Altogether, 132 species of fishes and 42 species of invertebrates were collected in the Xipu Bay (a semi-closed bay with a seawall) of Dongshan Island, Fujian Province, during the period from September 1989 to October 1990. Among these species, Clupanodon punctatus, Spa-rus latus, Mugil cephalus, Liza carinatus, Lateolabrax japonicus, Siganus fuscescens, Penaeus penicillatus, P. semisulcalus, Metapenaeus ensis, Ponunus pelagicus, Scylla serrata and Muscu-lus senhousei are the most important in yield or value of catch. Based on the researches on the present status of organism resources and the exploitation in the Xipu Bay, it is found that the resource species decreased, the catch dropped sharply and the individual size became smaller annually. The organism resources in the bay have declined obviously. The authors consider that the decrease in total catch is mainly caused by overfishing. In order to protect the organism resources and raise the catch, it is necessary to limit fishing activities and improve environmental conditions. Furthermore, opening the sluice gates seasonally to bring fry into the bay and the measure of ranching and farming should be adopted.

Based on full field survey and data collection, the conservation planning for the rare and risk plant species in the three provinces is studied. The 65 plant species in the area protected by the state are divided into several groups according to artificial conservation status and plant distributions and aboundances, and several types of the conservation planning are put forward. On the on-ther-spot conservation side, the establishments of six nature reserves, two national parks and more than 40 protection spots are proposed. On the off-the-spot conservation side, it is suggested to set up a multiply off-the-spot conservation network that consists of a regional off-the-spot center, three provincial-level conservation and breeding bases and a lot of small plant transplantation gardens. Furthermore, an "on-the-spot and off-the spot" conservation planning is proposed, which combines the advantages of the two kinds of conservation. In addition, a "naturalizatoin" planning is particularly emphasized, which requires that the artificial breeded populations of the rare and risk plants should be naturalided to their original habitats.

The amount of Mineral resources of China is so large that it occupies the third place in the world, but per capita occupation is small and only gets the 80th place. If we want to realize the second step of the strategic target of modernlization construction, the supply and need of mineral resources will show contradiction. For the purpose of solving this contradiction, we must search for all potentials, such as finding minerals through geological exploration, improving the mines, reclamation of the first and second resources, using the energy and materials economically, etc.. The old resource-consuming type of economic development model must he innovated and the new resource-saving type economic development model must be established. The policy that "the richer the resources are, the faster their use will be" must be abolished, and the policy that exploitation and economy should go together must be set up. These are essiential ways to solve the contradiction of supply and need of mineral resources. The measures that must be taken are as follow:(1)Exploiting and conserving resources by means of science and technology progress(2)Handling well the inport and export tr de of resources(3)Harnessing the mines according to the mineral resource law and setting up a legel management system(4)Managing the resources and mines by means of planning mechanism(5)Using well the market mechanism properly to activate the mining economy.

The two-year periodic experiments of three kinds of tropical herbage and three kinds of temperate herbage with good prospects in South China are summarized in this article. The study indicates that there is close relation between the growth and output of the herbage and the meteorological conditions. Meanwhile, it also identifies the meteorological indexes for the tropical herbage to survive winter and for the temperate herbage to survive summer. The frost injury index and advection cold injury index of tropical herbage and the hot injury index of temperate herbage are found. In addition, the climatic adaptability of the introduced high-quality tropical herbage and temperate herbage in South China are appraised and the problem of rational layout is also explored. The view-point of the authors is that the artificial pasture in South China should belong mainly to the middle and small types and that agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry should join together.

This paper researches into the agroclimatological field in Jiangxi province by components analysis, cluster analysis and multifactor integrated evaluation. Three components provide 81.82% informations on the agroclimatological field. The first component shows the heat condition, the second the illumination condition, and the third the water content. Accordingly the agroclimatological resources in Jiangxi province can be divided into six areas and fifteen types. The mountain agroclimatological resources can be divided into three levels.

The study of land use situation is the important content of studies of the national land regulation and the forestry development plan. Applying the data of Continuous Forest Inven tory (CFI) and Markov Chain theory, the author has established the model of land use forecast, analysed the land use situation, forecasted its development tendency, and put forward the countermeasures of macroscopic control. The study can provide scientific method and basis for land use plan and making policy.

