Starting from the three constituents of tourism system—destination system, tourist source system and travel traffic system—this thesis analyzes the constitution of an evaluation index system for the suitability of wetland tourism development, comes up with this system which is composed of 19 indexes in 4 aspects, namely, resources endowment, urban dependence, traffic accessibility and population & economic base, and determines the weighing of indexes through analytic hierarchy process(AHP), with the aim of quantitatively evaluating the suitability of tourism development for the wetland resources in Jiangsu Province.Next, this thesis sorts out 126 wetland nature reserves within Jiangsu Province from the regional planning for important ecological functional area in Jiangsu Province released by Environmental Protection Department of Jiangsu Province, collects or calculates 19 index to figure for these wetland nature reserves. The values of 4 sub-items among the evaluation index system for the suitability of wetland tourism development as well as the total value were calculated by weighted score. It is shown by the calculation results that the total value of suitability of tourism development for 126 wetland nature reserves falls in between 36.64 and 72.98.According to sub-item evaluation result, Jiangsu wetland resources are clustering into four tourism development types by K-means cluster analysis, namely the highest suitability wetland resources,higher real suitability wetland resources,higher potential suitability wetland resources and low suitability wetland resources, including 38, 19, 36 and 33 wetland nature reserves respectively.Subsequently,it is suggested that the highest suitability wetland resources should be actively develop and the higher real suitability wetland resources should be moderately developed, the higher potential suitability wetland resources should be developed accompanying economic growth and the development of low suitability wetland resources should be temporarily restricted. Simultaneously, public welfare development ideas have been proposed.Finally,some topics currently without conclusion have also been discussed,including principle of tourism development of wetland resources, inconsistency between tourism development suitability of wetland resources and environmental bearing capacity, and relation of tourism development of wetland resources and environmental destruction.

The spatial variations of soil moisture and biodiversity have become central issues in ecohydrology which contribute to the understanding of the response of terrestrial ecosystem to precipitation change in water-limited areas. Based a precipitation gradient (250-550 mm) in the Loess Plateau, vertical soil moisture (0-3 m) and species diversity at 47 grassland sites across a southeast-northwest transect were surveyed. The spatial variations of soil moisture and species diversity were evaluated, and the tradeoff between them along the precipitation gradient was quantified. Results showed great variation of soil moisture in the vertical profiles along the precipitation gradient. Significant linear correlation existed between the average soil moisture of the profile and the mean annual precipitation, and the soil moisture in the shallow layer (0-1 m) was affected more greatly by mean annual precipitation. The Patrick index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index also showed positive linear correlation with precipitation, however, Pielou evenness index did not (P>0.05). The linear piece-wise quantile regression was applied to determine the inflection points of the response of tradeoff between species diversity and soil moisture to the precipitation gradient. It revealed obvious trend of the tradeoff along the precipitation gradient. The inflection point of the tradeoff was detected at the mean annual precipitation of 370 mm. Under the 370 mm annual mean precipitation, soil moisture constrains species diversity in the relatively arid regions, while the synergy between soil moisture and species diversity exists in the relatively humid regions in this study. This suggests species maintaining in the relatively arid regions is at the cost of soil water. The results demonstrate that the precipitation gradient determined the tradeoff between soil moisture and species diversity in the grasslands of the Loess Plateau. Consequently, this tradeoff could be an ecological indicator and tool for restoration management in the Loess Plateau.

The quantitative study on the impact of climate change on tourism in China is relatively weak, so it is urgent to learn from foreign experience. Therefore, based on the SCI/SSCI literature database, this article reviews the related research progress abroad from 1986 to 2017. The study finds that for more than 30 years, quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries has mainly used index methods, tourism demand models and selection analysis methods. Among them, the index method includes the single index method and the comprehensive index method. The tourism demand model includes the time series model and the cumulative demand model. The selection analysis includes the descriptive statistics and the discrete selection model. The indicator method is mainly used to study the environmental effects of tourism resources and environmental changes, changes in tourism climate conditions, changes in comprehensive factors, and the climate change response behavior of the main body of tourism. Due to the existence of offsetting effects of climate change, the comprehensive index method is more advantageous than the single index method. Although the comprehensive index method has difficulties such as computational complexity, it can comprehensively examine the impact of climate change on the comprehensive factors of tourism destinations, and is an important direction of development of indicators and methods. The indicator approach focuses on the changes in tourism destinations, and climate change responses need to understand the changes in tourism demand. Therefore, the use of tourism demand model has gradually increased. Among them, the time series method is mainly used to study the impact of weather conditions on tourism demand. The cumulative demand model is mainly used to study the structural impact of climate change on tourism demand and the impact of climate policy on tourism demand. With the development of computer technology and artificial intelligence, there is a great potential for future applications. The tourism demand model focuses on changes in the macro-tourism flow and ignores the heterogeneity of the tourism market. With the diversification and diversity of the tourism market becoming more apparent, the use of micro-individual-based selection analysis methods has increased. In related studies of selective analysis, descriptive statistics are often used to study the effects of climate change based on preference, behavioral willingness and climate change perception in the context of climate change. Discrete choice models are often used to study the influence of climate change based on preference and help to analyze the changes in the market structure of tourist destinations in the context of climate change. As more and more studies show that the impact of climate change on the tourism market is more reflected in the change in market structure, the application demand for discrete selection models has further increased. However, the basic theoretical assumptions of the discrete selection model still need to be studied in the correction of tourism scenarios. Combining the latest progress in the quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries, and linking with China's reality, future research needs to strengthen the application of cumulative demand models in tourism flow related research, the application of discrete selection models in tourism market structure research, and the use of systematic scientific methods and big data technologies in related research. In the future, we should enhance research on climate-sensitive tourism activities in China, and as relevant studies on "Belt and Road" countries and regions, as well as the Tibetan Plateau.

