The mangrove and the acid tidal flat soil constitute a common ecological system in the tropical and subtropical coasts of China. The areas of mangrove of China are about 2.3×103 ha. They have 38 species and 21 families. Their distribution gradually decreases from south to north. The leftover roots and leaves undergo decomposition to bring about acidification of soil after the mangrove dies. The main properties of the acid tidal flat soil are as follows:1. The soil texture is mainly middle loam to light clay with the physical clay (less than 0.02 mm in diameter) ranging from 30% to 82%;2. The total salt content is 0.3% to 4.2% and the content of SO₄^2- is 0-6 meq/100 g to 18.4 meq/100g;3. The content of organic matter is 0.4% to 11.8%, the C/N ranges from 11.3 to 44.5, the nutrient of phosphorus is rather low, and the CEC ranges from 9.1 meq/100g to 17.6 meq/ 100g;4. The pH ranges from 3.0 to 6.9.The developmental models are mainly to plant rice and to develop aquiculture. In utilization the disadvantageous factors are prominent. The management practices are to demarcate the cutting areas, to set up the protection areas and to promote researches on the ecological system of mangrove.

The basaltic soils are an important soil resource that has been overlooked for a long time. It is revealed that these soils have excellent fertility and good quality and can make many crops grow well. There are three types of basaltic soils. They are in different geochemical evolution stages and have great differences in the conditions of exploitation and utilization. Among them the soil with weak weathering has great exploitable potentiality according to contents of many nutritive elements and other factors of fertility. The content of total Fe₂O₃ reaches 220.75% (n = 23) and the amorphous Fe₂O₃ amounts to 9.08% (n = 18) in the soils. Consequently, soil structure similar to sand in the surface layer develops obviously and leads to exceptional effects on soil exploitation and utilization. It warrants careful consideration that soils derived from different geological horizons, different rocks properties and different new tectonic movements have significant geochemical variations and influences on the exploitation and utilization. But up to now the extent of the influence is little known.

Based on the Newly surveyed data, the fundamental status of the muddy coast in East Liao-ning Province is described. Then the characteristics of the resources including tidal oragnisms, land, reeds and tidal energy and their developing potentiality are discussed. Lastly, a model of artificial ecosystem is set forth on the theoretical basis of the transversal zonation of the tidal flat.

The Yunnan torrid region located geographically in a special place with very complex topography has rich and various agricultural climate and land resources. To meet the principal demands of exploiting the torrid region, the authors have worked out a set of maps, and hope it could provide a significant scientific oasis for the authorized administrations at different levels to make proper projects when they want to exploit the torrid region.This paper has combined together two different specific contents which are agricultural climate and land. Thus you can see two specific contents in one graphic spot. The authors classify the whole region into different small regions according to the true features of the region and then draw them up and calculate out the area of each region. The method of drawing the map is as follows: At first determine a reasonable and simple classification index; Next divide the whole region into two regions as the rirst class index according to heat; Then divide them again into even smaller regions as the second class index according to water and topography as well as the land slope; At last, the whole region is divided into 30 small regions with different climate and land type. Following the above work, the graphic spot margins are drawn according to the relevant elevation, topography, siol, vegetation and so on. Finally, the map(l:500 000) is finished and the area of each region calculated.What the authors have done is a new trial among similar researches. It is hoped that it cound be useful to guiding the exploitation of the Yunnan torrid region.

In this paper, the climatic-ecological factors and their optimum indices having an effect on Panax ginseng yield are studied. The factors are annual mean temperature, annual mean rainfall, the mean temperature of the hotest month, annual mean air relative humidity, and the length of the frostless season. Their optimum indices are 2.6℃, 778.7mm, 19.6℃, 70.6%, and equal to or more than 145 days respectively. The dependent functions [μ(x_i)] of the factors to the optimum indices are decided, and the regression model to describe the geographic distribution of the integrated climatic-ecological suitability is established. The geographicdistribution of the μ of various parts of the Changbai mountions area and the optimum culture elevation of Panax ginseng are analyzed according to the model and the geographic network method. And then five climatic-ecological area for the Panax ginseng culture are demarcated in the Changbai mountains area of eastern Jilin Province. They are the optimum area, the suitable area, the comparatively suitable area, the comparatively unsuitable area and the unsuitable area.