Southwest China in this paper refers to Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces and Guangxi automous region. The total area is 1.37million square kilometers. Here the water capacity is 826.874 billion cubic meters, including 219.503 billion cubic meters of ground water. This accounts for 29.4 percent of the water capacity of our country. There are many rivers here. These include the Changjiang, Yellow, Zhujiang, Red, Nujiang and Yiluwadijiang Rivers and several coastal rivers in South Guangxi.Thus, it is clear that Southwest China is the most plentiful region in water resources in our country. But contradictions of water supply and water demand are very severe. There are frequent droughts, not enough water offerings in many cities, heavier pollution in middle-sized and small rivers, the widespread decrease in output of the runoff hydropower stations and the decline in inland shipping. These are all insparable with the characteristics and evolutionary laws of water resources. The reasons are as follows:1.The coming of water doesn't coordinate with the use of water. The basins among mountains have more fields and less water, and the mountains have more water and fewer fields. The cities and where the industry centralizes have less water and the remote regions have more water. There is less water in the growing season and in other seasons there is more water. The Karst distributes widely, and this makes the use of water resouces difficult.2.The runoff is decreasing continuously in the dry season. More than 70 percent of water resources of Southwest China appear in the rainy season. Very few water resources are in dry season besides, they're decreasing constantly. If the distribution types of runoff are not changed, the crisis of using water will emerge.3.Water quality is deteriorating constantly. Originally the water quality of Southwest China is good. With the development of urbanization a id the use of large amounts of pesticide and che-micalfertilizer, it becomes bad. it is an main straegical measure to attach importance to the protection of water and the prevention of its pollution.4.To develop the water resources, it is nece sary to pay attention to local conditions. Storing water and transferring water between river basins should emphasized.

The Yellow River water is most important resources of agricultural and industrial production in north and northwest China. It is very important to distribute the resources rationally in time, space and quantity so as to be mutually complementary with the precipitation according to the distribution characteristics of the precipition and the regularity of agricultural water requirment. In this paper, the author made use of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method to analyse some distribution characteristics of the precipitation of different year-types and of growth periods of main crops. Furthermore, some suggestions were made about how to use the water resources of the Yellow River rationaly.

In view of the complexity of the land itself and the characteristics of the blur existing in land quality evaluation, this paper applies the method of "multistage fuzzy synthetical judgement" in fuzzy mathematics to evaluate the land quality.The quality of the land in the Yellow River Delta can be divided into eight grades and thirteen classes. The result of the evaluation shows that the proportion of high-class land is relatively small, the general quality of the land is relatively low, but the land has potential superiority. In terms of the multi-porpose agriculture, considering the suitability of the land and its coordination with other natural resources we can say that the region possesses the conditions for setting up powerful bases of farming, animal husbandry and fishery.As an exploration of the evaluation method, after analysing and checking the evaluation results, this paper considers that the "fuzzy remark" contains rich quality messages which can well reflect the all-round quality and the main restricting factors, and that the evaluation results have relatively high accuracy. Therefore it is scientific and feasible to use the method of fuzzy mathematics in evaluating the land quality.

The Yuanjiang River valley is one of the dry-and-hot valleys in the Hengduan mountains of Yunnan province. In comparision with other river valleys of this province the outstanding characteristics of it is both hot and dry, belonging to the semi-arid climate type, and accordingly it is endowed with profuse heat resource but with low precipitation.Here the climatic conditions are not suitable for growing such tropical plants as rubber tree, coffee, coco, and the like, but are good for the excellent species of the lac insect-Kerria sindica. The Yuanjiang valley has proved to be an ideal district for cultivation of this species of lac insect and has manifested its natural superiority in this respect.As for the exploitation of the valley, it is suggested that taking an eco-forestry way to set up plantation forest of the best of the superior lac insect host tree (Ziziphus mauritiana) as an artificial ecosystem would be more profitable.

Lakes and marshes are important natural resources. They are a production base of exploiting the aquatic eco-agriculture and developing the raw materials for light industry and chemical industry. The protection of limnic resources not only can regulate the ecological environment, but also may become a gene bank of many natural aquatic and pseudo-aquatic organissms.By proper exploitation and utilization of the Jiang-Han Limsic resources, we can gain enormous economic benefit and also can protect the Limnic ecological environment and bring it's ecological benefit into play.