鉴于社会经济和资源分布的非均衡性，煤炭运输历来为政府所关注，探讨其流场规律有助于认识中国能源供需格局和区域经济联系。从省区和地市角度，剖析中国煤炭资源的汇源格局及演变特征，分析表明：源流区早期集中在华北，目前略向中西部转移，形成中部供应区，山西成为全国源流中心；北方沿海是主要汇流区，目前向东南沿海延伸，形成东部调入区。同时，分析煤炭流场的空间特征，界定主要集散场及等级体系，认为：扩散中心多分布在华北，目前向西部延伸，大型扩散场形成于北方；集聚中心早期多分布在北方沿海，目前向东南沿海延伸，以港口、工业城市和经济中心为主。然后，全面解析煤炭资源的流动路径，连接港口的铁路成为主通道，下水港多分布在北方沿海和长江，接卸港多分布在东南沿海。

Agriculture plays a key role in the Yellow River Delta, which is one of the greatest granaries of China. Timely and accurately understanding the crop distribution information is very important for related government departments to make reasonable decisions and guide agricultural production. Traditional methods based on field investigation and statistic data were time consuming and labor consuming. Time series of vegetation indices based on remote sensing images have obvious advantages and great application potentials in the extraction of crop planting information. This paper aimed at extracting the main crops in the Yellow River Delta, including winter wheat, maize and cotton. MODIS images with 250 m spatial resolution were used in this study. Dezhou City, Binzhou City and Dongying City were chosen as the study area for the convenience. The 250 m MOD09Q1 8 d time series remote sensing images in 2014 were acquired from the website of NASA. To avoid the disturbance from orchards and grasslands, firstly, the non-crop areas were masked out with the 1:100 000 land use map of the study area in 2014. Considering that there were some irregular fluctuations of the NDVI time series caused by the influence of clouds and atmosphere, we secondly reconstructed the NDVI time series with Hants filters. Then, the main crops planting information was extracted by comparing the NDVI time series with the reference NDVI time series which were the average NDVI of the sampling points collected in May, 2014 and November, 2014. Finally, the threshold value of each crop was determined and the planting information was extracted according to the thresholds. Two precision validation methods, spatial distribution and areal statistics, were adopted. The results showed that the accuracies of wheat and cotton in area were high (96.8%, 95.5%), while the accuracy of maize in area is a little lower (85.1%). The overall spatial consistency was 86.9% according to spatial distribution cooperation. The result suggests that the method in this paper is effective and practicable.

从供需两方面，构建了区域灌溉水资源保证程度分析模型，利用该模型对玛纳斯河流域灌溉水资源保证程度进行了分析。结果表明，现状年玛纳斯河流域灌溉水资源保证程度为79.21%，各灌区存在较大的差异，下野地、莫索湾、金安、玛纳斯等灌区灌溉水资源保证程度较低，分别为69.09%、78.76%、78.25%、71.24%，明显处于亏缺状态，而石河子灌区达115.06%，处于相对盈余状态。在各灌区灌溉总面积维持现有数量以及保证灌区水资源安全的前提下，随着加大部分灌区(金安、玛纳斯和石河子灌区)地下水资源开发力度，大力发展高新节水技术以及调整种植结构，近期流域灌溉水资源保证程度总体可接近100%，但流域内除石河子灌区外，下野地、莫索湾、金安、玛纳斯等灌区灌溉水资源仍处于亏缺状态。2020年随着各种综合措施的进一步实施，全流域灌溉保证程度将增加至113.19%，各灌区将实现灌溉水资源供需平衡。最后，针对3类不同灌溉水资源保证程度地区的水资源利用状况，提出了差别化的提升策略。

