In this paper,the present situation of utilizing the cereal straw resource in China and the so-called "Indian Medel"are analysed and the potential and effective ways of the exploitation and utilization of the crop straw are probed. The aim is to relize the reasonable structure of animal husbandry of the "Economical Food Type".

China, a country with a vast territory and a huge population, has been plagued by nearly all kinds of natural disasters except volcanic eruption. In a certain sense, therefore, the history of the Chinese Nation is a history of combating natural disasters. In the course of history,China has created many great water conservancy engineering projects of very long standing ,such as the Dujiangyan Water Diversion and Irrigation Project of Sichuan Province and the Sea Dike of Zhejiang Province, and. has accumulated rich experiences in disaster reduction.On the basis of natural disaster information of the China National Committee for the IDNDR and the researches in regional natural disasters of China supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China, this paper mainly analyses the natural disasters,construction works for disaster reduction and sustainable development of China, the conclusions are as follows :a. The main features of natural hazards in China are great variety, high frequency and serious damage. As a country with vast territory and complex climatic and geographical conditions, China suffers mainly from such kinds of natural hazards as drought, flood,typhoon, earthquake, hail, cold spell, snow storm, forest fire, plant disease and insect pest ,landslide , cave breakdown, mud-rock flow , sandstorm, storm surge, sea wave, sea-ice, red tide, etc. Among these , drought , flood. typhoon and earthquake are most destructive. Since 1949 when the People's Republic of China was founded, on an average, drought has occurred 7. 5 times each year , flood 5. 8 times, typhoon (including tropical storm ) 6. 9 times , and cold spell 2. 5 times. They are all relatively high in frequency. In addition, China has suffered more than 50 earthquakes of force 7 or greater magnitude on Richter's Scale ,including three force 8 magnitude earthquakes. Natural disasters usually cause heavy losses of life and property in China and have become important factors hampering the sustainable development of China's economy. In the last 5 years,the direct economic losses caused by natural hazard were: 1989, 52. 5 billion yuan ; 1990 , 61 . 6 billion yuan; 1991 , 121. 6 billion yuan; 1992, 85. 4billion yuan ; 1993 , 99. 3 billion yuan.b. China's construction works for disaster reduction mainly include engineering works beneficial to large areas ,such as flood prevention/control and drought combating engineering works; seismic prevention and quake-resistance engineering works ; landslide and mud-rock flow control projects; shelter-forest ecological engineering projects; desertification control engineering projects; forest disease prevention and insect pest control projects; agricultural ecological-disaster control engineering projects; forest and grassland fire control engineering projects; and other engineering projects to address hazards of lesser impacts. China's nonengineering undertakings related to disaster reduction include the establishment of systems for disaster monitoring, assessing, forecasting and early-warning; land use programming;disaster and risk zoning; disaster reduction planning; disaster insurance; disaster rescue and relief, etc.c. China's national strategies of disaster reduction are: (a) The guiding principle of China's strategy to mitigate natural disaster is to minimize the losses and human casualties caused by natural disasters in the light of China's specific conditions and the need to promote sustainable economic development and social stability; (b) For increasing the national financial input of disaster reduction and calculating the cost of disaster reduction,the regional development is combined with natural disaster reduction and the natural disaster insurance is combined with disaster rescue and relief; (c) Adhering to the principle of "promoting what is beneficial and minimizing what is harmful", and the step-by-step approach"from easier tasks to more difficult tasks", China should be ready to continue taking part in the relevant activities for the national sustainable development programs-the 21st century agen

The current new idea and viewpoints in the world are used in this paper, and by combing with the international developing trend of natural resources conservation and in accordance with the China's actual conditions. the natural resources conservation of China has been discussed in three parts as follows: (a) The characteristics of China's nature reserves; (b)The construction theory of nature reserves in China and the main issues that affect the development of nature reserves; (c) Some knowledges that may promote the development of nature reserves in China. This paper has put forth a feasible scientific basis for the harmonious development of natural resources conservation and social economy in China.

This paper analyses and evaluates the rich natural cold resource in North China and proposes the ways of preserving the natural cold resource in winter for the preservation of fresh agricultural products. The principle,characteristics and the status quo of using the natural cold resource for ice-making to preserve the fresh agricultural products are demonstrated.Possessing the benefits of energy-saving, less investment and high quality, the proposed method is a new way for the preservation of the fresh agricultural products,and has broad prospects of application in North China.

In this paper, on the basis of the objective deniand to establish a socialist market economy system and aiming at the correction of the realistic weakness in the grassland contract resposibility system,a new grassland management mechanism is raised. This is done through the sharing of the property right of grassland, realizing the share cooperation system of grassland management promoting the management cooperation of the grassland animal husbandry, and lastly improving the effects of the utilization and construction of the grassland.

