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    Theoretical Discussion
  • Theoretical Discussion
    ZHANG LI-xiao, LIANG Jing
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    Resources utilization efficiency is very crucial to natural resource conservation and emission reduction, especially under the policy framework of energy saving and emission reduction nowadays in China. As a supplement to resource curse theory, a hypothesis was put forward with regard to regional resource endowment and resource utilization efficiency. Therefore, the panel data of energy and water resources of 31 provincial-level administrative regions in mainland China (not including Hong Kong and Macao due to no data) in 2008 was adopted to make statistical analysis to verify the negative effects of the regional resource endowment on resource utilization efficiency. The results showed that, there has been obvious negative effect between resources endowment and resources utilization efficiency, i.e., the resource efficiency is relatively lower in resources rich area and vice versa. It can be prudently concluded that, in addition to economic development, the curse effect is applied to resource utilization efficiency associated with resources endowment. In comparison with concentrated resources as mineral resources, dispersed resources as water is more sensitive in utilization efficiency affected by resources endowment, which is much in contrast to the curse associated with economic development. The results obtained in this analysis have much implication to policy making with regard to resources utilization efficiency.
  • Resources Utilization and Management
  • Resources Utilization and Management
    BAO Sen, TIAN Li-xin, WANG Jun-shuai
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    A two-component model is proposed to adjust and optimize the energy resources structure reasonably and scientifically. The energy production and consumption-related coefficients were predicted and estimated by the estimation method for statistical test. The projection results of the energy production and consumption in the year of 2014 are 2426 million and 2715 million tons of standard coal respectively by the data of China’s statistical yearbooks in 2008 quantitatively. Using the predicted energy consumption quantity, structure and the relationship between the carbon emissions (units of energy consumption coefficient of carbon emissions), the projection result of the total carbon emissions of China in the year of 2012 is 2187 million tons of standard coal and it is on the rise. The related measures are also proposed.
  • Resources Utilization and Management
    CAO Xia
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    SSM is a short form for the small-scale mine, which is fairly popular in developing countries for its small scale with less capital but quick return, and is a component part of a country’s mining industry and rural economy. Meanwhile, it has captured universal attention to its numerous negative effects, such as wastage of natural resources, environmental pollution, poor safety records and endless mine accidents. Unfortunately there is no generally-accepted definition for SSM both at home and abroad so far. The paper conducts a thorough comparison of the existing definitions of SSM in foreign countries and in China and finally comes up with a personal definition so as to make some contributions to the Mineral Resources Law under revision. The author contends that small-scale mines are "small-scaled and labour-intensive mining enterprises that, for livelihood or commercial purposes, conduct mining operations in mineral-limited areas by applying simple or rudimentary mining equipment and technology. They include small-scaled mines with a production capacity that conforms to the national small-scale criteria, and artisanal mines with a capacity below 1/10 of the upper limit of the criteria for the former, all of which being a fundamentally component part of the mining industry."
  • Resources Utilization and Management
    ZHANG Yan-zhi, NIE Rui, FENG Ying
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    Resource conservation has been raised to a strategic position of basic national policy, in which decreasing energy intensity is a concrete measure. In this paper, a non-linear optimization model was constructed with decision variables being industries’ final demand aiming at goal of minimum energy intensity in 2010. On that basis, 10 scenarios including one of the intensified energy saving were designed and the solving method for the model is genetic algorithm. The research results show: if the scenario of the intensified energy saving won’t be adopted, the optimal interval of energy intensity in 2010 is from 0.9996 to 1.1364 tce per 104 yuan and the goal that energy intensity in 2010 decreases by 20% can’t be realized. In contrast, if the intensified scenario is adopted, the energy intensity in 2010 is 0.9439 tce per 104 yuan which decreases by 21.75% compared with 2005. So, the goal can be realized.