The study explored the impacts of rainfall and land use on surface runoff, taking the area surrounding the North Moat in Beijing, China, as an example. We selected 15 rainfall events occurring from April to November in 2011 and 2012, representing six rainfall levels, which were light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain, rainstorm, heavy rainstorm, and torrential rainstorm, respectively. Surface runoff depths during each rainfall event in the seven control sections were simulated using the calibrated SWMM (Storm Water Management Model). The simulated results showed that the modeled runoff depth significantly linearly increased with increasing rainfall. There were distinct variations in runoff depth when rainfall varied between different rainfall levels. Although rainfall and runoff depth might exhibit different dynamics over time during different rainfall events, runoff depth at each time was determined by rainfall in the previous 1-2 h, and the overall variation in runoff depth depended on the early cumulative rainfall. Runoff depth significantly declined with increasing permeability area ratio (PARO), occurring a critical threshold of 15%-20% at control section scale. PARO had greater impacts on the runoff in rainstorm, heavy rainstorm, and torrential rainstorm events. The result can provide important theoretical basis and implications for catchment management and urban planning to reduce surface runoff and flood peak and avoid waterlogging disasters, which are very common in current China.

Based on the research and analysis about the characteristics and the law of evolution of CO₂ emission in the past 16 years (1995—2010) in China's eight regions, using the method of LMDI decomposition, the effects of China's CO₂ emission was decomposed into four influencing effects, which were population size effect, economic development effects, energy intensity effect and energy structure effect, the reason why China's CO₂ emission showing regional differences was found. The results show that: 1) the amount of carbon emissions and per capita carbon emissions of eight regions showed an upward trend in the past 16 years. 2) The proportion of carbon emissions in the regions of Northeast China, Beijing and Tianjin as well as the eastern coastal zone showed a declining trend, other regions were showing an opposite trending or remaining unchanged. 3) Economic development effects have the strongest positive impact on carbon emissions, energy intensity effect has the strongest negative effect on carbon emissions. And 4) population size effect has a greater positive impact on the growth of CO₂ emission in regions including municipalities, economic development effects have a weaker positive impact on the growth of CO₂ emission in developed regions than other regions, energy intensity effect has an inhibition impact to the regions having an active economic restructuring, energy structure effect was affected by macroeconomic and national energy policy, which has a big fluctuation impact on carbon emissions.

The Yangtze River Delta is one of the regions with most densely population,fastest economic growth and most intensive land use,the contradiction of land shortage sharpened by high speed economic development has become the problem not to be ignored which restricts regional sustainable development This paper has revealed the characteristics of high intensity land exploitation and the basic process and driving forces of change in arable land area according to the data of long series statistics of arable land area during the past 50 years and detailed investigation of land use during the recent five years The research results show that there is a trend of obvious fluctuant decrease in arable land area during the past 50 years.The changes of arable land area undergo the process from increase to steep decrease to gently decrease to rapid decrease,in which,there are three height periods of decrease in arable land,they are 1958 to 1963,round about 1985 and round about 1993 respectively The mechanism of decrease in arable land are mainly the driving forces of policy,economic development and population growth

From the angles of the response of ecosystem and tourist perceptions,the response of Liupan mountain ecological tourism attraction trails to human being tourism trampling disturbance was studied.This study was conducted to investigate the patterns and extent of trampling impacts along the main tourism trails.In addition to vegetation change represented by cover reduction (CR) and floristic dissimilarity (FD),leftover reduction(LD),increase of soil hardness (SHI) and Index of Land Cover Impact (ILCI),the Limits of Acceptable Change(LAC) was also added as indicator for tourist impact.The results show that trampling disturbance mainly were limited in 1 to 3 miles along the trail;the composite ecosystem in Xiao Nanchuan with arbor,bosk and grass got most serious disturbance.Using ILCI and LAC Index the responses of the three typical ecosystems were assessed.The ILCI values of the investigating sections along the 1-meter trail impact is seriousy disturbed,then 2-3 meters, and beyond 3 meters,it is seldomly disturbed.Based on Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) questionnaires filled out by visitors,the standard of acceptable change in ground coverage was found to be 55.7 % of the coverage reduction from the trail.from this standard,the investigating areas along the 1-meter trail far exceed the LAC.The impac variables are correlated to the gradient,border area gradient and width of the trail.The Index of Land Cover Impact (ILCI) could be an useful index to evaluate the tourism disturbance.The results also indicate that the current tourism disturbance has had some negative effect on the tourist experience and ecosystem.Some suggestions for management were offered to minimize the trampling impacts of this trail.Improving the development environment,strengthening the planning of tourism attraction,and establishing the forest system and tourism information system would offer important guidance to the promotion of sustainable development of Liupan Mountain.

