目前水温预报的降水资料严重不足，特别是无资料地区将很大可能利用卫星遥感反演获取降水信息，丹遥感资料提供的降水时间尺度往往较长，难以满足水文预报需求。论文提出了一种基于统计，针对独立降水事件，将长时段降水聚解为短时间尺度降水的方法。研究将此方法应用于史灌河七邻雨量站，分别聚解了七邻6h、3h、2h、1h降水为10min降水。研究表明，该方法计算简单，能保证模拟的总量同实际的完全一致，雨强同实际的基本一致，具有较好的区域适应性。图6表6参8

It is of significance to study the effect of land use change on ec osystem service values.This paper aimed to provide decision support for sustain able use of resources and protection of eco-environment by assessing land use change and its consequent changes in ecosystem service values of Jilin Province .We obtained land use data by interpreting remote sensing images.Based on dyna mic data of land use in Jinlin,this paper analyzed changes in land use and ecos ystem service values using the ecosystem service value coefficients put forward by Costanza et al.In addition,coefficients of sensitivity were introduced to test the rationality of ecological value coefficients.Results show that from1 980to2000,area of rangeland,water bodies and wetlands decreased and oth er categories of land use increased.Due to comparatively small valuation coeffi cients(VC)of cultivated land and comparatively big VC of wetland and water bod ies,the increment in cultivated land could not offset the total decrement in regional ecosystem service values because of decrease in area of wetlands and wa ter bodies.Meanwhile,city sprawl has also led to loss of ecological values.T he total ecosystem service values of the study area reduced dramatically,from U SD12365.14×10 6 to USD10700.38×10 6 in period1980-2000.There was a13.46%net decline in annual va lue of ecosystem services in study area(i.e.USD1664.76×10 6 net decline in total ecosystem service values)and a0.72%decline per ye ar.In recent five years,the degradation of woodland,wetland and rangeland sl owed down because of enhancement of eco-environment protection.There was an 0.54%decline per year in ecosystem service values from1995to2000,w hile there was an0.78decline per year from1980to1995,which shows t hat the decline in ecosystem service values has been lessened in recent five ye ars.

Hydropower development and outward transmission in Tibet play a vital role in optimization of energy resource configuration and reduction of CO₂ emission in China. The low-carbon effects of hydropower development in Tibet were assessed, and fossil fuel consumption reduction and CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were analyzed based on net coal consumption rate, CO₂ emission coefficient and its dynamic change of fossil-fired power generation in different power grids. The results show that: 1) The fossil fuel consumption reduction and the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet have significant variations. During the period from 2006 to 2012, the fossil fuel consumption reduction and the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were the most in 2011. 2) The fossil fuel consumption reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were different significantly with different net coal consumption rates of fossil-fired power generation. The fossil fuel consumption reduction achieved by hydropower development according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in Central China power grid (CCPG) was the most, the fossil fuel consumption reduction according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in Northwest China power grid (NCPG) and Tibet power grid (TPG) took the second and the third place respectively, and the fossil fuel consumption reduction according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in national power grid (NPG) was the least. 3) According to different CO₂ emission levels of fossil-fired power generation, the CO₂ reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were also different. Among them, the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in TPG was the most, the CO₂ reduction of hydropower development according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG and CCPG took the second and the third place respectively. 4) The fossil fuel consumption reduction potential and the CO₂ reduction potential achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were outstanding. According to net coal consumption rates of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG, CCPG, TPG and NPG, the fossil fuel consumption reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet in 2030 would be more than 75% of total fossil fuel consumption (1.379×10⁸ tec) of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG in 2012. Among the CO₂ reduction potentials according to different CO₂ emission levels, the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in CCPG would be the least, but more than the carbon dioxide emissions of fossil fuel consumption in Argentina, Pakistan, Vietnam and other countries in 2013.

Public security events are the results of the interaction of 'Human-Space-Time' in a specific context. Public security spatial planning and the corresponding administration system are important approaches to deal with the public security events in the long term. Based on the framework of 'Human-Space-Time' interaction in the public security planning, this paper reviews the relevant research about 'prevention, early warning, emergency dispatching, and post-disaster recovery'. On this basis, the framework of content, technical methods and support system of public security spatial planning is constructed. First, the content system should be consistent to the multi-level spatial planning system and the national emergency response mechanism. It is necessary to implement special planning and comprehensive planning, focusing on the problems of the planning and management of space, facilities and emergence response in terms of natural disasters, accident disasters, public health events and social security events. In terms of the technical method system, it is necessary to build and improve the methodological and technical support system of space-time elements identification and analysis, space-time process simulation and early warning of public security events. Last, for the support system, it is necessary to improve the space-time accessibility of the public security facilities system and strengthen the public security oriented social governance, based on the new infrastructure construction such as the space-time big data management system.

The area of the waste hillsides of the hilly region in the middle part of Sichuan Province occupy a considerable proportion of that province. Preventing and curing soil erosion and rationally utilizing the water and soil resources, play an important role in developing the local economy. In this paper, through mesh point observation the reasonable utilization ways are explored. This provides a policy making basis for the development and utilization of the waste hillsides.