The zonal vegetation of the Nanling Mountains in Hunan Province is evergreen broadleaf forest. Due to unrational utilization of the land, many forests are severely destroyed and large areas of grassland have occurred. The total area of grassland is about 1497.2×107mu (9.98× 105 ha), occupying more than one fourth of the whole region. The classification and ordination of the grassland vegetation are studied with the numerical methods of TWINSPAN (Two-way indicative species analysis) and DCA (Detrended correspondence analysis). The methods use the data of 48 plots and 150 species for calculating. The plots of the fourth division are divided into 10 main vegetation types. At the first division level, the plots are distingguished into two types, the mountain grassland type (occurring at elevations of more than 1000 m) and the hill grassland type (occurring at elevations of less than 600m). The other levels are based on difference of ecological facters. The results are very similar to those of the qualitative classification, which demonstrates that the methods of TWINSPAN and DCA are suitable for the classification of the subtropical grassland.Distinctive types have different utilization ways. The types on the higher mountains should be dominated by forestry. At some place medicinal trees can be planted. At the places of the gentle slopes it is possible to establish artificial grassland for pasturage under paying attention to soil erosion- The slopes of over 25 degrees should be closed. At the places having slopes of 15-20 degrees it is suitable to develop both forestry and pasturage. The hills about 300-600m in elevation may be used for cultivating economical forests and fuel forests. Below the elevation of 300 m the fruit gardens (citrus) can be established if there is irrigation. On the hills of gentle slopes the artificial pasture ground can be developed, but it should be combined with forestry. In agricultural areas the rotation of cereal crops and forage grass should be put into practice. It is most important to increase the ecological and economical benefits.

To exploit and utilize the seabeach resources comprehensively is one of the important ton-tents in the territorial exploitation and management of China and a strategically major point in speeding the development of the economy of coastal areas. Based on the on-the-spot investigation and documentary materials, the article will discuss the general situation and resources superiority of the seabeach of Yancheng city, and put forth some suggestions on how to exploit and utilize its resources and how to establish the corresponding commodity production and a foreign exchange earning base.

In this paper, a few problems of electric power deficiency throughout our country are discussed. Since the year 1971, the electric pow r deficiency in a period as long as twenty years is caused by the deficiency of energy (coal and petroleum). Furthermore, the energy deficiency will continue till the last of this century. So, the problems of electric power deficiency can not be solved by accelerating the development of thermal power alone. But if accelerating the development of hydropower simultaneously, these problems can be solved by the end of this century

In this paper the data on the humid period and its parameters are used to assess the agricultural production of the Loess plateau.The mean humid period (G) and its coefficient of variation (C) and aridity index (A) are related to the cropping system and the risk level of agricultural production.The mean wet (W) and dry (D) spells within the humid period and their standard variations (α,β) are related to the possible drought and water-logging disasters.The above-mentioned parameters can be also used to assess the agricultural climatic environment and the agricultural production potential of the Loess Plateau.

In Sichuan, the resources of forest pharmaceutical fungi are rich and distribute widely in forest regions in the subtropical, temperature and cold-temperature forest zones.All of them possess the pharmaceutical value and many species are recognized to have anti-cancer function and are called the "healthy food".In this paper 81 species of forest pharmaceutical fungi are recorded, which belong to 52 genera and 25 families. Among them, 73 species (90.12%) are Basidiomycetes and 7 species (9.88%) are Ascomycetes. They are macrofungi belonging to the families of Polyporaceae, Aga-ricaceae, Russulaceae, etc.According to their ecological habitats, these species may be divided into 5 ecological groups: lignicolous, 40 species; bamboophilous, 5; geophilous, 14; entomophilous, 5; and ecto-mycorrhizal, 17. They may be grouped into some ecological types. This may provide the basis for artifical cultivation.

The process of ecological succession in Dafeng County is the process of natural succession of 3 typical deposit-enlargement type seabeach. The intervention of man s activies greatly accelerates the process of this succession. The construction of water conservancy which is centered on the desalination and improvement of the soil and a series of capital construction of the farmland are efficient measures to accelerate the succession from a natural ecological system to a good man-made ecological system. The inter grated development of farming, forestery, animal husbandy and fishery on this basis is the foundation for developing the economy. When developing the processing industry of the products of local farming, forestery, animal husbandy and fishery, attention should be paid to other superior industries. This will promote the stability, harmony and flourish of this system. It will promote the all-round development of the social ecomony and the natural environment to attach importance to the causes of education and science and techonology in the newly reclaimed area. The salt industry on such seabeach not only is unfavourable to itself but also hinders the succession of this system.