In order to make Ecological Footprint (EF) model better reflecting regional realities, the article significantly improved the calculating items of EF model. The arable land EF of meat and pollution EF of excreta of poultry, livestock and human were accounted firstly. Three EF categories, namely CO₂ absorption forest, decomposition land and water collection area were established to show the seriousness of agricultural pollution and the multiple ecological functions of arable land and forest. Fossil-fuel land was contained by forest land for absorbing CO₂; grazing land was canceled while the EF of grain used to produce meat was added arable land. The concerning pollution sources were expanded from fossil fuels to chemical-fertilizer, pesticide and excreta of poultry, livestock and human. Furthermore, the EF of pollutants such as CO₂, N, P and pesticide was counted.Fujian’s agricultural EF in 2007 was calculated by using average yields per-unit in recent five years, including the EF of direct inputs, farmers’ consumption and pollutants in agricultural practice. The category comparison between agricultural EF and Fujian’s Ecological Capacity (EC) was used to reflect the agricultural ecological-occupancy in the province. The calculation results indicated that the agricultural EF of forest-land, wetland, built-up area and pollutants-absorption land occupied small proportion of Fujian’s EC in 2007, being respectively 1.4%, 1.2%, 13.4% and 24.6%. This was largely due to high ecological productivity in the province and low consumption in underdevelopment rural areas. However, 94.2% of arable land EC was occupied by agriculture because of less arable land areas per capita and overdevelopment in grain-consumption livestock, which consumed 73.8% of the arable land EC. The EF of water collection area was 2.2 times that of relevant EC, indicating that serious ecological deficit occurred. In water collection area category, chemical fertilizer, excretion and freshwater aquaculture contributed respectively 36.8%, 23.5%, 39.7% in N and 41.8%, 12.9%, 45.4% in P. Some corresponding suggestions were proposed.

The impact of hydropower development on river ecosystems cannot be ignored, and scientific evaluation of its impact will contribute to the establishment of a more sustainable hydropower development patterns. In this paper, we analyzed the benefits and losses of the cascade hydropower development in the mainstream of the Wujiang River on the riparian terrestrial ecosystems and river ecosystems by using both equivalent factor and functional value evaluation methods. Based on the benefits and losses, we made a comprehensive evaluation of the cascade hydropower development on the river ecosystem services. The results show that the hydropower development in the mainstream of the Wujiang River increased the values of the riparian terrestrial ecosystem and river ecosystem services, particularly in the hydrological regulating and water supply functions. In addition, positive effects of the development were found on the power generation, hydrological and air regulating functions, while negative effects were observed on biodiversity maintaining and soil conservation. And the positive effects on river ecosystem service are greater than the negative effects. It was difficult to compare directly the ecological losses of unit electrical energy with other basins as different hydropower stations had their own emphasis regarding the positive and negative effects. Based on the long-term survey data of fish resources in the Wujiang River, the trend of fish biological loss index was analyzed to understand temporal cumulative ecological effects of hydropower development. The differences in the spatial pattern of hydropower generation were discussed by using InVEST model. The impact of ecosystem services such as biodiversity was hard to evaluate directly in terms of currency, and the service value per unit area of the water body was considerably higher than that of any other land-use types, which resulted in a conservative, e.g. a low value of negative effects of the hydropower development in the mainstream of the Wujiang River, and a high ratio of positive to negative values.

Using the statistical data of urban and rural in 2000-2009, this paper constructed an evaluation index system from aspects of population, economy, society, life and resource, then applied methods of entropy method, comprehensive evaluation, correlation analysis, and correlation calculation to quantitatively analyze the performance and correlation trend of urban-rural integrated development in China. The result showed that the overall performance of China’s urban-rural integrated development is obvious, and has the trend of becoming larger. In aspects of individual performance of urban-rural integrated development, the population and social performance were becoming better; the economic performance was not obvious; the life performance was fluctuant, while the resource performance were poor. The positive and negative correlation calculation result showed that the overall trend of China’s urban-rural integrated development was consistent with the trends of the population, the economic and the resources performance between urban and rural, but contrary to the trends of the social and the life performance trends. The result of correlation analysis showed that the overall performance of China’s urban-rural integrated development has close relationship with the resource performance, the economic performance and the population performance, that is to say, resource, economy and population are the foci of China’s urban-rural integrated development. In addition, there were large internal differences in China’s urban-rural integrated development, such as the total and average weight differences, the input and output differences, the regional differences and the provincial differences.

In this paper the physical geographical setting,the formation and distribution of water resources and their utilizing situations in arid land in Northwestern China are analyzed.The dis-tribution and storing characteristics of groundwater in this region are discussed emphatically.In general,the groundwater resources in the plain area are transformed from water resources(in-cluding precipitation and melted water of snow and glacier)in the mountainous area and the latter is the only source of the former.It is believed that the groundwater in the plain area to-gether with the surface water construct a coherent water resource system,an unique hydrologi-cal unit and a complete water ecological system.Therefore,the features and the regularity of the transformation of the three types of water resources(the precipitation,the surface water,and the ground water)should be fully understood,which will play an important role in the sustainable development of this region.