The problems of water resources use of Bortala Mongolian Autonomous prefecture are system ones. Because of the arid region location and unresonable exploitation and use of water resources, there arised many problems in this prefecture. (1) The surface water current can not be successfully regulated. This make a severe problem of seasonal deficiency of water supply. (2) As the management of water resources is not appropriate, the irrigation water amount is high, the leakage of irrigation canal is severe, and the rising of underground water level makes some farmland salinazed and alkalinazed. (3) Because a large amount of water resources is used in oases, the Aibi lake is drying and then incurs many environmental problems. To deal with these problems, a macroscopic regulation and control model of water resources exploitation and use written in System Dynamic simulation language is developed. Under the background of water balance and the principle of synthesis benefits, through computer simulation we finished some tactical experiments. At last, we recommend a tactic of decreasing the irrigation index by 20% to solve the water resource problems of this prefecture.In this research, we regard the regional water resource problems as system ones and make some explorations in the methods of solving these problems.

Hainan, the second largest island and the biggest Special Economic Zone of China, is rich in natural resources and has long been known as the "Tropical Treasure Island". However, due to a variety of reasons, its superiorities have not yet been brought into full play for many years. In order to rapidly develop the economy of Hainan and open it to the outside world, based on objective analysis and comprehensive consideration of its tropical crop resources, mineral resources, tourism resources and marine resources, the author has put forward a new strategy conception to exploit and construct this great "oceanic province", and discussed the strategic target, strategic steps, strategic key-point and so on.

The Ruoergai Plateau is the biggest distribution area of peat in China. There are 442 pieces of peatland the total area is 4605.28km, the volume reserve of the peat is 7361.61×10 m3 (2878.28 t), and the development value is great.The basic factors of peatland formation are the Qurternary relative depression of the earth crust, the wide valley landform and the cool-humid climate. These factors decide that the peat-land is devided into three zones: (I) the north zone-the limnetic plain peatland. (2) the middle zone-the wide vally peatland, and (3) the south zone-the intermontane valley peatland. The old-est age of the peat is about 12000 year in the Ruorgai Plateau.According to the landform type, the peatland is devided into 12 types: (1) the limnetic plain peatland, (2) the alluvial fan peatland, (3) the river terrace peatland, (4) the flood plain peatland, (5) the paleochannel wide valley pea'land, (6) the drowned wide valley peatland (7) the shallow valley peatland in the source of rivers, (8) the fault wide valley peatland, (9) the colluvial skirt peatland, (10) the ancient glacial valley peatland, (11) the ancient ice-water al-Invial fan peatland, and (12) the ancient drift platform peatland.

The world's highest values of geothermal fluid rare-alkali metal contents discovered in Tibetan geothermal systems and the rare-alkali metal determination of the Yangbajing geothermal field, the largest hydrothermal system in the Himalayan geothermal belt, offer convincing geo-chemical evidence for the study of the mechanism of the specific heat origins of the Himalayan geothermal belt located on the sole global continental crust convergence zone with the greatest crust thickness. The reclaim of the rare-alkali metal from the thermal discharge of the Yangbajing power plant also creates unique opportunities and options for the comprehensive utilization of geothermal fluids, the elimination of environmental pollution, and the enhancement of economic benefits.

Based on the research on the distribution characteristics of the weathering-c rust-type rare-earth resources in Nanling in term of their elements, reserves, age, structure and geography, the author comes to the conclusion that the granite weathering-crust-type rare-earth resources predominate the weathering-crust-type rare-earth resources in the region and their Characteristics are high in element abundance, big in reserves, new in age, simple in tectonic conditions and wide in geographical distribution. Besides, there is. also occurrence of rare-earth minerals in the weathering crusts of volcanic rock and phyllite, thus negating the traditional concept that all the weathering-crust-type rare-earth minerals in Nanling are formed after the weathering of granites and broadening the ore-finding scope and the prospective reserves of rare-earth resources.

Taihe chicken is a famous chicken breed which is used for watch and enjoyment in China. It also is used in the medicine, for it is the main ingre dient of the famous Chines medicine "Black-Chicken-White-Phoenix Pills". According to our field survey and a large amount of documents, this paper has discussed the exploitation history and selection process of Taihe chicken. It points out that the history of this chicken's raising and using in medicine has more than 1300 years. The formation of the Taihe chicken can be divided into two periods. The first period is about 240 years long, being from more than 400 years ago to 200 years ago. This chicken was changed from the embryonic form to the appearence of the special breed and from chaotic blood relationship and unstable heredity character to relatively uniform heredity. The second period is from 200 years ago to now. This chicken's heredity character was stabilized and improved. Of course this breed is the result of natural selection and artificial breeding. This paper provides references for further rational exploitation of the Taihe chicken germplasm resource, improving production and further research on Taihe chicken.

