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    Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    XIE Ping, XIA Jun, DOU Ming, ZHANG Wan-shun
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    In order to evaluate the effects of the middle route of China's south-to-north water transfer project (MR-SNWTP) on water bloom in the middle-down stream of Hanjiang River, according to the analytical results about the reasons and key factors for Hanjiang's water bloom,the probability of Hanjiang's water bloom are analyzed qualitatively.The probability of Hanji-ang's water bloom are calculated quantitatively by applying hydrodynamic model and dynamic model of eutrophication as well as stochastic analogy method,and the corresponding prevention countermeasures are provided.The results indicate that the probability of water bloom in Hanji-ang River will increase when the 145×108m3 scheme of MR-SNWTP is implemented,but building the diversion work from Yangtze River to Hanjiang River will markedly decrease the probability of water bloom in Hanjiang River.The water pollution control of Hanjiang River itself is the most fundamental measure to reduce the probability of Hanjiang's water bloom.The joint regulation of increasing discharge from Danjiangkou Reservoir and decreasing discharge from Sanxia Power Station during drought period will reduce the probability of Hanjiang's water bloom.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    XIA Jun, LIU Meng-yu, JIA Shao-feng, SONG Xian-fang, LUO Yi, ZHANG Shi-feng
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    This paper addresses the emergency water security problems in North China in terms of the researches on water cycle and water resources security supported by the Key Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Development of international research related to water issue is also reviewed.Moreover,research program and advances on water cycle to the chan-ging environment,water-saving agriculture,and countermeasures of water security in North China are introduced.The key issues and suggestions of this research in the future are proposed.The aim is to approach key issues of water resources management and water security in the long terms development of North China.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    DONG Ji-hong, BIAN Zheng-fu
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    Singing Sand Mountain and Crescent Moon Spring in Dunhuang City,a natural herita-ge located in the northwestern part of Gansu Province,China,is a rare and unique desert wonder in the world.With the development of local tourism and irrational exploitation of ground water, Crescent Spring is on the way of drying up and the ecological environment around Singing Sand Mountain is under severe threat of degradation.Accordingly,the local government and the Nati-onal Tourism Bureau have put it on the list of natural wonders deserving urgent protecting meas-ures.Based on the analysis of these factors,the following measures might be adopted to prevent the water level of Crescent Moon Spring from declining.First of all,measures must be taken to restrain the groundwater level of the surrounding area from declining constantly,which is fundamental is to improve the ecological condition of the spring and to keep a certain water level of the spring.Secondly,other water sources than replenishing water for the spring should be provided for the local people,so as to secure a constant water level of the spring by reducing water discharge from the spring.As to the protection of Singing Sand Mountain,two projects are proposed.One is to establish an isolated green shelterbelt to make sure the mountain not be attacked by the strong wind and avoid desertification of the whole Dunhuang area.The other is to make the mountain a National Desert Park for the sake of protecting the environment.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    WEI Su-qiong, CHEN Jian-fei
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    The comparative analysis of LUCC in different regions was considered as an important research field during 2000-2004 by IGU-LUCC.Comparative study of LUCC between Fujian and Taiwan could be a good case for study because of their geographical proximity and historical, cultural similarity.Fujian and Taiwan had gone through and were in different economic development phases.By using the official statistics,quantitative changes of non-agriculturalization of cultivated land in Fujian and Taiwan were analyzed.The results showed that these two provinces seemed to have the same characteristics,i.e.,change in wave period.However,the frequency of changes of non-agriculturalization of cultivated land in Fujian was faster than in Taiwan.Additionally,the general tendency was increase in Fujian.At present study,the major relevant factors of non-agriculturalization of cultivated land changes in both provinces were an-alyzed in Grey Relational Grade,the conclusions were as the following.(1)The increasing demands for improving living standards,together with the development of the primary industry, constituted the first and the second indirect relevant factors.(2)The level of the economic development could affect the scale and the efficiency of the land uses for non-agricultural purpose.The utilized efficiency of built up areas in Fujian is far lower than Taiwan at the same time,but in the same period of industrialization the utilized efficiency of built up areas in Fujian is higher than Taiwan.(3)The exports of farm produce had greater impacts on the non-agriculturalized cultivated land changes in Taiwan than that in Fujian.At the end of this article,the influencing factors of economic policies and management regulations for land uses in different economic development phases were also analyzed.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    CHEN Hai, KANG Mu-yi