Road plays an important role in the development of economy and society, but it also imposes a threat to environment and ecosystems. Research on such an effect is urgent for environmental protection and ecosystem conservation. This paper quantified the intensity of road network's disturbance in the Lancang River Valley with a road disturbance index, which was established based on the characteristics of a road and its surrounding environment, and then analyzed the spatial pattern of this disturbance and its impact on landscape. The results showed that there was obvious spatial difference of road disturbance intensity throughout the whole Lancang River Valley, the intensity in the middle and lower reaches was far more serious than that of the upper reaches. The road effect-zones were irregular polygons with intricate boundary and taking the spatially scattered severe effect-zones as centers, the disturbance intensity decreased gradually outwards. Comparing landscape patterns and their transformation characteristics among different road effect-zones, it was found out that cropland and built-up area were mainly distributed in severe effect-zones, and the transformation in severe effect-zones was far more violent than that in a weaker one. The above results suggested that road development was an important driving force for landscape change, so sensitive areas should be avoided in the decision-making for new development in the Lancang River Valley.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of land use/cover change (LUCC), especially rapid urbanization, on annual runoff change in Taihu Basin, where monsoonal flood is prone to happen. Xitiaoxi River Basin, one of the main sub-basins of Taihu Lake Basin, was chosen as study area to study the spatial variation of runoff under different land use conditions. A new spatial analysis method called geographically weighted regression model (GWR) was employed to quantitatively evaluate the impact of LUCC on runoff variation. The monthly runoff process was generated by SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). The results showed that: 1) All R² and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency E_NS were above 0.85, and the relative errors |Re| were all less than 15% in the calibration and validation period, suggesting SWAT model perform well. 2) The runoff change was spatially nonstationary, and was significantly correlated with the mostly changed type of land use in the sub-basin, among which the influence of urban land-use had the greatest influence, followed by the forest-grass land and cultivated land. Urban land-use expansion could increase local regional runoff depth by 37.6%-45.2%, while the forest-grass land and cultivated land shrinking could increase local regional runoff depth by 16%-26.2% and 9.2%-15.4% respectively. 3) Spatially, the influence of urban land-use change on runoff depth increased gradually from upstream to downstream in the basin. On the contrary, the impacts of the forest-grass land and cultivated land on runoff process presented decline trend from upstream to downstream. 4) Compared with single-factor GWR model, the multifactorial GWR model had better prediction accuracy and was more suitable to analyze the spatial relationship between runoff and LUCC.

Food security is a major issue related to national security and social livelihood, and tourism industry is an important embodiment of social development. While a close interaction exists between grain production and tourism, the correlation mechanism between grain production and tourism, including the evolution characteristics in the time and space dimensions, has not yet been clarified in existing studies. This study uses DEA-CCR model and entropy weight method to calculate the local grain production efficiency and tourism development level using panel data of 31 provincial-level regions in China (excluding data from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from 2010 to 2019. The coupling coordination model, Markov chain and geological detector are used to discuss their spatiotemporal coupling coordination characteristics and influence mechanisms. The results show that: (1) The grain production efficiency and tourism industry development level in China are fluctuating with the elaspe of time, and there is an obvious imbalance between regions. (2) Grain production efficiency and the tourism development level show a high degree of coupling correlation. The coupling and coordination relationship between the two has evolved from "primary coupling and coordination" to "intermediate coupling and coordination," and shows the differentiation characteristics of "high in the east and low in the west" in terms of space. (3) The coupling coordination between the national grain production efficiency and the tourism development level is relatively stable, making it difficult to realize the transition of the coupling coordination type in the short term. (4) Regional economic development level (GDP) and tertiary industry labor force (number of employees) are the core driving factors that affect the coupling and coordination between grain production efficiency and the tourism development. The findings in this study have certain reference value for the scale of grain production, resource allocation, tourism destination planning and development of provincial-level regions. Moreover, the study provides theoretical support and practical reference for the formulation of macro policies in the aspects such as cultivated land protection, food security, and promotion of high-quality tourism development.

Based on the GIS,RS,GPS and PRA,the impact of water resources on desertification and pauperization in the Minqin basin is studied.The water in the Shiyang River,which is the main river feeding the basin,is over-used for irrigation with little or no surface water now reaching the Minqin Basin itself.Large-scale water conservancy construction and water resources exploitation were carried out with the dramatic growth of population beginning in 1949 when new P.R.China was founded.In 1995,the total water storage of 23 reservoirs was about 450×106m3.Accordingly,the canalled surface runoff amounted to 1.406×109m3 yearly in the 1990s,being about 89% of the total runoff.As a result farms in the Minqin Basin are now dependent on the pumping of groundwater for both irrigation and drinking purposes.This has caused a gradual reduction in the level of groundwater and a huge lake,approximately 500km₂ in extent in the centre of the basin has now disappeared completely.Freshwater can now only be obtained by pumping from wells of 300m deep and the number of wells has reached 10 000.The increasing utilization of water resources has led to great environmental problems such as groundwater exhausting,water level decline,deterioration of water quality,vegetation degradation,soil salini-zation and land desertification,which in turn result in pauperization.It is necessary to step up a higher stage of water management and increase the water saving techniques.A water laws is needed to strictly forbid excessive mining of ground water and provide unified development and allocation within the river basin for socioeconomic development and fragile ecological protection.Meanwhile,it is a possible way to control desertification,eliminate pauperization,convert farmland into forest and plant grass for stock raising.