  • Resources Safety
  • Resources Safety
    YANG Qi, GAN Xiao-yu, LI Jian-long, ZHANG Jie, YANG Feng, QIAN Yu-rong
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    Cultivated land resource security has been one of the most important problems in the world. In order to study the effects of urbanization on cultivated land resource security, the spatial-temporal dynamics of growth typology and land use intensity were analyzed using Landsat remotely sensed imageries of 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2006. Results indicated that: 1) In the main town urbanization phase, the urban edge-expansion growth appeared in urban center areas (S=0.41 in urban center between 1991 and 1996, S=Lc/P, where Lc is the length of the common boudary of a newly grown urban area and the pre-growth urban patches, and P is the perimeter of this newly grown area), while in the rural urbanization phase, the urban infilling growth was obvious in urban center areas (S=0.85 in urban center between 2001 and 2006). In rural areas, the urban spontaneous growth was dominant in the main town urbanization phase (S=0.15 in 16 km between 1991 and 1996), while both urban spontaneous growth and urban edge-expansion growth coexisted in rural urbanization phase (S=0.39 in 16 km between 2001 and 2006). 2) Land use intensity(I) of Zhangjiagang urbanization changed by stages. The phase from 1991 to 1996, 1996 to 2001 and 2001 to 2006, was main town urbanization (the maximum of I appeared in 4 km), slow urbanization (the value of I was low and fluctuated smoothly), and rural urbanization (the maximum of I appeared in 22 km), respectively. As the rapid development of urbanization in rural areas of Zhangjiagang, the cultivated land resources security was threatened seriously.
  • Resources Safety
    SUN Jian-wei, ZHAO Rong-qin, HUANG Xian-jin, CHEN Zhi-gang
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    Using statistic data from 1995 to 2005 of China, based on greenhouse gas inventory method of IPCC, this paper established the framework of carbon emission estimation system of China, estimated the carbon emission in China from 1995 to 2005, and analyzed the carbon emission, carbon emission intensity and their changing factors by using factor decomposition model. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) The amount of carbon emission of China firstly slowly decreased and then rapidly increased from 1995 to 2005. The total carbon emission in 2005 was 22.02×108 t, which increased 66% than that of 1995, and the carbon absorption in 2005 was 2.97×108 t. So the net carbon emission of China in 2005 was 19.05×108 t, which increased 79% than that of 1995. 2)Carbon emission from energy activity and industrial production were the main carbon source of China, which indicated that traditional energy use especially high energy consumption industry was the main reason caused the increasing of carbon emission since 1995. Therefore, adjusting energy structure, innovating energy technology and advocating clean energy were the key methods to decrease carbon emission intensity. 3) Generally, the changing amount of carbon emission intensity appears increasing trend. Carbon emission intensity before 2002 declined year by year, but the changing amount of carbon emission intensity became positive after 2002. Technological progress was the main factor driving the change of carbon emission intensity. Despite industrial structure adjustment was not the determinative factor, but it should become the leading factor that drives carbon emission reduction in the long run. 4) The main motive power driving the increase of total carbon emission was the increase of GDP, and the technological progress was the main factor caused the decrease of the total carbon emission. 5) Industrial sector basically determined the change of carbon emission intensity and total carbon emission amount, which means that the industrial sector was the key in fulfilling carbon emission reduction. So, adjusting industrial structure on macroscopic and internal industrial aspect is the important way to decrease the total carbon emission, which is also the key point in future low-carbon planning.