The Changchuan watershed,Inner Mongolia,belongs to the typical region of the Soft Rock Area of Middle Yellow River.Based on experimental research data of the ecological use of water,this paper applies the GIS and scenarios analysis methods to analyse the ecological use of water of the Changchuan watershed and different scenarios of ecological construction in the water-shed.The vegetation evapotranspiration and ecological use of water at Changchuan watershed averaged 274.3mm and 370.7mm respectively.This indicates that though evapotranspiration of vegetation was quite high on the regional scale,yet the rainfall can still meet the requirement of evapotranspiration of vegetation. Generally speaking, the ecological use of water was moderate in this region.In terms of ecological use of water under different scenarios of ecological consreuction,4 land use patterns,B2RL1,namely restoring all bare land and sandy land at Changchuan watershed into woodland,brush-land or grassland,B2RL2,namely no bare land and turning cultivated land on above 5° slopes back into woodland or grassland at Changchuan watershed,B2RL3,namely no bare land and turning cultivated land on above 15° slopes back into woodland or grassland,and B2RL4,namely no bare land and turning cultivated land on above 25° slopes back into woodland or grassland can stand the water stress for a short term,but the vegetation can not grow and develop very well under the water regime of the watershed in the long run.

It is of great significance in the implementation of rural revitalization strategy and the realization of its multiple goals to scientifically evaluate the level of the sustainable development ability and determine targeted development types of villages and towns. Based on sorting out the implication of the sustainable development ability implication of villages and towns from the perspectives of potential, support and resilience, this study establishes the evaluation framework and evaluation models. Meanwhile the study takes 25 towns in Jiangjin district of Chongqing as research units to quantitatively measure the sustainable development ability of villages and towns in 2017. And then it reveals the spatio-temporal differentiation and accordingly identifies the vulnerabilities types, and proposes targeted regulation strategies. The results shows that: (1) The sustainable development ability of villages and towns is the result of the interaction of potential, support and resilience. (2) On the whole, the potential of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of " high in the north and low in the south" in Jiangjin; the support of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the north and low in the south" in Jiangjin; the resilience of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the south and low in the north" in Jiangjin; the sustainable development ability of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the southwest, low in the northeast, cluster distribution". (3) We divide the sustainable development ability of villages and towns in Jiangjin into four types, including potential enhancement type, urban-rural integration promotion type, ecological security improvement type and potential-support-resilience ability comprehensive development type. Based on the principle of "ecological priority-classified control-highlight emphasis-local adaptation", the study proposes differentiated sustainable development ability improvement strategies for different types, to guide the sustainable development of villages and towns.

The quantitative study on the impact of climate change on tourism in China is relatively weak, so it is urgent to learn from foreign experience. Therefore, based on the SCI/SSCI literature database, this article reviews the related research progress abroad from 1986 to 2017. The study finds that for more than 30 years, quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries has mainly used index methods, tourism demand models and selection analysis methods. Among them, the index method includes the single index method and the comprehensive index method. The tourism demand model includes the time series model and the cumulative demand model. The selection analysis includes the descriptive statistics and the discrete selection model. The indicator method is mainly used to study the environmental effects of tourism resources and environmental changes, changes in tourism climate conditions, changes in comprehensive factors, and the climate change response behavior of the main body of tourism. Due to the existence of offsetting effects of climate change, the comprehensive index method is more advantageous than the single index method. Although the comprehensive index method has difficulties such as computational complexity, it can comprehensively examine the impact of climate change on the comprehensive factors of tourism destinations, and is an important direction of development of indicators and methods. The indicator approach focuses on the changes in tourism destinations, and climate change responses need to understand the changes in tourism demand. Therefore, the use of tourism demand model has gradually increased. Among them, the time series method is mainly used to study the impact of weather conditions on tourism demand. The cumulative demand model is mainly used to study the structural impact of climate change on tourism demand and the impact of climate policy on tourism demand. With the development of computer technology and artificial intelligence, there is a great potential for future applications. The tourism demand model focuses on changes in the macro-tourism flow and ignores the heterogeneity of the tourism market. With the diversification and diversity of the tourism market becoming more apparent, the use of micro-individual-based selection analysis methods has increased. In related studies of selective analysis, descriptive statistics are often used to study the effects of climate change based on preference, behavioral willingness and climate change perception in the context of climate change. Discrete choice models are often used to study the influence of climate change based on preference and help to analyze the changes in the market structure of tourist destinations in the context of climate change. As more and more studies show that the impact of climate change on the tourism market is more reflected in the change in market structure, the application demand for discrete selection models has further increased. However, the basic theoretical assumptions of the discrete selection model still need to be studied in the correction of tourism scenarios. Combining the latest progress in the quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries, and linking with China's reality, future research needs to strengthen the application of cumulative demand models in tourism flow related research, the application of discrete selection models in tourism market structure research, and the use of systematic scientific methods and big data technologies in related research. In the future, we should enhance research on climate-sensitive tourism activities in China, and as relevant studies on "Belt and Road" countries and regions, as well as the Tibetan Plateau.