The cognition and awareness of water deficit which is computed as the difference between precipitation and potential evaporation has an important role to understand the supplydemand situation and rational utilization of water resources. Based on the daily precipitation, mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, wind speed, sunshine hours, average related humidity data of 27 meteorological stations in the Hengduan Mountains region during the period of 1961-2012 and using the methods of climate tendency rate, Penman- Monteith model, Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation, the temporal-spatial variations of water deficit and the relationship between the water deficit and PDO, AO and ENSO by the cross wavelet and wavelet coherence techniques were analyzed in terms of summer monsoon in the Hengduan Mountains region. The results are as follows: 1) The annual mean value of water deficit changed and increased obviously in fluctuation and the increasing rate was 5.87 mm/10 a in the summer monsoon during the recent 52 years. The amount of water deficit was positive in the summer monsoon over the study area. 2) The mean value of water deficit existed obvious differences in the space and presented decreasing trends from south to north. However, the changing trends increased gradually from south to north. The water deficit had increasing trends at rate of 7.96 mm/10 a, 7.54 mm/10 a and 2.16 mm/10 a in the northern, central and southern over the study area, respectively. 3) The relationship between the water deficit and elevation indicated that precipitation extreme events decreased with the altitude. Furthermore, the relationship between the water deficit and PDO, AO and ENSO presented significant periodic variations with water deficit. In general, the increase of water deficit will relieve the contradiction between water supply and demand, decrease climate drought and improve ecological environment in the Hengduan Mountains region.

In order to improve the management efficiency of water resource in China, and realize a reasonable collocation of irrigated water resources, the farmland water conservancy management is an important means to achieve the agricultural water saving and using. The research is based on the stochastic frontier production function to evaluate the management technique efficiency of water conservancy, and select the linear inefficient regression and Logistic model to explain the participatory mechanism which influences more obviously water management efficiency. The result shows that the management efficiency of water conservancy in China has yet to be improved to a large extent. The level of water management efficiency differs in different economic and natural regions as well as different management modes adopted. Increasing non-collective property, establishing water fee system and improving farmer's participation could contribute to the improvement of the efficient use of agricultural water resources. The research results can help different regions construct a suitable farmer's participatory mode and promote continuous use of agricultural water in China, which all have a great practical significance and reference value.

生态修复是当前生态学和环境科学领域研究的热点问题，并且孕育着巨大的研究和应用前景，然而由于工程时空跨度大、修复对象复杂等特点，生态修复实践仍然存在着理论研究滞后、投入产出率相对低下、修复模式单一、项目达标情况难以监测等问题。在总结归纳实践经验的基础之上，根据生态修复的不同层次和阶段，将生态修复的实践模式由开始启动阶段到修复终点，自下而上串联成一个相互独立而又彼此联系的模式，即包含“点”、“线”、“面”和“多维立体”四种模式在内的多层次生态修复模式。该模式有以下两方面特点：①修复的对象在现有的物种、种群、生态系统结构和功能的基础之上，增加了人类这一生态系统的重要组分，同时把社会经济等因素放在与科学技术同等重要的位置进行考虑，将其作为指导理论之一融入到生态修复的具体实践步骤中；②与以往静态的单一修复目标不同，论文提出了一种层层递进、彼此联系而又环环相扣的动态、多层次修复模式，每一种模式都对应着生态修复的不同层次和阶段，层层递进共同构成生态修复的全部内容。此模式既充分考虑生态系统自身的复杂性，又符合生态系统动态发展趋势，可为当前生态修复实践中的难点、疑点提供更具现实意义的指导。

Nutrient cycle of rubber tea chicken eco agricultural model—a typical tro pical agro forestry system in Wenchang municipality of Hainan Province was studied with quantitative experiment and qualitative analysis compared with rubber and rubber tea systems.Results showed that the cycling and outputting nutrient of chicken gardens were the highest and the nutrient cycle was most active.Its ratio of external N and P input decreased than the other two systems and the internal cycling nutrient increased,so,the rubber tea chicken agro forestry system has rational nutrient cycle structure.