“青藏高原形成演化、环境变迁与生态系统研究”项目于1992年8月由国家科委正式批准列入国家攀登计划。同年9月聘任孙鸿烈院士为该项目首席科学家，10月批复成立了项目“专家委员会”。

Nature reserve establishment is the most effective approach of biodiversity conservation.By the end of 1993, 763 reserves has been established in China with a total area of 66 184 100ha that occupied 6. 8% of the country's whole land. On the basis of summing up the achivements of the nature reserve development in China, the present status of all categories of reserves is presented in this paper, including their numbers, areas, distributions and managements. Then the effects of reserves on conserving various natural ecosystems, wild species, domestic species and germplasm resources are evaluated. Also the existing problems are analysed and the measures for enhancing the in situ conservation of biodiversityproposed.

There are obvious regional differences in the utilization efficiency of agroclimatic resources for the cereals yield in the world. The comprehensive utilization efficiency for the cereal yield in Europe is the greatest,which is 2. 78. Next it is 1.43 in North America and Oceania, 1.40 in Asia, and 1.12 in South America.In Africa it is the lowest, which is only 0. 61. The relative light energy utilization efficiency (%) is from 0. 03 (in Angola) to 0. 76(in Netherland). The Heat utilization efficiency (kg.℃-. ha-) is from 0. 03 to 2. 03 (in Netherland and Sweden). The precipitation utilization efficiency (kg. mm-1. ha-1 )is from 0. 35 (in Angola) to 8. 71 (in Netherland). The transfer efficiency of cereals is high in regions where the conditions of light,heat and precipitation cooperate relatively well with the crop demand (see Table 1-4). On the other hand,the moisture is easy to exert efficiency in dry and Semi-dry regions.Therefore the potential utilization efficiency of agroclimatic resources in the world is very great. In China,the utilization efficiency of agroclimatic resources is lowrer than that in countries with high yield mainly because of the low utilization efficiency of the unit area preduction. So to rise the utilization efficiency of agroclimatic resources of the unit area preduction will become an important task in the future.

中国自然资源学会天然药物资源专业委员会在南京成立天然药物资源专业委员会暨第一次学术研讨会于１９９４年１２月１５－１８日在南京召开。中国自然资源学会副理事长包浩生教授、秘书长陈传友研究员以及来自全国２１个省市自治区及香港地区的代表８６人出席了大会。天然...

中德合资五千瓦风力发电机在内蒙古投运１１月２９日,位于中蒙边境的四子王旗白音敖包苏木（乡）６０多户牧户,４００多人全部用上了电,中德合资的两台５ｋＷ大型风力发电机多用途供电系统在此投入运行。这标志着内蒙古利用外资开发风能又跨上了一个新台阶。该系统由内...

Levy of eco-environmental compensation fee is an effective measure in solving the ecological and environmental problems. This is yet in its infancy in China. According to the experiences in other countries, constructing a levy system like this requires investigation and study on the fee-rate, the methods of management, as well as the environmental and socio-economic effects.In this paper, theoretical discussions in respects to the levy principles, the levy objects,the levy standards and the environmental effects are presented, and several suggestions for the guidance of the work are raised.

This paper briefly discusses the ecological selection basis of the transformation of the contemporary human development model and presents an integrated development model of the "ecology-centered theory"of the human race-organism-environment interactioneco-development.In the paper,the essential connotation and constitution of eco-development are discussed and the dynamic features of the eco-development model is analyzed.The author further presents that in order to realize the aims of the sustainable development of China the eco-development model should the taken as the basic construction model of the country.

This paper discusses four stern difficulties and challenges faced by the development of grain production in China. According to the basic national conditions of China and the amount of grain resource in the world market, China must meet the grain demands mainly by her own domestic production. Using the input-occupancy-output techniques and system science methods, this paper makes a forecast about China's grain output, grain import and self-support rate in the year 2030.

Sustainable development of agricultural resources should be satisfied by three basic conditions which are 1. The total amount of food products should supply the requirement of population number at the its "Zero Increase Point", that is to say the food amount per capita in China should keep at 400kg no matter any generation in future; 2. the"consumption"of agricultural resources and its"renewable ability"should keep a relative balance; 3. Spatial homogeneous situation of agricultural conditions should be gradually reached in China. The three restricting conditions are also called to be proceeding restrict, spatial restrict, and management restrict. In the narrow sense, the author uses comparative analysis between food increase rate and population increase rate to illustrate China's sustainable development of agricultural resources from 1950 to 2050. In the conclusions of the paper, five points are listed as following: 1 . upper limit of China's population is 1.6 billion, 2. the time of reached to population"Zero Increase Point"should be at 2040 or 2050; 3. from 1995 to 2040, the increase rate of China's food should keep at 1 .0% or 1.1% per year, 4. from 1995 to 2040, the increase rate of China's population should keep at 0.75% or 0.85% per year; 5. agricultural sustainable development of China is possible if the control index designed are achieved. Our future of agriculture is"prudent optimistic".