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    The Loess Plateau Region of the farming-pastoral zone in northern China is considered as an ecologically sensitive area due to its special landscape pattern and varied regional water reg-imes.Based on the ecological regionalization of suitable trees,shrubs and herbages for vegetation restoration in the farming-pastoral zone of northern China,this paper firstly graded the spatial and temporal variations of water regimes through calculating the Regional Water Stress Index (RWSI) from 1989 to 2000.Meanwhile,combining with the classification map of land use and cover type in the Region,the paper then mainly analyzed the relationship between the spatial and temporal variations of water regimes and the different land use and cover types,through setting up an index RIWD(Risk Index of Water Deficit)concerning agricultural,pastoral and forestry production in the whole Region and within its each ecological sub-region.The results of the analyses show that:(1)from 1989 to 2000,the water deficit in the Region existed over time, though the variation range of the RWSI of the study area was diminishing;(2)comparing the RWSI of 1999 with that of 1989,the water deficit of the whole study area was abated a little,yet there were spatial variati-ons within every ecological sub-region,which meant in some places the water deficit was still serious;(3)for the whole study area,the order of RIWD for every main land use type,from high to low,was woodland,arable land and grassland,implying its conditions favorable for pastoral practices;and (4)because of the spatial and temporal variations of the water regimes caused by t-he complicated geographical features in the Region,the RIWD was obviously different and the sequence of it varied somewhat among the ecological sub-regions.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    WANG Hao, QIN Da-yong, HAN Su-hua
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    This research developed a model for effective utilization of agricultural water resources under market economy in the irrigated areas of the Yellow River in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.Through the analyses of the mechanisms and the principles of effective utilization of agricultural water resources in the irrigated areas under market economy,it was concluded that,in order to realize the effective utilization of agricultural water resources in the irrigated areas of the Yellow River in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,six strategies must be implemented:(1)the renovation and modification of the key projectin the large-scale irrigated areas;(2)the lower-yield field improvement;(3)the conjunctional use of the surface water and ground water;(4)adjusting cropping pattern and irrigation schedule;(5)the modern management of irrigated areas;and (6)water price regulation.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    SU Fen-zhen, ZHANG Jia-shen, DU Yun-yan, ZHOU Cheng-hu, SHAO Quan-qing
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    The research area is divided into three sub-areas,i.e.central south area of the Yellow Sea,mouth area of the Changjiang River and central south area of the East China Sea,according to their hydrographical characters.Capture data of pelagic fishes in the research area collected from four major fishery companies were used to analyse the spatiotemporal variations of pelagic fishery resources in this region.The fishing season of central south area of the Yellow Sea lasts from autumn to winter.It is autumn in the mouth area of the Changjiang River and summer in the central south area of the East China Sea.It was found by trend surface analysis that the average annual seine yield,which was taken as an indicator of the fishery resources,showed a general decreasing tendency from west by south to east by north or west to east,depending on different sub-areas.Primary biomass,ocean current and temperature pattern were thought to be mainly responsible for it.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    ZHANG Jun-min, WANG Li-xin
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    Oasis economic development is generally characterized by the closeness, limitation and the inequilibrium,which is affected by the regional ecologic environment.Its economic scale is small and ward,with great ecologic constraint and inadequate marketable drive.That restricted the accelerated development of urbanization and industrialization.On the basis of non-successive and closed oasis economy,it put forward the development stratagem of region characteristic that should be implemented.That is to resolve the market problems by strengthening open up and circulation,to take"relative concentrated development stratagem"to build the big cities,large base, great channels,overcome the contradictions between market structure and layout,and develop catchment ecological economies.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    ZHOU Chang-jin, ZHANG Yi-feng, DONG Suo-cheng, LI Dai