Land-use change is a major driver behind the loss of ecosystem services. In recent years, a great emphasis has been placed on the responsiveness of ecosystem services value to the land-use change, and the coefficient of sensitivity, as an important indicator, has been widely used for the assessment of this responsiveness. However, the limitation of sensitivity analysis, proposed by Kreuter et al, on this application has been neglected. In this paper, firstly, the reexamination was carried out for the conventional sensitivity analysis, and the concept of cross-sensitivity and its calculation was proposed on this basis, through which it was more intuitive to characterize the responsiveness of ecosystem services value to the mutual transformation between land use types. Secondly, a dynamic analysis was conducted using coefficient of cross- sensitivity for the responsiveness of ecosystem services value to the transformation among land use types in the Keriya Oasis in 1991, 2002 and 2011 respectively, noting the processes of land-use change, to which ecosystem services were increasingly sensitive, to provide a reference for land-use policy. The main conclusions were drawn as follows: 1) The categories of land-use transformations to which the ecosystem services showed sensitive were stable during the three time points 1991, 2002 and 2011, mainly concentrated on the conversions from the land-use types with high ecosystem functionality, i.e. wetland and water body, to the others which are large in size and poor in ecosystem service provision, i.e. desert and low- densitygrass. For example, 1% conversion from wetland to desert caused 4.15% loss in ecosystem service in 1991, and 4.45% loss in 2002; 1% transformation from water body to low-density-grass led to 1.16% and 1.30% loss in ecosystem service in 1991 and 2002. 2) As compared with 1991 and 2011, the cross-sensitivity coefficients generally increased in 2002, mainly due to the decrease in the size of wetlands and water area which exacerbated the ecological vulnerability of the study area, and as a result the value of ecosystem services showed greater sensitivity to such transformations. 3) The coefficient of cross- sensitivity for the transformation from wetlands and water body to arable land had been in a rising trend, and continued close to -1, indicating that the value of ecosystem services became more and more sensitive to the intensifying human activities.

To actively develop the exploitive agriculture may lead the farmers to open up new production realms and new wealthcreating sources, And it also is beneficial to handling the surplus labour, adjusting the industrial structure, increasing products, and developing the commodity economy.The exploitive agriculture is oriented by resources and markets and possesses the characteristics of strong specalization, bases establishment, systematization, and commercialized production. At present, the agricultural resources that have not yet been used or have not been used fully are relatively abundant. If the policy is right and the measures are effective, their potentials of development and utilization are great. So to develop the exploitive agriculture is an important way for solving the agricultural problems of China.

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are a widespread ground living cover in arid and semi-arid areas, which serve as an important ecological function in ecosystems of arid areas. To study its development characteristics and formation mechanism is the basis of effective management and utilization of these resources. Since the implementation of Grain for Green Project, the ecosystem of the Loess Plateau recovered extensively, and BSCs widely developed. However, the related researches are still deficient compared to those in the desert area. Due to the complexity of BSCs' development process and its spatial differentiation, many results of researches carrying out in desert areas can not be directly extrapolated to the loess area. In view of this, this paper chose a typical small watershed in the Loess Plateau, carried out a comprehensive survey, made lots of calculation and analysis by using GIS software, discussed the distribution characteristics of the BSCs and its influencing factors. The results showed that: 1) a total of 13 species of mosses belonging to eight genera under two families were found in the watershed. Of which Bryum algovicum Sendt., Bryum argenteum Hedw. and Didymodon constrictus (Mitt.) Saito. are most widely distributed. 2) Moss crust had the absolute advantage with an area of 4.18 km², accounting for 60.7% of the watershed area, which are mainly distributed on the hill slope or slope top for less erosion or less disturbance, and better soil water conditions. 3) Soil, vegetation and slope aspect had a significant effect on the development of BSCs. Compared with the loess area, BSCs in sandy area had a high coverage and showed a continuous distribution. The development of BSCs under the tree and shrub vegetation was superior to those under herbaceous communities, and the vegetation coverage promoted first and then inhibited the development of BSCs (inflection point at 30% of the coverage). Overall, the coverage and thickness of the BSCs were greater on shady slope than those on sunny slope.

This paper is written on the basis of 14 years' (1972-1992) research data. According to the functional rule of limiting factors, the hydro-thermal optimum models of productivity of the Chinese-fir plantation in Guangxi are set up as follows:The models indicate that the optimum hydro-thermal coefficient of Chinese-fir growth is from 2.3 to 2.6 and that the distribution pattern of Chinese-fir productivity in Guangxi is decided mainly by the warmth index (temperature condition) . Meanwhile, by using the principal component analysis, five groups of the productivity types of the Chinese-fir plantation in Guangxi are classified, according to the hydro-thermal combination environment. Then the hydro-thermal indexes of the fast-growth and high-yield Chinese-fir forest are proposed as follows: the yearly mean air temperature is 14.5-19.5℃, the monthly mean air temperature in July 20-28℃, the≥10℃ yearly accumulated temperature 5000-6700℃, and the yearly precipitation 1300-2000mm. This results are essentially the same as those reported by previous researchers. Finally, a series of Chinese-fir productivity distribution maps in different altitude zones in Guangxi are drawn according to the optimum models. These maps completely and quantitatively show the macro-patterns of three-direction zonation of the Chinese-fir productivity.