The exploitation and utilization of the water power transportation resources of the Yangtze River are particularly studied from the standpoint of comprehensive utilization of water resources. The great potential capacity of the water power transport resources of the Yangtze River is analysed and the backward situation and its causes of making use of the Yangtze water power transportation resources are found out. According to the results of research, calculation and evaluation, the methods and plans of developing and utilizing the Yangtze water power transportation resources are set forth. This may be for the reference to the related decision-making departments.

In this paper, on the basis of summing up the works of previous researchers, we re-clarify the concept of crop productivity, put forth that the productivity contains many levels and that each level represents different productivity and has different limiting factors, and give a de-fination to each level. Proceeding from the atmosphere-crop-soil system, we probe into the relation between the growth, development and yield of the winter wheat on one hand and the environmental factors and the energy input on the other. Adopting the method which combines the dynamic simulation with the statistic analysis and making use of the d BASE-Ⅲ and BASIC languages, we set up the dynamic simulation software of the growth, development and productivity formation. of the winter wheat. The software can calculate the dry matter accumulation and the leaf index of the winter wheat and the soil moisture balance in different regions according to different needs. It can also calculate the productivity of each level.

From 1984 to 1986, based on the knowledge of the present condition and characteristics of avian resources in the Three-Gorge Reservoir area, we investigated the change of the avian distribution and community composition in other areas where dams had been built. After studying and analysing quantiatively every factor of the impact of the Three-Gorge Project on the avian community and species by means of biometrics, we give a quantitative and qualitative evaluation.The results indicate that the construction of the Three-Gorge Reservoir will change the avian community composition and bird species distribution in this region. On one hand, the numbers of rare and economic birds, especially the forest birds, which have already become scare in the past ten years, will decrease seriously. On the other hand, the numbers of water birds will increase. In a word, in building the dam, the disadvantages derived from it far outweigh the advantages it brings about.The impacts af a higher dam (180m) and a lower one (150m) on avian community are different. The impact value of a higher dam to the forest and field birds is 30 per cent larger than that of a lower dam, and the impact value of a higher dam to the acuatic birds is two times that of a lower dam.

Benefit from the favourable geographic conditions, the convenient transportation, the abundance of mineral resources and the solid industrial foundation, the eastern part of He-bei province will be the important industrial base in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area. Following the coal mine exploitation, the iron and steel industry will be dominated in the area. The present water supply for urban and industry use is limited by the inadequare water resources system. Researching into the conditions of the water resources and the development of industrial water supply, this paper discusses th exploitation of water resources and principal layout of the facility of water supply, and suggests that it is of great significance to build the Taolinkou Reservoir. Meanwhile, the paper proves the reliability of the water resources for establishing a large industrial base in eastern Hebei Province.

The deepwater coastline resources in Northern Zhejiang are situated in the central section Of the- coastline of China. It includes two parts: One is called the Ningbo-Zhoushan coastline, which is in Ningbo Municipality and Zhoushan Archipelago. The other is called the Zhapu-Dushan coastline, which is in Jiaxing Municipality.The length of the Ningbo-Zhoushan coastline is 88 km in all. The coastline surrounds an extensive sea area but leaves several deep-water sea-lanes- The sea area possesses many superior points such as deepwater, calm sea, little deposit, no freeze, and so on. In the coastal areas of China, there are few other 'deepwater coastlines as good as the Ningbo-Zhoushan coastline. Although the Zhapu-Dushan coastline has disadvantages, it is 22 km long and near Shanghai. Moreover, its sea-lanes are superior to those of the Yangtze River Mouth.The article deals with the urgency, goal, and steps of exploitation of the deepwater coastline resources, based on the analyses of the present situation and trend of international and internal economy, trade, harbour, and sea transportation.Finally, it puts forward several proposals on rational exploitation of the deepwater coastline.