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    Based on investigations of the hydrologic characteristics of the Shule River basin,studies of the hydro-chemical properties of the basin are mainly carried out in this paper.Most of the sections of the Shule River are dominated with HCO3- in anions and Ca2+ in cations,with orders in milligram equivalent percentage of HCO3ˉ >Cl- >SO42- in anion and Ca2+ >Mg2+>Na++K+ in cation.However,different orders occur in the lower reaches of the Danghe,namely,HCO3-> Cl-> SO42- in anion and Ca2+ >Na++K+>Mg2+ in cation.According to conventional hydro-geological methods,three types of river water,i.e.,bicarbonate,sulfate and chloride,can be classified by taking the major aqueous anions and cations milligram equivalents as criteria.Tests show that most samples belong to bicarbonate types.According to the sampling test,the total mineralization of the river water varies between 256 and 414mg/l,total hardness ranges between 3.37 and 7.16me/l,and total alkalinity,between 2.62 and 4.25me/l. This paper also studies and analyses the concentrations of the trace elements of the river water in the Shule River basin and makes an assessment of the water quality of the region.Suggestions and countermeasures on water conservation are also presented.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    LI Yin-peng, JI Jin-jun
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    In this paper a regional assessment model AVIMia is designed.AVIMia consists of two components:original AVIM(Atmosphere-Vegetation Interaction Model)and an impact assessm-ent model.Over the past 50 years the arid/semi-arid grassland of northern China degraded severely due to the changes in climate and social economy.AVIMia is applied to assess the impacts of climatic changes and human activities on grassland in northern China,based on historical data and the different climatic and social scenarios for this region.For the assessment of grassland,the following factors are particularly taken into consideration:grazing,cultivation on grassland communities.The model is validated by observed data of Inner Mongolia semi-arid grassland.Both the data analysis and model assessment show that the total aboveground NPP of Inner Mongolia grassland is 771.7×108kg/yr.Edible aboveground biomass is 498.1×108kg/yr.Typical steppe and meadow steppe dominate the production of this region.The total estimated livestock holding capacity is 45.51million sheep unit.The grassland is overgrazed more than 100% in Inner Mongolia.Overgrazing is one of the most important reasons inducing the widespread degradation and desertification.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    XIAO Yu, XIE Gao-di, LU Chun-xia, DING Xian-zhong, LU Yao
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    The welfare served by croplands has been underestimated.Besides supplying food and providing straw,croplands support many other functions and services such as nutrients transforming,pollination,biological control,supplying beautiful scenery,recreation,and so on.In this study,we examined the gas regulation services supported by rice paddy ecosystems,based on the results of field experiments in Wusi Farm of Shanghai in 2002.And the values of gas regulation by paddy rice ecosystems with different N-fertilization treatments were also estimated with ecological economics methods.The results indicated that two kinds of gas regulation were provided by paddy fields:one was O2 emission,and the other was Greenhouse Gases(GHGs) regulation(including CO2 uptake,CH4 and N2O emission).First,in the cultivation period,O2 emission of rice paddy ecosystems ranged from 1.65×104kg·hm-2 to 3.85×104kg·hm-2 along with increment of N fertilizer application,and the values ranged from 6.22×103yuan·hm-2 to 11.87×103yuan·hm-2 in the same trend.Second,rice paddy ecosystems emitted GHGs,but also fixed CO2 from atmosphere.In CO2 equivalent,the quantities of GHGs regulation ranged from -997kgCO2-C·hm-2 to 2 787kgCO2-C·hm-2,and the values ranged from -751yuan·hm-2 to 2 098yuan·hm-2.Third,the integrated values of gas regulation by rice paddy ecosystems ranged from 5 467yuan·hm-2 to 1.28×104yuan·hm-2.In this study,we are trying to provide a fair method to evaluate the values of croplands,to support an effective way to recognize the welfare served by croplands,especially by paddy fields and to promote the sustainability of cropland ecosystems and yet the sustainability of human kinds.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    LIU Xing-yuan, WANG Suo-min, GUO Zheng-gang
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    In the semi-arid areas of Northwest China,the eco-environment is very fragile.In the-ory and practice,no iterative cultivation of crops is allowed in these areas.In order to gain the maximized benefit through coupling agricultural resources and sustainable development, considering the resources characteristic and the request of ecological safety,the industrial structure should be readjusted,and assorted with the relationship among the benefits of eco-economy and society.The efficient eco-agriculture models of compound management of agriculture,forestry and animal husbandry serve as the predominant strategy for sustainable development of agricultural and rural economy in the semi-arid areas.Hence the present urgency is to change the management pattern of agricultural resources.As a case study in the Qinwangchuan areas in Gansu Province,compound management structure of industrial and space-time collocation structure for the production of plants