  • Resources Ecology
  • Resources Ecology
    MIAO Qian, HUANG Mei, LI Ren-qiang
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    The Yangtze River Basin covering the eastern, middle and western economic zones of China contains total 19 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. It is the most densely populated and highly developed social and economic region. The total area of the Yangtze River Basin is 1808500 km2, accounting for 18.8% of China’s total land area. The future climate change will bring a series of complex impacts on the vegetation of the river basin. Whether these impacts are positive or negative is unknown by now. Vegetation in the Yangtze River Basin has the important function in water and soil conservation, and river runoff adjustment. It is the barrier for maintaining the ecological balance of the entire Yangtze River Basin. Therefore, exploring the response of vegetation in the Yangtze River Basin to the climate change in the future is of great importance. The best indicator for measuring the response of vegetation to climate change is net primary productivity (NPP). Based on the meteorological data during 1981 to 2000 and the B2 scenario of Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) data during 2010 to 2050, the vegetation NPP in the Yangtze River Basin was predicted by the atmosphere-vegetation interaction model (AVIM2). The relationships between the vegetation NPP and the climate change were analyzed. The results indicate that the spatial pattern of vegetation NPP averaged over 1981 to 2000 shows the increasing trend both from west to east and from north to south. Under B2 climate scenario, the study area will experience an overall increase in temperature, but the increasing rates are various in different areas. The future precipitation change shows regional differences. The areas with increasing precipitation are mainly located in the source region of Yangtze River, upper and northern part of the middle reaches. In the future, vegetation NPP will increase in the source and upper reaches of the Yangtze River which include the most part of Qinghai, Tibet, western Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. These areas will experience precipitation increase and smooth temperature rise. Vegetation NPP will decrease in areas with higher temperature rise and precipitation decrease. These areas scattered in the broad area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In terms of vegetation NPP, NPP for most of the forests, closed shrubs and crops will decrease by 0-4.5 gC·m-2, 0-2 gC·m- 2 and 0-2.5 gC·m-2, respectively. Vegetation NPP for meadows, grasslands and open shrubs will increase by 0-2 gC· m-2. In summary, the future B2 climate change scenario will bring a positive effect on the meadows, grasslands and open shrubs and will bring a negative effect on forests, closed shrubs and crops in the Yangtze River Basin.
  • Resources Ecology
    WANG Li-long, LU Lin, DAI Jian-sheng
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    We investigated and analyzed the diversity dynamics of herbaceous plants under different disturbance and its flora in the conservation area of Taiping Lake National Wetland Park. The results showed that: 1) The herbaceous plant composition was relatively simple and the total 68 species belonged to 25 families and 56 genera, among which Gramineae, Cyperaceae and Compositae were dominant families. 2) Cynodon dactylon sampled from five plots was the dominant species in the conservation area of the wetland park, its important values, however, changed under different disturbance. 3) Cynodon dactylon was the absolutely predominant species in depopulated area, Wujiazhou, where plant succession was just initiated. 4) The highest α diversity occurred in Dahuchong which experienced a long term agricultural disturbance, the plants transformed from farmland weed to tidal flat. 5) Herbaceous plant diversity of Wujiazhou was higher than Yingpanshan resulted from light tourism, the newly constructed cement road, sightseeing stand and bonfire, however destructed the wetland landscapes. 6) The overwhelming Xanthium sibiricum in Shibichen seriously affected plant landscape diversity and micro-ecological stability because of inadequate consuming, allelopathy effect, and its high spreading ability. 7) The tidal flat vegetation was sparse in Wulichun resulting from serious fishing disturbance. 8) The indices of β diversity from five plots showed that the estuary environment changed under different disturbance, the impacting indicators, however, need further studies. We put forward some protection and restoration strategies towards the main problems in biodiversity conservation in the conservation area of Taiping Lake National Wetland Park.