In this paper, a mathematical model of the hydrological cycle of the forest set up on the basis of a man-made forest which originated from a bog land in the suburbs of Edinburgh in southern Scotland is described. The whole process is abstractly recognized as a forest ecosystem with 5 compartments, namely, trees, grasses, ditches, ditch slopes and ditch bottoms. With the aid of some methematical formulas and computer techniques, the hydrological process of the system, which includes flow interception, surface flow, stared in soil, groundwater and the other hydrological phenomena, can be systematically simulated in a quantitative form. The amounts of rainfall and evaporation are put into the model and the runoff water is drained away from it- It is given here for an example to simulate the hydrological process of the system in 1986 and check the simulation efficiency. Through comparing the computed and observed flows of the forest ecosystem, it is found that the simulation efficiency is 93.5% on the daily basis and 85.1% on the two-hour basis.The model reveals the mechanism of the hydrological cycle of the forest. We can estimate the runoff by using the amounts of input pricipitation and evaporation only. It will be helpful to understanding the hydrological effect of the man-made forest which originates from a bog land.

The main points of soil mapping method discussed in this paper are as follws: 1. The visual intepretation is made by using the standard false color and analogous natural color pi--ctures composed from TM original images and the reflective spectral data of ground objects are consulted to analyse the characteristic of their image tone; 2. The spectral characteristic of ground objects is found out through contrast interpretation of the black and white TM images of the seven bands and the effect of color composite is predicted; 3. The information of ground thermal field and soil vertical zonality which differ with elevation is extracted by using the TM6 thermal infrared image to make the pseudo-color-equidensity slicing; 4. The information of soil and land utilization is enhanced by using TM ratio images and their false color composition; and 5. The related data, such as topographical maps and geological maps, are consulted to draw the soil map. Experience has proved that the precision of the soil map on the middle scale drawn by this method is up to the standard requivement, the boundaries of some soil categories interpreted and delineated by the method are more objective and precise, and the amount of mapping work is greatly reduced.

The soil that we studied is located on the Jiulian mountain natural reserve of Jiangxt province, and is under the evergreen broad-leaved forest. It is a moumainouns soil. We deter-mined the physical properties and the seasonal dynamic change of soil moisture (for one year in succession) of the soil, and with these data we analysed the water retention ability of the soil.The soil possesses good physical properties: the soil texture is mainly loamy clay and clay loam, the bulk density is small (0.88-1-29), the porosity is large (51.7-65.4%), the permeable velocity is fast (17.4-142.8cc/min), and the maximum moisture holding capacity is high (occupying 50.6-58.2% Of the volume).The drainage of the soil is good, and the moisture of the soil is sufficient. The moisture content is more than 30% in most part of the year. The annual ranges of moisture content are: 0-15cm layer, 26-56%; 15-30cm layer, 26-45%; and 30-50cm layer, 26-45%.We analysed the water retention ability of the soil with the dafa of prermeable velocity and maximum moisture holding capacity of the soil, and compared it with the red soil of the hilly land, the results are as follows: the permeability is 3-5 times as much of the red soil; the capability of absorbing rainfall is 219% of the red soil.

In the evaluation of land suitability, dividing the principal suitability of the two-sided suitability or many-sided suitability land is very neccessary. In this paper, the principles, indices and method for dividing the principal suitability of land are discussed and a comprehensive and quantitative index——the concept of economic-social suitability index of landwhich is used for analysing the principal suitability of land is propounded. In the end, 'he Huadian Plain of the Diancang Mountains is taken as an example and its principal suitabi'ity of land is analysed. It has been found that the Plain is suitable for growing the cool-loving crops which ripen once a year.

This paper first sets up the concept of the effective irrigation quality index system of field water application. The authors hold that the traditional irrigation quality index system of field water application lacks reasonable theoretical grounds and is inadequate to reflect the relationship between irrigation quality and crop production because it only describes irrigation quality by the depth of water infiltrated through soil surface. It is suggested to study the useful water volume of the total applied water and the effective distribution of this part of water, and then to establish an effective irrigation quality index system of field water application. The con-.cept of the effective irrigation quality index system of field water application and the current achievements in this field are discussed systematically in this paper. At last, the stochastic and timespace problems in irrigation quality index system of field water application are also analysed.