鉴于社会经济和资源分布的非均衡性，煤炭运输历来为政府所关注，探讨其流场规律有助于认识中国能源供需格局和区域经济联系。从省区和地市角度，剖析中国煤炭资源的汇源格局及演变特征，分析表明：源流区早期集中在华北，目前略向中西部转移，形成中部供应区，山西成为全国源流中心；北方沿海是主要汇流区，目前向东南沿海延伸，形成东部调入区。同时，分析煤炭流场的空间特征，界定主要集散场及等级体系，认为：扩散中心多分布在华北，目前向西部延伸，大型扩散场形成于北方；集聚中心早期多分布在北方沿海，目前向东南沿海延伸，以港口、工业城市和经济中心为主。然后，全面解析煤炭资源的流动路径，连接港口的铁路成为主通道，下水港多分布在北方沿海和长江，接卸港多分布在东南沿海。

Based on the research and analysis about the characteristics and the law of evolution of CO₂ emission in the past 16 years (1995—2010) in China's eight regions, using the method of LMDI decomposition, the effects of China's CO₂ emission was decomposed into four influencing effects, which were population size effect, economic development effects, energy intensity effect and energy structure effect, the reason why China's CO₂ emission showing regional differences was found. The results show that: 1) the amount of carbon emissions and per capita carbon emissions of eight regions showed an upward trend in the past 16 years. 2) The proportion of carbon emissions in the regions of Northeast China, Beijing and Tianjin as well as the eastern coastal zone showed a declining trend, other regions were showing an opposite trending or remaining unchanged. 3) Economic development effects have the strongest positive impact on carbon emissions, energy intensity effect has the strongest negative effect on carbon emissions. And 4) population size effect has a greater positive impact on the growth of CO₂ emission in regions including municipalities, economic development effects have a weaker positive impact on the growth of CO₂ emission in developed regions than other regions, energy intensity effect has an inhibition impact to the regions having an active economic restructuring, energy structure effect was affected by macroeconomic and national energy policy, which has a big fluctuation impact on carbon emissions.

From the angles of the response of ecosystem and tourist perceptions,the response of Liupan mountain ecological tourism attraction trails to human being tourism trampling disturbance was studied.This study was conducted to investigate the patterns and extent of trampling impacts along the main tourism trails.In addition to vegetation change represented by cover reduction (CR) and floristic dissimilarity (FD),leftover reduction(LD),increase of soil hardness (SHI) and Index of Land Cover Impact (ILCI),the Limits of Acceptable Change(LAC) was also added as indicator for tourist impact.The results show that trampling disturbance mainly were limited in 1 to 3 miles along the trail;the composite ecosystem in Xiao Nanchuan with arbor,bosk and grass got most serious disturbance.Using ILCI and LAC Index the responses of the three typical ecosystems were assessed.The ILCI values of the investigating sections along the 1-meter trail impact is seriousy disturbed,then 2-3 meters, and beyond 3 meters,it is seldomly disturbed.Based on Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) questionnaires filled out by visitors,the standard of acceptable change in ground coverage was found to be 55.7 % of the coverage reduction from the trail.from this standard,the investigating areas along the 1-meter trail far exceed the LAC.The impac variables are correlated to the gradient,border area gradient and width of the trail.The Index of Land Cover Impact (ILCI) could be an useful index to evaluate the tourism disturbance.The results also indicate that the current tourism disturbance has had some negative effect on the tourist experience and ecosystem.Some suggestions for management were offered to minimize the trampling impacts of this trail.Improving the development environment,strengthening the planning of tourism attraction,and establishing the forest system and tourism information system would offer important guidance to the promotion of sustainable development of Liupan Mountain.

In order to make Ecological Footprint (EF) model better reflecting regional realities, the article significantly improved the calculating items of EF model. The arable land EF of meat and pollution EF of excreta of poultry, livestock and human were accounted firstly. Three EF categories, namely CO₂ absorption forest, decomposition land and water collection area were established to show the seriousness of agricultural pollution and the multiple ecological functions of arable land and forest. Fossil-fuel land was contained by forest land for absorbing CO₂; grazing land was canceled while the EF of grain used to produce meat was added arable land. The concerning pollution sources were expanded from fossil fuels to chemical-fertilizer, pesticide and excreta of poultry, livestock and human. Furthermore, the EF of pollutants such as CO₂, N, P and pesticide was counted.Fujian’s agricultural EF in 2007 was calculated by using average yields per-unit in recent five years, including the EF of direct inputs, farmers’ consumption and pollutants in agricultural practice. The category comparison between agricultural EF and Fujian’s Ecological Capacity (EC) was used to reflect the agricultural ecological-occupancy in the province. The calculation results indicated that the agricultural EF of forest-land, wetland, built-up area and pollutants-absorption land occupied small proportion of Fujian’s EC in 2007, being respectively 1.4%, 1.2%, 13.4% and 24.6%. This was largely due to high ecological productivity in the province and low consumption in underdevelopment rural areas. However, 94.2% of arable land EC was occupied by agriculture because of less arable land areas per capita and overdevelopment in grain-consumption livestock, which consumed 73.8% of the arable land EC. The EF of water collection area was 2.2 times that of relevant EC, indicating that serious ecological deficit occurred. In water collection area category, chemical fertilizer, excretion and freshwater aquaculture contributed respectively 36.8%, 23.5%, 39.7% in N and 41.8%, 12.9%, 45.4% in P. Some corresponding suggestions were proposed.