On the basis of analyzing and calculating the water resources quantity of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the authors assess the water source conditions, the natural and social conditions and the exploitation benefits, and then put forward views of the water resources use in different regions of the plateau.

The price of natural resources should be equal to their marginal opportunity cost(MOC).Theoretically,MOC is the whole cost of employing an unit of certain natural resource.MOC is made up of three parts:marginal production cost(MPC), marginal user cost(MUC) and marginal external cost(MEC).When we use an unit of certain scarce natural resource by some way,the maximal abandoned net benefit which may be gained from using the same natural resource by other ways is MUC. When we use an unit of certain natural resource,the Coverspending uncompensated loss that other people suffer is MEC.As an environmental resource,the self-puriflcation capacity of environment also has MUC.

Crop germplasm resources are an important component part of biodiversity and are the material base of agricultural development. Especially they play an important role in increasing food production. Thus, the effective protection and sustained utilization of crop germplasm resources are treated as an essential matter related to the national economy and the people's livelihood in the scientifically and technologically developed countries, such as the United States, Japan, France, Russia, United Kingdom, etc. In China, the collection, conservation, study and utilization of crop germplasm resources are also paid great attention,and a large number of new varieties have been bred through using the excellent ones. After the popularized varieties of main food crop were replaced 4 to 5 times, the food yield were increased from 1 155kg / hm₂ in the 1950's to 4065kg /hm₂ in 1994. So far, about 240 thou sand portions of food crop germplasm resources have been collected, and 20 thousand of them identified and evaluated for the main agricultural characters, quality, tolerance to environmental stresses, and resistance to diseases and pests. A great number of resources with desirable characters have been screened out, and some of them have played a great role or will play a still greater role in increasing food production. However, compared with the advanced countries, our country still has a long way to go. Therefore, various new techniques should be fully utilized to accelerate the identification and exploitation of the current food crop germplasm resources. Furthennore, new resources should be also continued to collect and screen on the basis of the needs of breeding and production. It is also necessary to create new species or medium materials to provide the breeders with various excellent resources that do not exist before. This will lay a foundation for the sustained development of our food production.

Human society has gone through three revolutions of agriculture, industry and ecology.Now it is entering into the ecological society and is building the new ecological civilization. In this new epoch, people's economic thought and economic behavior should be guided by the thought of the coordination between ecology and economy, and follow the road of sustainable development. For this purpose, the effectiveness of agricultural resources utilization should be regarded as the basic point of rational use of agricultural resources. The use should be active, economical and sufficient. According to this, in practice, the agricultural resources should be used widely, deeply and moderately.

China's Loess Plateau Region is rich in natural resources. However, the ecological environment of this region is fragile. There are both enormous tasks of exploitation and sevious problems in environmental management. Within this region huge water supply is necessary to meet these demands. This region is located in arid and semi-arid areas, where water resource is comparatively poor and the supply-demand contradictions of water become sharp. In view of the water resource characteristies and water demands within the region this paper proposes that water resource utilization should lay equal stress on exploitation, utilization and protection to guaranttee the sustained utilization of water resource.

In this paper,we reconstruct the surface water resource of North Xinjiang in 250 years from the tree-ring field in this region,study the relationships among climate,surface water resource and tree-ring,analyze the long-term variation features and predict the variation trend in the futute.The main conclusions obtained are as follows:(a).Reconstructing the surface water resource from the tree-ring field in North Xinjiang has clear physiological significance and the results are believable;(b).The departure variation features of the sequence of the surface water resource of North Xinjiang in 250 years are as follows:the annual surface water is mainly less than its mean before 1840,it is mainly more than its mean from 1841 to 1974 and it is also mainly less than its mean after 1974:(c).There is an undulate increase trend in the surface water resource during 1760-1905 and there is a weaker decrease trend from 1905 to 1994:(d).The maximum departure percentage amplitude of the surface water resource in 250 years is from-29% to +41%;(e).The lengths of the main variation periods of the surface water resource are 2,35,30,14,and 52 years respectively;(f).There is a better correlation between the surface water resource of North Xinjiang and the relative number of sunspot in the periods of 22,11,6 and 2～3 years.

In this paper, using the system dynamics model, the simulated calculation analysis is made for the water resources system of the plain area in the Hanzhong Basin. On the basis of the system dynamics model, different exploitation programms of the water resources system are put forward and through the multi-programme and multi-purpose comprehensive appraisal , the optimal exploitation programme and the related policies are obtained.