and animals should be designed according to the local conditions of agricultural resources.In this paper three types of compound management coupling of agricultural resources development model are put forward.The first one is the efficient coupling development model of logical utilization resources of water and land. The second is the efficient coupling development model of vegetation rehabilitation of fruit,forest and pasture of the eco-economic type.The third is the efficient coupling development model of substitute industry implantation and industrialization management.Therefore,for the coupling effects of ecology,economy and society under the compound management of agriculture resources were analyzed through apiece structure elements on the functional characteristics,industrial allocations,spatial patterns and the time processes in the inside system of the coupling interaction.These models of compound management coupling of agricultural resources have had a good application effect.So they can improve the eco-environment,increase the benefit of the integrated agricultural resource,and promote the sustainable development of the economy and eco-environment in the semi-arid areas.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    ZHAO Hai-zhen, LI Wen-hua, MA Ai-jin, HE Yong-tao
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    Agro-ecosystem is very important to our human beings, but the fact is we know veryless about its ecosystem services.So this study selects barley agro-ecosystem of Dazi County in Lhasa-river valley and uses different methods (such as market value,substitution engineering,shadow price)to calculate its value.The result shows that the total value of barley agro-ecosystem services is 37 249.77×104 yuan;the order of various ecosystem services values is respectively production value16 973.38×104 yuan(45.57%),release of O2 10 649.81×104 yuan(28.59%),fixation of CO2 7 875.03×104 yuan(21.14%),nutrient circle maintained 1 478.23×104 yuan(3.97%),and water holding 273.32×104 yuan(0.73%).So agro-ecosystem provides great ecological services to its economic productivity,but the production service is its most important service.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    XU Yong, TIAN Jun-liang, LIU Pu-ling
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    A core idea of enlarging terrace and de-farming (RTD) is "to carry out development itself by a definite external support",and its key contents are to rebuild terrace,to enlarge garden plots and to restore vegetation in the loess hilly-gully region.Based on the previous research results of the successful cases of small catchments,this paper discussed the planning principles of RTD ecological restoration,and put forward the planning method and its techno-flow by means of GIS spatial analysis.And then,the planning method was applied to Yangou catchment, and the result showed that it is practicable. The above discussed planning principles of RTD eco-environment restoration should include the actualization of the planning should be in a catchment or a village,the land use structure should be regulated by terrain gradient,the distance of rebuilt terraces and enlarged garden plots from a residential area should be less than 2km.The techno-flow of the planning method includes the following steps:(1)to digitize maps of terrain,land use,village boundary and residential area;(2)to match and attach those maps;(3)to pick up spatial data and confirm planning data;(4)to make sure the planning and distribution schemes;and (5)to analyze the planning results. The study results applied to Yangou catchment showed that the area of enlarged terraces is at least 295.06hm2,with 359.23hm2 of total basic farmland area,the area of enlarged garden plot is at least 4.61hm2,with 622.69hm2 of total area,and de-farmed slope farmland at least 410.35 hm2.After the land use structure being regulated,the forest cover rate is 48.87% and the permanent vegetation cover rate is about 75% in Yangou catchment.And in the agricultural development,the Yangou catchment can yield 1 645 tons of food supplies,9 340 tons of apples,and can feed 7 500 sheep every year.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    XIANG Zhen, WU Xiang-pei, WANG Lian-jun, LI Zhao-jia, Wang Ning
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    This paper mainly discusses the influence of the construction of Zhiganglaka hyd-ropower station in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on local environment and gives an evaluation of the projects influencing on all aspects of the environment during operation.The eco-environmental status of the Zhiganglaka hydropower station is relatively sensitive and friable.Based on the illumination of the present ecoenvironmental status of the area around the station,the biological productivity of vegetations and the biomass have been measured and the analyzed.According to the primary design of the Zhiganglaka hydropower station,the impacts on biological production of vegetation,biomass,and biodiversity were evaluated.The results show that the eco-environmental impacts of Zhiganglaka hydroelectric station are acceptable.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    ZHANG Yin, CAI Yun-long