It plays a very important role in the development and distribution of Chinese energy industry to exploit and establish the south-western energy base. In southwestern China, the coal resource distributes concentrically in the areas where Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces join and its reserve is about 8.9% of the national total; the hydropower deposit occupies 42% of the national total (if including Tibet, it will reach 70%) and its workable reserve is 51% of the national total. At present the annual electric energy generated here occupies 54% of the national total.The coal industry in China has made a great progress. Up to now, several coal bases have been founded. They include the Shaanxi, Lupanshui and Lianghuai bases and so on. The oilgas industry is developing rapidly and the nuclear electric industry has made a start. But the utilization of the hydropower resource is still backward. The utilization rate of the hydropower resource is 4-5% in China and it is only 1.3% in the southwestern region. Thus it has very important strategic significance to develop the hydropower and coal resources in this region to cure the short supply of energy in China.

Fengshun County is located in the eastern part of Guangdong Province. It is one of the counties which abound with geothermal resources. There are 16 hydrothermal activity areas in the county and 15 among them belong to hot springs with the maximum surface temperature between 45℃ and local boiling point. There is only one warm spring and its temperature is 39℃. The distribution of these hydrothermal areas is under the control of the rift belt. According to estimation, the natural heat output of all the hydrothermal areas is about 57390 kJ/s.Of these 16 hydrothermal areas, Tangkeng, Dengwu and Fenglian are located in the county city or village towns and the drilling work for hot water has already been made. This provides good conditions for using hot water in this county. In 1970, the first geothermal power station of China was built at Dengwu and now the installed capacity is 586 kW. The authors put forward some suggestions for exploitation and utilization of the geothermal energy in the abovementioned areas.

This paper makes a study of the distribution of the potential agricultural productivity of China with the help of geographical information system (GIS).On the basis of the researches of others, the writer chooses appropriate mathematical model and parameters, collects meteorological data of 30 years (1951-1980) and distribution data of physical and chemical characterastics and nutritions conditions of zonal soils (or large-area soils) of China, creates a data base, calculates the potential agricultural productivity of China, and draws a series of maps. The work is with the help of ARC/INFO system, a software of GIS.This paper analyses all the factors influencing potential agricultural productivity. They are sunlight, temperature, water condition and soil condition. The soil condition is analysed by a new method that uses eight factors, namely, soil texture, pH value, nitrogen content, phosphorus content, potassium content, organic matter content, soil erosion status and soil alkalinity status, classifying each of them and giving every class a mark so as to know the soil condition of a region and to calculate its soil availability coefficient.This paper also devides the potential agricultural productivity of China into 9 classes and describes their distribution.

The land resource map is a most complicated map in respects of agricultural natural factors and resources. According to the author's experience in compilation and drawing, some problems of the land resource map on the scale of 1:500 000 of Jilin province are discussed in this paper.1.Basic contents of the map sheet-classification system of land resource: Five levels of land resource type are represented on the map. These five levels are land capability region, land suitablity group, land quality class, land resource limiting factors, and land resource unit. The land resource unit is an evalution object and a catographic basic unit.2.Representation method and colour design: In order to represent the five levels of land resource type mentioned above, the qualitative base method which combines colour with the code or note and the boundary line is adopted.3.Compilation method: Cartographic information (such as landsat images, topographic maps, and thematic maps, etc. ) and integra'ion with field observation and examination are used.

The plain of west Shandong province is located at the end of the Yellow River flood-plain. It often suffers from multiple disasters of drought, waterlogging and salt or alkali This paper analyses the formation, quality and dynamic features of the shallow brackish wa ter. The quality and quantity of water are evaluated. The probability of exploiting, the brackish water and the irrigation benefit are disscussed. There is no doubt that exploiting the shallow brackish water in agriculture will be of gre at significance to expanding the ground water resource and promoting the well circulation of water and soil environments in the Plain.