The Bohai District including Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Beijing and Tianjing is one of China's districts with the highest level of industrialization and urbanization, the most aboun-dant natural resources, the strongest economical power, and the most serious problem of industrial structure(IS) and ecological environment. The main views of this paper about the macroeffect of natural resources structure (NRS) on the IS come into being only on the basis of my practical experience and theoretical study, which are obtained mainly from taking part in a cooperative research project with the East-West Centre, USA, and a plainning project of the State Planning Commission, China, in the past 3 years. Both the organizations worked on the theme of IS and industrial distribution in the Bohai District.At present and even in the next 3 decades, the NRS is one of the most important factors that influence IS. The macroscopic effect of NRS is examined from the three dimensions of time, space and structure. It mainly includes in the degree and pattern of the macroscopic effect in different stages of the evolution of IS; the main influence of the difference of NRS in various areas within the region and the inter-regional complementarity of NRS on work-king out the strategies of regional industral development, and the relationship between various forms of NRS and the possibility and rationality of the organization of IS.

The water resource management, in the broad sense, involves its assessment, planning, development and utilization as well as its management and protection, etc. Currently the pressing problems about water resource management to be solved are presented as follows: 1. improvement and implementation of water resource laws; 2. reinforcement of management institutions; 3. establishment of feasible plan for water resource; 4. establishment of reasonable price system of water resource; 5. integrated assessment of the benefit of water resource development; and 6. adjustment of the investment policy of water resource exploitation.

In this paper the author's main argument is that the natural resources are endowed with value. To establish this conception is a basic countermeasure for solving the problems of resources and ecological environment. The natural resources are the material base of economic and social development, and therefore they are also assets. We should set up a resource assets out-loog, establish regulations of assets management, strengthen the property right management, seperate the right of ownership from the utilizat on right, and put into effect a pay system of resource utili?ation and resource transfer. The industialization of natural resources should be carried out in the course of the natural resources reproduction. The accounting of natural resources should be made and it should be incorporated in the accounting system of the national econo-ym. These are some basic problems in the protection, exploitation, and utilization of natural resources and are also the problems that should be considered and emphasized in the regulariza-tions and legalization of the assets management of natural resources.

The Hongshuihe river valley is the hydroelectric and nonferrous metal industrial bases, which are being constructed in the southwest of China. This paper first examines the restrictions of the local underdeveloped economy and the fragile natural environment on the resources development and regional economic growth, and then deals with the measures for the construction of the nonferrous metal industrial complex, the improvement of agricultural production, the adjustment of urban system, and the conservation of ecological environment.

The middle reaches region of the Yalutsangpo River, or the one river and two tributaries (the Lhase River and the Nianchu River) region, is a major developing and artificial afforestation region. According to our field survey, there are 75 296ha waste land in the region, including 29 911 ha (39.70% of the whole waste land) which are suitable to forests. On the basis of the locality, conditions, the gravel content and other factors, we divide the waste land into 4 locality types and 4 soil types. The largest locality type is the pebble beach, and next are the moving dunes and the sloping fields of drift sand. The major soil type is the sand land. The area of fertile soil is 15.24% of the whole waste land, and the annual increment of the forest on this kind of soil can reach more than 5.5m3/ha. In the same part of the region, the productive capacity of the forest change violently with the gravel content. By our measurement, the difference between the largest and the least growth increment of the volume of Beijing Populus at different gravel content localities can be as great as ninefold. Therefore, soil reclamation is one of the most important problem of afforestation in the region.According to the conditions of the region, the utilization of the waste land suitable to forest is primarily to plant fuel forests and windbreak forests in order to get the benefits of fuel and protection. The development of the waste land suitable to forest may be divided into three steps. During the Eighth Five Year Plan, first we should chiefly levelop the waste land suitable to forest in Aimagang and Jiangdang, grasp the construction of the 3357 projects, dredge the Nianchu River and contruct the forests and grassland zone successively, afforest the waste land and the sand in the Yalutsangpo River valley step by step, levote major efforts to make shelter forest network and make forestry to play a better role in developing the national economy.