The impact of hydropower development on river ecosystems cannot be ignored, and scientific evaluation of its impact will contribute to the establishment of a more sustainable hydropower development patterns. In this paper, we analyzed the benefits and losses of the cascade hydropower development in the mainstream of the Wujiang River on the riparian terrestrial ecosystems and river ecosystems by using both equivalent factor and functional value evaluation methods. Based on the benefits and losses, we made a comprehensive evaluation of the cascade hydropower development on the river ecosystem services. The results show that the hydropower development in the mainstream of the Wujiang River increased the values of the riparian terrestrial ecosystem and river ecosystem services, particularly in the hydrological regulating and water supply functions. In addition, positive effects of the development were found on the power generation, hydrological and air regulating functions, while negative effects were observed on biodiversity maintaining and soil conservation. And the positive effects on river ecosystem service are greater than the negative effects. It was difficult to compare directly the ecological losses of unit electrical energy with other basins as different hydropower stations had their own emphasis regarding the positive and negative effects. Based on the long-term survey data of fish resources in the Wujiang River, the trend of fish biological loss index was analyzed to understand temporal cumulative ecological effects of hydropower development. The differences in the spatial pattern of hydropower generation were discussed by using InVEST model. The impact of ecosystem services such as biodiversity was hard to evaluate directly in terms of currency, and the service value per unit area of the water body was considerably higher than that of any other land-use types, which resulted in a conservative, e.g. a low value of negative effects of the hydropower development in the mainstream of the Wujiang River, and a high ratio of positive to negative values.

Using the statistical data of urban and rural in 2000-2009, this paper constructed an evaluation index system from aspects of population, economy, society, life and resource, then applied methods of entropy method, comprehensive evaluation, correlation analysis, and correlation calculation to quantitatively analyze the performance and correlation trend of urban-rural integrated development in China. The result showed that the overall performance of China’s urban-rural integrated development is obvious, and has the trend of becoming larger. In aspects of individual performance of urban-rural integrated development, the population and social performance were becoming better; the economic performance was not obvious; the life performance was fluctuant, while the resource performance were poor. The positive and negative correlation calculation result showed that the overall trend of China’s urban-rural integrated development was consistent with the trends of the population, the economic and the resources performance between urban and rural, but contrary to the trends of the social and the life performance trends. The result of correlation analysis showed that the overall performance of China’s urban-rural integrated development has close relationship with the resource performance, the economic performance and the population performance, that is to say, resource, economy and population are the foci of China’s urban-rural integrated development. In addition, there were large internal differences in China’s urban-rural integrated development, such as the total and average weight differences, the input and output differences, the regional differences and the provincial differences.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of land use/cover change (LUCC), especially rapid urbanization, on annual runoff change in Taihu Basin, where monsoonal flood is prone to happen. Xitiaoxi River Basin, one of the main sub-basins of Taihu Lake Basin, was chosen as study area to study the spatial variation of runoff under different land use conditions. A new spatial analysis method called geographically weighted regression model (GWR) was employed to quantitatively evaluate the impact of LUCC on runoff variation. The monthly runoff process was generated by SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). The results showed that: 1) All R² and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency E_NS were above 0.85, and the relative errors |Re| were all less than 15% in the calibration and validation period, suggesting SWAT model perform well. 2) The runoff change was spatially nonstationary, and was significantly correlated with the mostly changed type of land use in the sub-basin, among which the influence of urban land-use had the greatest influence, followed by the forest-grass land and cultivated land. Urban land-use expansion could increase local regional runoff depth by 37.6%-45.2%, while the forest-grass land and cultivated land shrinking could increase local regional runoff depth by 16%-26.2% and 9.2%-15.4% respectively. 3) Spatially, the influence of urban land-use change on runoff depth increased gradually from upstream to downstream in the basin. On the contrary, the impacts of the forest-grass land and cultivated land on runoff process presented decline trend from upstream to downstream. 4) Compared with single-factor GWR model, the multifactorial GWR model had better prediction accuracy and was more suitable to analyze the spatial relationship between runoff and LUCC.