Eco-compensation is an important policy of ecological construction and environmental protection in China. Targeted poverty alleviation is also a significant measure to promote regional coordinated development and ensure that impoverished people can get rid of poverty on schedule. There are some coupling points between the two, such as objects, subjects, carriers, standards, ways and means. China has put forward "a set of poverty alleviation through eco-compensation". Many regions, in light of their actual situations, have also carried out relevant works by combining eco-compensation with targeted poverty alleviation. At present, there are some connections and coupling developments between targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation in China. The five typical coupling developments are shown in the following. (1) Coupling development between poor population and eco-compensation object. For the poor people with labor capacity, the government will employ them as forest rangers. As for the targets of poverty alleviation, they will be directly included in the scope of preferential policies of eco-compensation funds and receive subsidies under eco-compensation policies. (2) Coupling development between poverty alleviation region and eco-compensation area. In China, most of the poverty-stricken areas, such as concentrated areas with special difficulties, key counties for poverty alleviation and development, and poverty stricken villages, are distributed in ecologically fragile areas whose ecosystems are sensitive and need to be protected. (3) Coupling development between poverty alleviation industry and eco-compensation measure. The local governments guide the poor to realize green transfer of production, help the impoverished villages to adjust and optimize their industrial structure and transform the mode of economic development, train the impoverished households in planting and raising, and help them to develop special industries such as rural forest tourism, famous and special cash crops, farm recreation, and under-forest economy. (4) Coupling development between poverty intensity and eco-compensation standard. In China, we have implemented regional differential compensation policies, such as appropriately raising eco-compensation standards for poverty stricken villages and poor households, raising subsidies for ecological public welfare forests, and increasing the salaries of forest rangers, etc. In some regions, when determining the key poverty alleviation targets, we, in addition to considering poverty factors such as economic income, should also figure out whether these poverty alleviation targets undertake ecological construction tasks, such as ecological public welfare forest protection, and finally determine the corresponding compensation standards based on their ecological contribution. (5) Coupling development between poverty alleviation policy and eco-compensation requirement. In defining the object of poverty alleviation, priority should be given to the impoverished population who bear the task of public forest protection. In the arrangement of poverty alleviation funds and development funds, such as subsidies for returning farmland to forests and subsidies for under-forest economy arranged by various sectors, are preferentially inclined to the poorer households under the same conditions. In the key areas of poverty alleviation, priorities should be given to the fields of ecological environment construction and protection, the ecological industry development, and some other aspects which are closely related to eco-compensation policies. Each has its own connotation and characteristics. In order to further promote the coupling development between targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation in China, we can take measures in many aspects, such as strengthening theoretical researches, clearing the direction and focus of coupling, consolidating the public foundation, and innovating the development model.

Although scarcity of irrigation water restricts grain production, it can promote agricultural technology progress to increase supply elasticities of grain. To shed light on the comprehensive effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure, this paper explores the effects of irrigation water pressure, grain price changes and their interaction on the yields of different crops based on heterogeneous coefficient Nerlove model and panel data of 27 provinces from 2002 to 2017. The results show that: (1) The direct effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure is increasing proportion of corn yield and reducing proportions of other crops yields. Specifically, the magnitude of that impact is in a descending order from rice, potatoes, beans and wheat. (2) The indirect effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure is decreasing supply elasticities of wheat, beans and potatoes while making supply elasticities of rice and maize even larger, which contributes to the increase of proportions of rice yield and corn yield. (3) With growth of irrigation water pressure from 2002 to 2017, its comprehensive effect on grain production structure makes a significant increase in proportion of corn yield and a significant decrease in proportions of beans yield and potatoes yield. Regional analysis reveals an increase in yield proportions of maize and rice in main grain production areas of Northern China, leading to more irrigation water consumption in this region where scarcity of water is severer. And this finding of our paper is a support for "the paradox of irrigation efficiency".

The agricultural development in arid and semi-arid irrigated district depends on water resources,eco-environment and society factors.Research of water resources integrated benefit e-valuation in irrigated area is a core problem concerning development of water-saving agriculture,soil and water environment protection as well as coordinated economic and eco-environmental development.Now adays the evaluation models of water resources mostly use economic benefit maximum as optimized objection function,regardless of social benefit and eco-environmental benefit.Especially research of water resources synthetical benefit in irrigated district is inade-quate.Based on the conception of water resources sustainable development,it is pointed out that water resources optimized allocation should consider economic benefit,eco-environmental benefit and social benefit.Applying analytic hierarchy process(AHP),this paper established the mathe-matical model for integrated benefit evaluation of wa ter resources in irrigated district.The evalu-ation index system is proposed based on characteris tics of water resources development.The eval-uation index system includes3aspects:economic benefit,social benefit and eco-environmental benefit.These indices systematically reflect features in arid and semi -arid irrigated district.Be-cause of the complex relation of indices factors,synthetical benefit evaluation includes quantita-tive and qualitative aspects.The model and indicators made up are applied to evaluate syntheti-cally the status of water resources utilization in Baojixia Irrigated Dis trict in Shaanxi Province.The assessment model played an important role for the evaluation and management of water re-sources and water-saving program in the irrigated district.