On the basis of experiments with 19 rice varieties and many sowing datas in 13 placs of the whole country, the meteorologic ecological base of rice chalkiness formation has been analysed in this paper. Results show that the temperature condition in the 15 days after rice full heading stage is a leading factor affecting rice chalkiness. In order to know the average daily temperture of the 15 days after full heading that is demanded by the formation of different meteorologic chalkiness area (that is, the change of chalkiness area caused by meteorologic condition), the temperature demanded by 3 kinds of the miteroioogic chalkiness area is determined by a linear planning model as follows:meteorologic chalkiness area: < 5medium japanica:early indica:medium indica:The areal differentiation of meteorologic chalkiness in rice growing areas with different rice farming systems has been analysed by using the above indices. Results show that from north to south the rice meteorolgic chalkiness varies from small to big with the change of average daily temperature of the 15 days after rice full heading. The rice growing areas of the meteorologic chalkiness area of <5% include areas on the north of the Huaihe River, the Yungui plateau, and on the north of the Sichuan basin. Those of 5-10% include the Sichuan basin, southern Yunnan province and the areas from the south of the Huanhe River to the south of the Yangtze River along this river. Those of 10-20% (only the early rice of the double-cropping rice is concerned) include the areas on the east of the Yungui plateau and on the south of the Yangtze River.

Ecological security is one of the important footstones of national security, and is the base of sustainable development.Regional ecological security means that the ecological condition and the main ecological issue of a region does not threaten its survival and development with a given temporal spatial environment,at the same time the natural ecosystem service meets the needs of the regional survival and development.On the basis of comprehension and analysis of ecological security conception,the evaluation indices system is established including ecological products, eco environment situation,ecological function,and regional ecological security index and calculation model is put forward.Taking Hainan Province as an example and applying this assessment method,its integrative terrestrial ecological security index is 0.610.Among three assessing aspects,ecosystem services security is highest(0.772),security depending on resource is the lowest(0.468).The result indicates that the terrestrial ecological security is better in Hainan province especially in erosion controlling,natural disaster rejecting,air quality maintenance,etc. But there is also a lot of unsafe hidden trouble about energy sources self supporting ability,biodiversity protection,waste and sewage disposal,etc.It is believed that scientific and reasonable measures should be further strengthened,and safe ecosystem should be developed,so as to realize regional sustainable development.

Soil erosion results in soil degradation, pollutes water resource, blocks riverways and ditches, and imperils eco-environmental construction in Northwest China, especially in the gully region of the Loess Plateau.Re-vegetation is an effective method to reduce soil and water loss and improve eco-environment in the Loess Plateau.Therefore,the impacts of re-vegetation on water cycle have been one of the key issues in eco-environmental study in the loess region.Using a paired watershed approach,the impacts of re -vegetation on water cycle was studied in a watershed on the Loess Plateau during the period of 1956 to 2000.Deciduous trees,including locust (locusta L.),apricot (praecox L.)and elm (ulmus L.),were planted on a watershed with treated area exceeding 80% ,while a natural grassland watershed remained unchanged.The cumulative runoff yield in the treated watershed was reduced by 37% as a result of afforestation in 44 years.During the first 15-20 years,annual runoff reduction increased with the increase of the age of the trees planted and it didn't change much during the next 24-30 years. Reduction in monthly runoff occurred mainly from June to September.Compared with the natural grassland watershed,cumulative reduction of volumetric water content was about 222mm as a result of afforestation at a rate of 5mm per year.The cumulative evapotranspiration in treated watershed comparatively increased by 620mm at a rate of 14mm per year,which will cause soil desiccation.

Ecological planning has aroused people's attention since it was raised in the 1960s, and got rapid popularization and development.It is a bridge that links town and country planning with environmental planning.This paper firstly analyzes the meaning of the ecological planning and its development at home and aboard.Then,starting from the analysis of the regional backgrounds and the available data on the local conditions,the author evaluates the ecological sensitivity and the ecological adaptable degree of Wuqiangxi Valley.Based upon which the ecological planning of the whole region that aims to set up the ecological protective areas,to make scale use of land,to set up rational allocation of industry in the light of local conditions and to build an artificial swamp urban sewage treatment system has been made. Finally,the paper analyses the advantages of ecological planning over environmental planning during the integrative renovation of the environment by indicating the ecological planning is more favorable to maintain the benign cycle of the whole environmental system.At the same time,the author identifies some deficiencies of the ecological planning at present,which mainly includes that the analytical method of ecological sensitivity is not perfected and the evaluation of ecological adaptable degree has some shortcomings.