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    TCM (travel cost method) is one of the classic methods to value the recreational benefits of outdoor recreational resources.Existing TCM include three basic models:ZTCM (Zonal TCM),ITCM (Individual TCM) and RUM (Random Utility Method).Although these three models have rather matured,none of them could offer perfect solutions to the widely existing multiple destination problem,which makes it a difficulty and hotspot in TCM studies.Analysts have approached this problem in a few different ways,yet multiple destination trips,especially long vacation trips,remain difficult to work into conventional models in a convincing way. Due to the the biforked structure of travel costs of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve,the paper forwards a new method-MZTC (multiple-destination-based zonal travel cost method) which combines Mendelsohn et al.'s(1992) "portfolio of sites"model and travel cost separation methods,to value the recreational benefits of Jiuzhaigou in 2002.In this analysis,individuals are viewed as selecting a "portfolio of sites" for a trip,and each portfolio is viewed as a separate commodity with its own demand equation.Jiuzhaigou's share of travel cost in each portfolio is computed according to the entrance fee,and its share of consumer surplus calculated.The mean consumer surplus is 37.77,93.30,618.36 and 733.66 yuan per person respectively for'nearby-Jiuzhaigou','nearby-Jiuzhaigou & Huanglong','distant-Jiuzhaigou & Huanglong' and 'distant-Jiuzhaigou, Huanglong, Ermeishan and Leshan' subsamples.It can be seen that distance exerts an extraordinarily important effect on the estimates,and that for subsamples with similar distances,the consumer surplus goes up with the increase of the destinations in the'portfolio of sites'and decrease of Jiuzhaigou's comparative share of trip cost in each portfolio.Then all the shares of consumer surplus are added up,with an outcome of 471 million yuan for total tourists,or 375.92 yuan per person,which is rather similar to the mean sight-seeing value of Rosenberger and Loomis' (2001) up-to-date review on outdoor recreation valuations in America and Canada.The total value is then further calculated plus actual travel costs,with an outcome of 1 246.10 yuan per person.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    LIU Su-xia, MO Xing-guo, ZHU Yong-hua, HUANG Hao
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    A new method based on water balance equation is proposed to calculate ecological water consumption.It is based on the data of precipitation instead of local water resources,which makes the method unique to other traditional methods.By using this new approach,based on the data of precipitation,river water flow to sea,water diverted from the Yellow River,groundwater overexploitation,industrial water use,agricultural water use,domestic water use,industry wastewater drainage and domestic wastewater discharge,the ecological water consumption from 1954 to 1998 is calculated for the Haihe River basin.It is interesting to see that although the catchment had incurred the tremendous environmental changes since the 1970s,the total ecological water consumption did not show obvious trend of increasing or decreasing.This is in agreement with the documented conclusion that the change of canopy transpiration may be compensated by the change of soil evaporation,resulting in the unchanged trend of total evapotranspiration.Comparative study shows that the ecological water consumption defined in this paper is a generic ecological water consumption including soil evaporation,vegetation evapotranspiration and so on.Due to the great buffer of the nature,it is not sensitive to separated environmental changes one by one. On the other hand,the ecological water consumption calculated by local water resources has a narrower meaning,representing only those part of water consumed from water resources in order to realize ecological function.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    TANG Qu, JIANG Wen-lai, TAO Tao
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    Water resource is the most important limiting factor to the social-economic development of Minqin Basin.Research into the water resources carrying capacity is significant to the sustainable development of the Basin.In this paper,we adopt both qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis to discuss the definition,connotation and affecting factors of water resources carrying capacity,and,combined with the status of the environment,society and economy in Minqin Basin,set up the index system which can be used to measure and evaluate water resources carrying capacity.According to the index system and using the acquirable data,we predict the water resources carrying capacity of the Minqin Basin in 2001,2010 and 2020.
  • Special Column:Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of IGSNRR, CAS
    HE Hong-lin, YU Gui-rui, LIU Xin-an, SU Wen, NIU Dong, YUE Yan-zhen
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    Based on MTCLIM Model,according to actual conditions of China,parameters of the model were optimized and adjusted and the model for calculating global solar radiation was set up based on temperature,precipitation and relative humidity in China.As for the proposed spatialization model of global solar radiation,parameterization should be done first and interpolation second.Considering the big workload of spatialization of daily global solar radiation,based on calculating monthly mean daily result,it is suggested to use liner interpolation technology to get a quick spatialization value of the daily global radiation.Finally,the spatial distribution of daily global radiation in China was generated.