  • Resources Ecology
    XIONG Xing, JIANG Yuan, REN Fei-peng, DONG Man-yu, TIAN Yu-hong, LEI Yi-ming
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    Dongguan plays an great important role in the utilization of water resources around the Pearl River Delta and Dongjiang watershed. However, the rapid urbanization leads to severe land use change in this area. It’s necessary to realize land use change characteristics and especially its ecological effect on the water. This kind of research would improve our strategies making on the land use planning and water resources management.Based on the multi-temporal remotely sensed data in 1990, 2000 and 2009, this paper takes a research on the land-use change by using land-use change rate, land-use transfer matrix and land scope indicator. Then through several landscape indicators, the paper also describes water landscape and land-use landscape pattern in the buffer around the river and reservoir, in order to understand land-use change ecological effect to the water in Dongguan City. The conclusions can be drawn as follows:1) In recent two decades, the major land use type has changed into urban construction land from forest and agricultural land rapidly, the ratio of cropland, garden and forest has reduced from 23.56%, 13.39%, 28.73% in 1990 to 11.5%, 3.26%, 17.39% separately; while the urban construction land increases from 20.21% to 53.62% sharply, and the change rate of the land use during 2000-2009 is more severe than that in 1990-2000.2) The agriculture area decreased gradually, and the amount of fertilizer and pesticide use has been cut down by 58.30% and 32.35%, which means agriculture non-point source pollution reduces in recent period, meanwhile the increase of urban construction area leads to more urban non-point source pollution, this situation will be more aggravated accompanied with the expansion of urbanization and reduction in water area.3)Water landscape dominance decreases gradually, and water patch become more fragmentation and distributed;while in the reservoir and riparian buffer zone the proportion of construction land increases, and more artificial river channels lead to the reduction in the diversity of riparian habitat.On all accounts, Dongguan should strengthen the protection and management of water resource. In the water pollution control, based on the management of point source pollution, the city should enhance urban non-point source pollution prevention and control.
  • Resources Evaluation
  • Resources Evaluation
    TANG Zhi-peng, WANG Liang, LIU Wei-dong, LIU Hong-guang
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    Coal is one of the main primary energy sources in China. The regional coal transportation of closed loop in China reflects inter-or intra-regional interaction of energy economy. This paper uses 0-1 linear programming to decompose the matrices of coal transportation in eight regions of mainland China to two hierarchies sub-matrices. Based on which top-two hierarchies regional coal transportation of closed loop in China from 1998 to 2007 are figured out and the characteristics on both temporal and spatial changes are analyzed. The results show that: 1) regional coal transportation of closed loop has not changed greatly in short term, indicating that the pattern of China’s regional resources, as well as demand for coal supply in the short term are relatively stable; and 2) the spatial features of the coal transportation of closed loop are distinct in China’s eight regions from 1998 to 2003. They are all the inter-regional closed loop for the first hierarchy, and all the intra-regional closed loop for the second hierarchy, but the spatial features have no longer been clear since 2004. According to the results of the first hierarchical regional coal transportation of closed loop, the maximum of regional coal transportation of closed loop in China not only occur in the inter-region, but also in the intra-region, indicating that energy economic interaction among regions has been strengthened.
  • Resources Evaluation
    TANG Li-xia, ZHANG Zhi-qiang, WANG Xin-jie, WANG Sheng-ping, ZHA Tong-gang
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    Large scale re-vegetation based soil and water conservation deployed to combat the severe soil erosion since the 1950s on the Loess Plateau of China has resulted in the dramatic change of land use and land cover. On the other hand, the region is considered to be the most sensitive area for global climate variability. Therefore, it is critically important to understand and predict the coupling effects of land use and climate variability on the sediment characteristics for integrated watershed management and ecological restoration. The study examined the trend of annual sediment, precipitation and their change points for a typical meso-scale Qingshuihe watershed located on the Loess Plateau by using non-parametric Mann-Kendall test, Moving t-test technique, and hopped parameter analysis. Based on the land use/cover of 1959, 1986 and 2005, USLE was used to separate the land use/cover change effects on the sediment yields from that of climate variability. The result showed that during the 47 a of 1960-2005 the annual sediment yield had significant decreasing trend,change point occurred in 1980. Precipitation had no significant trend, but the indexes of extreme precipitation decreased. It was estimated that the precipitation changes accounted for 9.89% and land use/cover changes accounted for 90.11%, among which 5.56% from the engineering measure(check dams) and 84.55% from vegetation changes to the reduction sediment yield of Qingshuihe watershed. According to the analytical result of land use, in 1959-2005 the forest area increased 944.27% and the shrubbery area increased 19.33%. So, the increase of forest land areas is the main reason to give rise to the decrease of sediment yield in the Qingshuihe wastershed.