生态修复是当前生态学和环境科学领域研究的热点问题，并且孕育着巨大的研究和应用前景，然而由于工程时空跨度大、修复对象复杂等特点，生态修复实践仍然存在着理论研究滞后、投入产出率相对低下、修复模式单一、项目达标情况难以监测等问题。在总结归纳实践经验的基础之上，根据生态修复的不同层次和阶段，将生态修复的实践模式由开始启动阶段到修复终点，自下而上串联成一个相互独立而又彼此联系的模式，即包含“点”、“线”、“面”和“多维立体”四种模式在内的多层次生态修复模式。该模式有以下两方面特点：①修复的对象在现有的物种、种群、生态系统结构和功能的基础之上，增加了人类这一生态系统的重要组分，同时把社会经济等因素放在与科学技术同等重要的位置进行考虑，将其作为指导理论之一融入到生态修复的具体实践步骤中；②与以往静态的单一修复目标不同，论文提出了一种层层递进、彼此联系而又环环相扣的动态、多层次修复模式，每一种模式都对应着生态修复的不同层次和阶段，层层递进共同构成生态修复的全部内容。此模式既充分考虑生态系统自身的复杂性，又符合生态系统动态发展趋势，可为当前生态修复实践中的难点、疑点提供更具现实意义的指导。

This paper is written on the basis of 14 years' (1972-1992) research data. According to the functional rule of limiting factors, the hydro-thermal optimum models of productivity of the Chinese-fir plantation in Guangxi are set up as follows:The models indicate that the optimum hydro-thermal coefficient of Chinese-fir growth is from 2.3 to 2.6 and that the distribution pattern of Chinese-fir productivity in Guangxi is decided mainly by the warmth index (temperature condition) . Meanwhile, by using the principal component analysis, five groups of the productivity types of the Chinese-fir plantation in Guangxi are classified, according to the hydro-thermal combination environment. Then the hydro-thermal indexes of the fast-growth and high-yield Chinese-fir forest are proposed as follows: the yearly mean air temperature is 14.5-19.5℃, the monthly mean air temperature in July 20-28℃, the≥10℃ yearly accumulated temperature 5000-6700℃, and the yearly precipitation 1300-2000mm. This results are essentially the same as those reported by previous researchers. Finally, a series of Chinese-fir productivity distribution maps in different altitude zones in Guangxi are drawn according to the optimum models. These maps completely and quantitatively show the macro-patterns of three-direction zonation of the Chinese-fir productivity.

Eco-compensation is an important policy of ecological construction and environmental protection in China. Targeted poverty alleviation is also a significant measure to promote regional coordinated development and ensure that impoverished people can get rid of poverty on schedule. There are some coupling points between the two, such as objects, subjects, carriers, standards, ways and means. China has put forward "a set of poverty alleviation through eco-compensation". Many regions, in light of their actual situations, have also carried out relevant works by combining eco-compensation with targeted poverty alleviation. At present, there are some connections and coupling developments between targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation in China. The five typical coupling developments are shown in the following. (1) Coupling development between poor population and eco-compensation object. For the poor people with labor capacity, the government will employ them as forest rangers. As for the targets of poverty alleviation, they will be directly included in the scope of preferential policies of eco-compensation funds and receive subsidies under eco-compensation policies. (2) Coupling development between poverty alleviation region and eco-compensation area. In China, most of the poverty-stricken areas, such as concentrated areas with special difficulties, key counties for poverty alleviation and development, and poverty stricken villages, are distributed in ecologically fragile areas whose ecosystems are sensitive and need to be protected. (3) Coupling development between poverty alleviation industry and eco-compensation measure. The local governments guide the poor to realize green transfer of production, help the impoverished villages to adjust and optimize their industrial structure and transform the mode of economic development, train the impoverished households in planting and raising, and help them to develop special industries such as rural forest tourism, famous and special cash crops, farm recreation, and under-forest economy. (4) Coupling development between poverty intensity and eco-compensation standard. In China, we have implemented regional differential compensation policies, such as appropriately raising eco-compensation standards for poverty stricken villages and poor households, raising subsidies for ecological public welfare forests, and increasing the salaries of forest rangers, etc. In some regions, when determining the key poverty alleviation targets, we, in addition to considering poverty factors such as economic income, should also figure out whether these poverty alleviation targets undertake ecological construction tasks, such as ecological public welfare forest protection, and finally determine the corresponding compensation standards based on their ecological contribution. (5) Coupling development between poverty alleviation policy and eco-compensation requirement. In defining the object of poverty alleviation, priority should be given to the impoverished population who bear the task of public forest protection. In the arrangement of poverty alleviation funds and development funds, such as subsidies for returning farmland to forests and subsidies for under-forest economy arranged by various sectors, are preferentially inclined to the poorer households under the same conditions. In the key areas of poverty alleviation, priorities should be given to the fields of ecological environment construction and protection, the ecological industry development, and some other aspects which are closely related to eco-compensation policies. Each has its own connotation and characteristics. In order to further promote the coupling development between targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation in China, we can take measures in many aspects, such as strengthening theoretical researches, clearing the direction and focus of coupling, consolidating the public foundation, and innovating the development model.