The crop productive ability of soil moisture is studied by using the artificial moisture control under the climate in Shanxi Guanzhong.The results show that the highest soil moisture productive ability for wheat is 17.59kg/hm₂.mm),for millet 11.61kg/(hm₂.mm),for pea 10.33kg/(hm₂.mm),and for rape 10.46kg/(hm₂.mm).The critical value of soil moisture storage to obtain a certain output of wheat is about 160mm,of pea 150mm of millet and of rape 300mm.After the storage of soil moisture is over the critical value crop yield can be greatly improved with an increase of storage of soil moisture.But when soil moisture exeeeds a certain amount,crop yield tends to be stable.For example,for pea when soil moisture exceeds 300mm,for wheat 400mm,for millet 500mm,and for rape 650mm.Soil moisture productive ability can not raised when moisture is insufficient and fertilizer is abundant or when moisture is abundant and fertilizer is insufficient.At this time,the soil moisture ineffectively consumed.The soil moisture productive ability can be improved by applying fertilizer according to moisture conditions.

The history of social development in the extensive mountainous and hilly districts in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River proves that soil and water loss seriously destroys the soil and water resources and hinders the development of the local agricultural productive forces.The soil and water conservation key control project in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River has been carried out since 1989. Its remarkable economic, ecological and social benefits show that soil and water conservation not only controls soil erosion and improves ecological environment, but also protects sustainable utilization of natural resources. It has become an important basic project that supports the agricultural sustainable development in the mountainous and hilly districts in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.

The sustainable development of forest resource is the basis of the coordinative development of forestry and national economy, society and environment. The paper expounds the possibility of forest sustainable development, discusses some problems existing in forest resource development of China and analyses the reasons that cause these problems.

Through the method of fixed position observation of the run-off plots, the losses of water, soil and nutrients of the forest land of different forest ground clearances have been studied for six years. The results show that different forest ground clearances (control burning and non-burning) result in great difference of soil erosion. As time goes on, the difference decreases. The losses of water, soil and nutrients of the land of control burning within six years are 8767.32m3. hm₂, 38.004t / hm₂ and 523.161 t/hm₂ respectively. The annual losses of soil erosion decrease as the degree of ground cover increases. The first two years after control burning are a key period for controlling the soil erosion at the control burning site. The factors that affect the soil erosion of the ecosystem of young Chinese fir forest are analyzed through applying a mixed quantification theory's model I. The results indicate that the most important factor is control burning.

On the basis of large quantities of data this paper discusses the significance of agricultural water use to the development of agricultute in China, the present status of agricultural water use in China, and the main probiemls of the China's agricultural water use is facing and presents proposals for the solution to these problems.

Resource exploitation and utilization are the basic problems of economy rescarch. The price problem of resource utilization is very important to setting up and developing the mechanism of socialist market economy in China. Carl Maxis's theory of labour value is the basic for studing the price problem of resource utilization, but it is necessary to absorb other successful theories and practices, especially those of the Occident. To the price problem of the resouces, it not only need study the market factors, but also need study the non-market factors. At the same time, the government function problem is also very important in the researches on resource price mechanism.

There are 34 species and 8 varieties of blackberry (Rubus Linn. ) in Gansu. They distribute in South Qinling Mountains region, North Qinling Mountains region, Gannan Mountains region, the loess plateau of west and east Gansu, and the alpine grass land of south Gansu. The majority of them are eatable and possess great value of exploitation and utilization. To set up a base of cultivation and experiment of blackberry is an important step to assure the supply of raw material. Through the estimation of the market demand of blackberry products and the estimation of the categories of products, it is hopeful to transform the potential wild value into real productive force.

On the basis of comparison and analysis of the practical situations of China and foreign counties,this paper establishes a pattern of the general,regional land use planning compatible to the socialist market economy system of China.This pattern consists of "zoning the land according to usage,setting up the regulations for regional land use and combining with the warning index of cultivated farmland".These are the core contents of the pattern.A logical control system consisting of "the macroscopic control level made of the regional land use strategy,the basic control level made of zoning the land according to usage,regional land use regulations and cultivated farmland warning index,and the applicaion control level made of public welfare land use planning"is established.

This paper points out that the diversity of animal and poultry variety resources is one of the basic elements for sustainable development of animal husbandry. The main studies and the understanding of the diversity of animal and poultry variety resources in China and abroad in the recent half century are reviewed and appraised. Then the diversity of animal and poultry resources of China and its international status and effects are expounded. The difficult position of these resources at present is pointed out. There are six strategies and ways to deal with this situation, which are discussed too. The most important strategy is to completely change the traditional predatory ideas toward the animal and poultry variety resources it is necessary to learn the experiences and lessons from the western developed countries, namely,"to destroy these resources at first, then to look for, to collect and to conserve the diversity". So we should make the correct decision and approach for keeping the diversity of animal and poultry variety resources of China.