  • Resources Evaluation
    YE Cai-hua, LUAN Qing-zu, HU Bao-kun, SONG Hui-xin
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    This paper aims to research the potential impacts resulted by the agricultural climate change by analyzing agricultural climate resources of heat, precipitation and sunshine for maize, including mountain spring maize, plain spring maize and plain summer maize, in sowing to elongation growth period, elongation to anthesis growth period, anthesis to silking growth period, silking to mature growth period, and the whole growth period. Statistic regression was used to reveal the time series characteristics of different kinds of maize during key growth period. Besides, we adopted Mann-Kendall and Pettitt methods in classical abrupt change theory to analyze trends and detect abrupt change characteristics of agricultural climate resources. On the basis of data analysis, we discussed the potential impacts on maize resulted from climate change according to relative research of other scholars and proposed corresponding solutions to it. The results are as follows: In recent 50 years, for Beijing, the annual active accumulated temperature and effective accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃ for maize in the whole growth period, showed no significant increasing trend without abrupt change point; while precipitation in sowing to elongation growth period got an increasing trend, precipitation of plain summer maize in elongation to anthesis growth period, plain spring maize in silking to mature growth period, hold a significant descending trend, and the other growth period showed no significant descending trend, with all growth periods having no significant abrupt change points; moreover, except for anthesis to silking growth period, sunshine resources in all the other growth periods showed significant descending trends with significant abrupt change points occurring between the mid 1980s and mid 1990s. And it concluded that according to international relative research on climate change, agricultural climate resources changing trends of Beijing may produce both positive and negative impacts on maize. In response to the increasing trend of accumulated temperature, measures should be taken to prolong grain-filling growth period. As to the descending trends of precipitation, maize variety of drought-resistance and effective drought fighting technique should be introduced; solutions for solving the descending trend of sunshine hours, maize of strong shade tolerance should be selected and attention should be paid to planting at proper intervals in order to improve ventilation and light transmission conditions.
  • Resources Evaluation
    WANG Zhao-li, CHEN Xiao-hong, YANG Tao
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    Based on the runoff and precipitation data at Heyuan, Lingxia and Boluo sations during 1956-2005, the Mann-Kendall, Rescaled Range analysis and wavelet transform analysis methods are used to find out the variation law of runoff and its impacting factors in the Dongjiang River Basin. The results show that there are no significant changing trend and abruptly jumping point for runoff series in the Dongjiang River Basin. The results of continuous wavelet transform indicate that there are obvious periodic variations with scales 4 a, 7-9 a, 11-13 a and 16-22 a for the annual runoff series, and scale 7-9 a is the first period. The computed Hurst exponents indicate that a long-term memory characteristic exists in the annual runoff series. Annual runoff amount is related to the occurrence of El nio event. And sunspot number(SSN) is significantly correlated to annual runoff amount. The results of linear correlation indicate that the more SSN is, the less annual runoff amount is. The results of statistical analysis show that trends and abrupt change of runoff are in accordance with that of precipitation, evaporation respectively, especially with the precipitation. Among the climate factors,precipitation and evaporation are the most important factors to the changes of runoff. NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) series in the Dongjiang River Basin show a significantly decreasing trend during 1982-2005, but NDVI series presents insignificant effect on runoff directly, which may indirectly affect runoff by impacting evaporation. Runoff variations in the Dongjiang River Basin are affected by synthetic effect of regional climatic elements and vegetation deterioration.