Although scarcity of irrigation water restricts grain production, it can promote agricultural technology progress to increase supply elasticities of grain. To shed light on the comprehensive effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure, this paper explores the effects of irrigation water pressure, grain price changes and their interaction on the yields of different crops based on heterogeneous coefficient Nerlove model and panel data of 27 provinces from 2002 to 2017. The results show that: (1) The direct effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure is increasing proportion of corn yield and reducing proportions of other crops yields. Specifically, the magnitude of that impact is in a descending order from rice, potatoes, beans and wheat. (2) The indirect effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure is decreasing supply elasticities of wheat, beans and potatoes while making supply elasticities of rice and maize even larger, which contributes to the increase of proportions of rice yield and corn yield. (3) With growth of irrigation water pressure from 2002 to 2017, its comprehensive effect on grain production structure makes a significant increase in proportion of corn yield and a significant decrease in proportions of beans yield and potatoes yield. Regional analysis reveals an increase in yield proportions of maize and rice in main grain production areas of Northern China, leading to more irrigation water consumption in this region where scarcity of water is severer. And this finding of our paper is a support for "the paradox of irrigation efficiency".

At present, most of the drought researches are based on a single meteorological or hydrologic drought index which can not reflect the drought situation or social contradiction of supply and demand of water comprehensively. This paper studied the spatial and temporal distribution of drought in Shaanxi Province based on the method taking the social economic factors of drought into account. The natural meteorological factors are also taking into consideration. We established comprehensive drought evaluation index of Shaanxi Province with fuzzy comprehensive decision process on basis of meteorological data from 19 meteorological stations in Shaanxi from 1960 to 2013. The results showed that the spatial distribution of drought in Shaanxi Province is heterogeneous, the drought in the central Shaanxi (DI value is about 3) is more serious than in northern Shaanxi, and there is no drought in south Shaanxi at the same time where water resources are abundant. Drought occurrence frequency in Shaanxi Province is very high. The medium drought phenomenon mostly existed in the north and south (frequency approached to 80%-99.99%). The severe droughts occurred in the central Shaanxi more often (frequency approached to 79%). The method of water supply and demand evaluation considered the influence of social economy and the actual supply and demand contradiction. And the comprehensive meteorological drought index considered the effects of meteorological factors. The results of the two methods are basically identical, but only one type of drought index can not reflect the overall actual situation when there exists great difference of water quantity in different areas. In water shortage regions, the results of fuzzy comprehensive drought index are closer to the fact. In regions where water resource is extremely rich and water supply ability is strong, the results of water supply and demand method are closer to the fact. And in economic developed areas, social economy drought index is suggested. When doing researches of drought, it shall give full consideration to the natural meteorological factors and actual water supply ability.

At present, China's territory spatial planning attempts from top to bottom to resolve or relieve the key issues from macro level as far as possible which has arisen since the reform and opening-up such as the ecological environment, resources restriction, the conflict of man-land relationship, multiple management and the authority of spatial plans. Although China's territory spatial planning system, organization framework and technical regulation have so far formed relatively reasonable "universality" norms, at the strategic level, the discussion of regional "individuality" issues in the context of national security is still lacking. Facing the needs of the country and the special situation of Western China, we should establish a cross- province and cross-basin territory spatial planning of this region based on national security strategies. To ensure national security, territory spatial planning of Western China at the strategic level should focus on the following: (1) In theory, based on the perspective of national security, we proposed to construct the cross-province and cross-basin territory spatial planning of Western China. (2) In practice, we recommend formulating the "territory spatial planning of Western China-ecological security" of specialized national territory spatial planning which takes ecological zone, nature reserve as the core in spatial scale. What's more, based on the border and support line, we should carry out "territory spatial planning of Western China-survival security" of specialized national territory spatial planning, or determine the detailed rules and regulations of national defense security in spatial planning. In addition, taking the urban system as the organizational context, we should set up "territory spatial planning of Western China-life security" of specialized national territory spatial planning which is relying on main transportation lines, or determine the detailed rules and regulations of the harmonious society construction in Western China. Besides, following the divisions of the Main Functional Areas, we should formulate "territory spatial planning of Western China-production security" of specialized national territory spatial planning which is focusing on the regional central city and urban agglomeration, or determine the high-quality economic development in the western region. We should also restructure the ecological space, survivable space, living space and production space. (3) In particular, we recommended strengthening the construction of border towns or villages, and establishing the "sanxian" (three lines) construction in the New Era, "the key construction belt around the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau" in the western region, which can meet the national security needs of limited globalization and achieve "dual circulation pattern" in the post-epidemic period. On the whole, the territory spatial planning of Western China should be different from that of the eastern and central regions. We should not impose uniformity on the implementation of the policies.

