hourly mean heating intensity happened from 06:00 am to 08:00 am in mid-January.
SPSS and GIS were applied to analyze the spatial variability of soil organic matter (SOM) and its influencing factors in red soil with different erosion degrees in Xingguo County in Jiangxi Province. The results showed that the SOM content tends to decline with the increase of soil erosion degree. Significant differences of SOM content were found in soil with different erosion degrees (P<0.001), and the soil of each erosion degree can be divided into four grades of SOM content, with the coefficient of variation decreasing in the order of moderate erosion (43.70%), fierce erosion (37.78%), serious erosion (34.88%), extremely intensive erosion (34.44%), no significant erosion (34.38%) and slight erosion (28.91%). In the cases of no significant erosion and slight erosion, the elevation and profile pattern are the main controlling factors affecting spatial variability of SOM. When the erosion is moderate or serious, slope becomes the main factor. The elevation, profile configuration, slope and parent material all have significant effects on the SOM content in soil with extremely intensive erosion or fierce erosion. The research indicated that there are various controlling factors in soil with different erosion degrees. It can maximize saving resources when reasonably using of cultivated land, soil and water according to the erosion level of soil. The study is of great significance for cultivated land use and soil and water conservation.
In this paper, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus contents and ecological stoichiometry characteristics of typical soil types at different elevations of sub-alpine /alpine mountain of western Sichuan were studied and compared with the results of survey made in 1985. The content and ecological chemistry variables in humus horizon, illuvial horizon and parent materials horizon of various soil types (subalpine mountain meadow soil, meadow soil, dark brown soil, brown soil, yellow brown soil, cinnamon soil) were measured and calculated. The results show that in terms of soil organic carbon, the soils are sorted in following order: subalpine mountain meadow soil>meadow soil>dark brown soil>cinnamon soil>yellow brown soil>brown soil; in terms of total nitrogen content, the soils are sorted in following order: dark brown soil>subalpine mountain meadow soil>meadow soil>brown soil>cinnamon soil>yellow brown soil; in terms of total phosphorus contents, the soils are sorted in following order: subalpine mountain meadow soil>brown soil>meadow soil>dark brown soil>cinnamon soil>yellow brown soil; and the contents of dark brown soil, brown soil decrease with the increasing of the depth. According to the classification standard of Second National Soil Survey, the survey region is highly rich in soil organic carbon, rich in total nitrogen, and lack of total phosphorus, and such three elements firstly increase and then decrease from south to north. The ecological stoichiometry characteristics, soil carbon-nitrogen ratio: meadow soil>cinnamon soil>yellow brown soil>subalpine mountain meadow soil>dark brown soil>brown soil, carbon-phosphorus ratio: meadow soil>yellow brown soil>cinnamon soil>dark brown soil>subalpine mountain meadow soil>brown soil, nitrogen-phosphorus ratio: meadow soil>dark brown soil>yellow brown soil>cinnamon soil >subalpine mountain meadow soil >brown soil,, and total phosphorus content is the limiting factor of soil quality. Compared with the result of the survey in 1985, the organic carbon content in subalpine mountain meadow soil, meadow soil, yellow brown soil and cinnamon soil increased and the organic carbon content in brown soil decreased significantly (the content in 2015 was 31.06% of that in 1985) during the past three decades; total nitrogen content had slight change; total phosphorus content decreased with range between 56.41% - 87.85%.
The research of resources and environment carrying capacity is of great significance to the sustainable development of social and economy in ecological regions in China. In this paper, ecological health degree was used to describe the characteristics of ecological regions, the evaluation indexes system of resources and environmental carrying capacity was constructed, and the evaluation model of resources and environmental carrying capacity based on spring model and the method discretizing social and economic data were proposed to analyze the carrying state of resources and environment and the influence of social and economic pressure on the system of resources and environment in Chen Barag Banner of Inner Mongolia. The results showed that the resource and environmental systems of Baorixile Town, Huhenuoer Town and Bayankuren Town were all overloaded, and the values of RECS/RECC were 9.860, 1.369 and 1.221, respectively, while the others were all below 0.8. The evaluation results were reasonable and in accordance with the facts, which reflected the reliability of the evaluation method in the evaluation of ecological regions. The discretization result of social and economic pressure in 10 km×10 km spatial units was helpful to understand the spatial trend of social and economic pressure inside towns, which cannot be learned from the result based on the scale of township.