  • Resources Evaluation
    YANG Qi-yong, YANG Jing-song, YAO Rong-jiang, HUANG Biao, SUN Wei-xia
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    Taking Yucheng City, Northeast district of Shandong Province, as our study area, this paper intended to develop quantitative methods for soil nutrient depletion evaluation and to target its limiting factors. Based on the extensive information obtained by field-survey, soil sampling and lab analysis, the quantitative evaluation procedure and diagnosis of soil nutrient depletion limiting factors was realized by adopting the improved Grey Relation Model, the Model of limiting factors diagnosis and supported by GIS techniques. The Grey Relation Model was improved by utilizing Analytical Hierarchy Program and"Threshold Samples". The level of diagnosis of soil nutrient depletion, limiting factors and their spatial distribution information were acquired by Kriging interpolation, and the results were consistent with local conditions according to field-survey and lab analysis. The approach was feasible and effective in soil nutrient depletion, limiting factors diagnosis. This research contributes significantly to scientific management and sustainable use of soil nutrient depletion, limiting factors diagnosis and provides consults to improve soil quality.
  • LI Qi-quan, YUE Tian-xiang, FAN Ze-meng, DU Zheng-ping
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    Given the importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) as a pool in the global carbon cycle and an indicator for soil quality, there exits a need to simulate this soil property at large scale (regional or national). However, few researches focus on simulating spatial distribution of SOC at national scale in China by using model and samples. In this paper, based on 5374 typical soil profiles collected during the second national soil survey period (1979-1994), correlation between topsoil organic matter content (20 cm) and 11 environmental factors were analyzed, spatial distribution of topsoil organic matter (SOM) at national scale in China was simulated with the combination of multiple regression model and HASM model, and prediction error of this method was discussed, in order to provide a new method for spatial simulation of soil organic carbon. Results indicated that, mean absolute error and mean relative error of the predicted value for 350 validation points were 15.61g·kg-1 and 56. 59%; compared with ordinary Kriging method, the two errors were reduced by 1.61g·kg-1 and 20.84% respectively. Besides, simulation result for Northwest China and Taiwan Province, where the density of sample points was much smaller and even no samples distributed, was much closer to the actual situation. When the samples were cut by half, the two errors were only increased by 0.14 g·kg-1 and 1.07% respectively. Consequently, the method in this paper can be used as a relatively effective method for simulating spatial distribution of SOM at national scale, and attaining higher levels of precision largely depend on making the model explain much more spatial variability of SOM as well as increasing the number of sampling sites used to establish the model.
  • Resources Research Methods
  • Resources Research Methods
    ZHONG Tai-yang, HUANG Xian-jin, HAN Li, WANG Bai-yuan
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    For the purpose of catching the development of decoupling analysis in the field of environments and resource, this paper gives a comprehensive description of the decoupling analysis in the field of environments and resource by using the summary and comparison approaches. The analysis is organized from the four aspects flowed as the definitions of decoupling, the main fields concerned by decoupling analysis, the measurement method of decoupling analysis, and the indicators of decoupling analysis. The main features about the researches of decoupling analysis go as follows. Firstly, there are different definitions about decoupling, which are always related with the re-coupling and coupling. As far as the decoupling concerned, the difference between these definitions is that the different decoupling types of absolute, relative and recessive decoupling are included in the concept. Secondly, the main concerns of decoupling analysis are focused in the decoupling environment pressure from its driving force at the economy-wide level and some specific industries, and the decoupling analysis from the micro level had attracted relatively scare concerns. Furthermore, there is a distinction between different studies’ measuring methods for decoupling, which include eight types of measuring methods for decoupling. The last but not the least, there is no uniform about the decoupling indicators which is an important research project, more and more researches take environment pressure indicators and resource consumption indicators such as indicators use in material flow analysis as decoupling indicators. Besides, some suggestions of further studies on decoupling are put forward in this paper. These suggestions include giving more concern on decoupling analysis from the micro level, carrying out more thorough analysis on classifying decoupling types, and extending the application of decoupling analysis to the field of environment planning, resource planning, and so on.