影响复杂地形下气温分布与变化的因素很多, 其中尤以海拔高度和地形的影响最显著。论文在前人研究的基础上，对以前的模型进行了一些改进，考虑了坡度、坡向和地形相互遮蔽作用对复杂地形下天文辐射的影响，基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据，研制了以复杂地形下天文辐射为起始数据的复杂地形下平均气温的分布式模型，在模型中还考虑了海拔高度、山区太阳总辐射、日照百分率。以地形复杂的贵州高原为例，应用100 m×100 m分辨率的DEM数据及气象站常规观测气象资料，计算了贵州高原复杂地形下各月及年的平均气温精细空间分布。结果表明：①坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽对平均气温的影响较大，由于局地地形因子的影响，复杂地形下平均气温的空间分布具有明显的地域分布特征，地形对平均气温的影响在计算时是不容忽视的；②季节不同，局地地形因子对复杂地形下平均气温空间分布的影响不同，冬半年大于夏半年。平均气温随海拔高度的增加而降低。南坡随坡度的增大而升高；北坡随坡度的增大而降低。在坡向影响上，1—5月、10—12月偏北坡月平均气温偏低，偏南坡月平均气温偏高；7—8月因太阳高度较高，因此出现相反的情况，北坡高于南坡。

The Yuanjiang River valley is one of the dry-and-hot valleys in the Hengduan mountains of Yunnan province. In comparision with other river valleys of this province the outstanding characteristics of it is both hot and dry, belonging to the semi-arid climate type, and accordingly it is endowed with profuse heat resource but with low precipitation.Here the climatic conditions are not suitable for growing such tropical plants as rubber tree, coffee, coco, and the like, but are good for the excellent species of the lac insect-Kerria sindica. The Yuanjiang valley has proved to be an ideal district for cultivation of this species of lac insect and has manifested its natural superiority in this respect.As for the exploitation of the valley, it is suggested that taking an eco-forestry way to set up plantation forest of the best of the superior lac insect host tree (Ziziphus mauritiana) as an artificial ecosystem would be more profitable.

Technical economy analysis and multi purpose preferred grey state strate gies concerning plantation tree species, shelterbelt composition and their management types on coastal farmland in Jiangsu Province have been reported. The results showed that the optimal selection of management types of windbreak network is the compound management of wood forest and fruit. And the main plantation tree species should select fast growth timber and economically high efficiency species, such as poplar, peach etc. The foundation shelterbelts, as the biggest lined network, was planted on the coastal banks; the main and assistant shelterbelts serving as moderate network can be planted by road sides and on ditch banks. The subsidiary shelterbelt as the smallest network, can be planted on ditches for desalinization and drainage purposes. Therefore, the compound structural model of multiplicity species, lined networks and shelterbelts, and more efficiency and high output products can be composed.

Red tourism network attention degree is a typical method for measuring the performance level of red tourism development promotion, and it is also an important reflection of the influence of red tourism promotion level. This paper takes the "red tourism network attention degree" of 31 provincial-level regions as the research object, and uses the Moran index and panel vector autoregressive model to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics and the influencing factors of the red tourism network in China from 2011 to 2018. The results show: (1) The network attention of the national red tourism shows a fluctuant growth trend in the study period, and its seasonal difference is significant. (2) The national red tourism network attention shows a decreasing trend from the eastern to central and western regions, but the trend of attention in the red tourism 5A-level tourist attractions is prominent in the western region. (3) The attention of red tourism networks in the 31 provincial-level regions has significant global spatial autocorrelation. The phenomenon of "high-high" and "low-low" agglomerations is concentrated in the eastern region, and central and western region. (4) The contribution of the factors affecting red tourism network attention was ranked as follows: internet penetration rate > per capita GDP > tourism information index > regional media attention > red tourism classic scenic network attention.

Water scarcity is a key factor for the stability and sustainability of agricultural productivity in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Considering water shortage may be aggravated by climate change, cropping structure should be adjusted to alleviate the worsening situation. Based on the multi-model datasets of three representative concentration pathways (RCP) emission scenarios from IPCC5, the effect of climate change on water balance at sub-basin scale during 2011-2059 was assessed by VIP (soil-Vegetation-atmosphere Interface Processes) model. For the sub-basins with most serious shortage of water resource, two groundwater balance scenarios were proposed based on the principle of groundwater exploitation and infiltration balance. One scenario (scenario A) supposes that there is no inter-basin water transfer in 2050s, the other (scenario B) supposes that the inter-basin water transfer remains the average level in 2000-2010 in 2050s. The balance between water supply and demand is kept stable by shrinking the planting area of crop with high water consumption in both scenarios. The effect of climate change on planting area and yield of winter wheat in the two scenarios was assessed by VIP model. The results showed that the rainfall surplus in the whole plain will decrease 0.1%-14.1% in 2050s from low emission scenario to high emission scenario since the crop evapotranspiration increases more quickly than the precipitation does. In the north part of the plain water deficit will be exacerbated, and in the south part of the plain rainfall surplus will decrease. With respect to water balance, the planting area of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain should be shrunk 9.8%-11.3% in scenario A and 7.0%-8.8% in scenario B in 2050s, however, the wheat yield will increase 0-11.9% and 3.0%-15.9% in corresponding scenario due to the CO₂ fertilization. Shrinking planting area of winter wheat can effectively mitigate the agricultural water shortage in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The research results can provide underpinnings for government’s decisions

Domestic tourists'flow to Jiuzhaigou is expressed as the linear and sea sonal flow between several nodes.Based on case studies,this paper identifies some regularities:(a)Tourism image of the destination and tourists' preference are essential to their perception, cognition and decision; (b)Tourists' attributes (age, educational background,occupation and income,etc.) have effect on their preference and destination's decision; (c)The tourists' decisions are correlated with their economic ana lysis following their perception,preference,and motive; (d)The domestic tourists to Jiuzhaigou mainly select summer holiday and some festivals,which was the result of some causes.Then the peper emphasizes the importance of the image's decision of tourism destination.

Wetland is one of the three major ecosystems of the Earth, which plays an important role in climate regulation, water supply and environmental purification. Based on the land ecological remote sensing interpretation data and socio-economic data from 1990 to 2015, this research quantitatively studied the change of ecosystem service value of different wetland types and different functions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) Urban Agglomeration and each city by modifying the ecosystem service equivalent value, and the wetland function was orientated by calculating the internal and external contribution rates of the wetland value. The results showed that: (1) The ecosystem service value of wetland in Jing-Jin-Ji Urban Agglomeration showed a trend of rising first and then wavily descending. The wetland value in 2015 increased by 2.93×10⁹ yuan compared with 1990, mainly due to the increase of the value of river canals, reservoirs and ponds, as well as the increase of hydrological regulation value and water supply value. (2) Among the 13 cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji Urban Agglomeration, Tianjin had the highest ecosystem services value, and wetland value in the eastern coastal regions had increased. Inland cities in the south not only had a small wetland area, but their value had also declined year by year. (3) Hydrological regulation, water supply and environmental purification were the dominant functions of most urban wetlands in the urban agglomeration, while river canals, reservoirs and flood land were the main types of wetlands that provided service functions. The reduction and increase of ecosystem services value were closely related to human activities. Therefore, understanding the changing trend of wetland value and clarifying the functional orientation of wetland can not only enhance people's awareness of wetland ecological protection, but also provide scientific basis for the protection, restoration and sustainable use of wetland in the Jing-Jin-Ji Urban Agglomeration in the future.

Land use change is a long-term process with certain complexity. The traditional transfer matrix method can only compare the two phases of land use data, but cannot summarize the long-term overall change law. The frequent itemsets method cannot derive the sequence trajectory. To overcome the shortcomings of these methods, this paper proposes a land use change model based on sequence model. According to the actual characteristics of land sequence data and the vertical format sequence pattern SPADE algorithm, taking Guangxi, China as an example, we calculated the sequence of 22 secondary land use types in 7 periods from 1970s to 2015. The results show that, in the 35 years, land use types changed in 6.58% of Guangxi, and the change areas were mainly concentrated in roads, towns and settlements; the top 3 types of land use change 1-sequence support degree in Guangxi are {wood land}, {other wood land} and {sparse forest land}, and the support degree values are 0.5109, 0.3810 and 0.2333, respectively. The top 3 types of the 2-sequence support degree are {wood land, other wood land}, {other wood land, wood land} and {sparse forest land, wood land}, and the support degree values are 0.2040, 0.0699 and 0.0640, respectively. The top 3 types of the 3-sequence support degree are {sparse forest land, other wood land, wood land}, {sparse forest land, wood land, other wood land} and {high coverage grassland, wood land, other wood land}, and the support degree values are 0.0065, 0.0044 and 0.0031, respectively. The land use change 3-sequence {with forest land, other woodland, and other construction sites} has a support degree of 0.0007. The land use change in the study area mainly occurs in forest land, and some forest land is converted into construction land types such as mines, quarries and traffic roads; urban land is mainly converted from dry land and paddy fields; there is no land unit converted into paddy fields during the study period. The land use change sequence analysis model proposed in this paper can calculate the sequence of multi-period land use change as a whole, and make up for the shortcomings of studying land use change from a long-term scale.

At present, China is promoting the modernization of territorial space governance, and the territorial space planning system is also being reconstructed. As a response, the spatial planning of metropolitan area is facing the transformation of political logic oriented by ecological civilization and development logic constrained by resources and environment. Based on the transformation of planning logics, the paper clarifies that the spatial planning of metropolitan area is a special planning with the focus on coordinated development of space as the core in the system of territorial space planning, and puts forward the technical framework of the spatial planning of metropolitan area from the two perspectives, namely, corresponding demand objectives and coordination of local conditions. Based on the above new requirements, the paper considers that the planning should focus on the formulation of conduction and coordination-oriented index system, the optimal allocation and regulation of liquidity factor resources, the planning of spatial pattern of coordinated control and utilization, and the spatial cooperation of cross-border groups. In view of the lack of a unified implementation subject, this paper puts forward the organizational mode of spatial planning compilation in different types of metropolitan areas. Regional cooperation mechanism, dynamic monitoring of the plan, and co-construction of information platform for management, are also proposed. Through the systematic discussion on the spatial planning of metropolitan area, this paper will provide theoretical basis and methodological guidance for the compilation of the forthcoming spatial planning and the modernization of the spatial governance of metropolitan area.