The red paleosol is widespread on river terraces in South China. It is an important resource. From the research work in the area of the middle and lower reaches of the Qiantang River the author found that:1.The distribution regularity of the red paleosol is decided by the uplift and subsidence range of neotectonics or by fault movement;2.From the upper reaches to the lower reaches, the depth of the soil profile of the red paleosol increases gradually (Fig. 3);3.On the upper terraces, the laterization often becomes stronger. This is shown by the lower SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of clay, the weaker iron activity (Fe0/Fed) the lower clay content and the lower pH value.The red paluosol can be divided into two types-Q2 and Q3. Soils derived from them aredifferent in properties. Therefore the crop choice and the land resource exploitation are also different. Besides, statistic data reveal that the area ratio of Q2/Q3 in different places changes with the characteristics of the neotectonic movement.

On the basis of a survey of soil erosion and land use with remote sensing, severe accelerated erosion is considered to be the primary cause of poor agricultural ecnomical condition in the hill and gully region of the Loess Plateau. It is a result of intensive cultivation and unreasonable land use. Both of these two have a long history. This paper tries to introduce a methodology of quantitative analysis of soil erosion with remote sensing information. Small watershed is taken as the study unit of the erosion system. Thus, two mathematical erosion models which predict the sheet erosion, the rill erosion and the sediment yield of small watershed are developed, according to systematical experimental data and field survey results as well as remote sensing data. Finally, the principles of Soil Erosion Information System (SEIS) are discussed. They are used for dynamically monitoring soil erosion, land use planning and soil conservation.

After analyzing the whole agricultural system of energy and matter, the author finds that reasonable running of animal production system is the key to the improvement of rangeland, the safeguard of ecological environment and the growth of agro-economy. With the system theory and the method of grey connection, the author also does the research on the relationship between animal husbandry and others, and on the inner construction and funtion of the production system. Finally, the strategy for handling the existing problems of system is put out.

Shongshan Mountains are the famous tourist landscape, the second national forest park of China. Based on the in vestigation for several years, the statistical ma terial shows that there are 147 families, 633 genera and 1411 species (included va-rity) in Shongshan Mountains. The author studied and analysed the floristic element. According to the resource characteristics, the plant resources can be classified into 11 kinds.Among them, there are commercial plant 338 species, fruit plant 89 species, ornament plant 316 species, starch plant 94 species, oil-bearing plant 153 species, fibre plant 147 species, medicinal plant 1046 species, forage grass plant 303 species, fragrant oil plant 71 species, tanning material and dvestuff plant 149 spe-cies, poisonous plant 44 species.According to the characteristics of Shongshan Mountains, we make several suggestions about how to develope utilize and protect plant resources:1.To protect ancient plant, rare plant and natural landscape.2.To make full use of dominant plant resources, raise economic benefits.3.To devote major efforts to developing native land plant, protect vegetation lanscape, promote the positive succession of plant community and the fine cycles of the ecosystem.4.To introduce ornament plant in the neighbourhood, beautify the environment of tourist landscape.5.To develope the scientific study and scientific popularization of the forest park.

Comprehensive Multi-storey and -dimension agriculture (CMSDA) causes greater expansion of resource utilization such as land, light, water and heat than traditional agriculture. It is the result of combining traditional and modern technology in agriculture. Developing CMSDA can rationally utilize natural resources and the human production skill, cleverly use space and time, largely raise per unit area yield, alleviate the fight between man and land, employ the rich labour resources, and increase funds accumulation. Now CMSDA is not only a beneficial trial for agrcultural technical reformation but also one of ways for modern intensive agriculture in China. This paper discusses the concept, characteristics, research contents and effects of CMSDA, and especially analyse several applicable models and faced problems, and gives countermeasures of development.

The influence of human activities on environment and climate is the most conspicuous problem of the Loess Plateau, and it may be divided into two aspects:First, the excessive utilization of land by human race causes the destruction of vegetation, and consequently large expance of land is under desertification and the characteristics of the ground surface and the water and heat excha'nge on the ground surface are changed.Second, the use of coal by industries produces a huge amount of carfoondioxde and trace elements, which enter into the atomosphere and cause air pollution.Data of 1951-1990 are collected from 69 meteorological stations on the Loess Plateau. After analysis, the decadal variaions of temperature and rainfall in the last 40 years are obtained.1.In the arid zone of the northwestern of the Loess Plateau, the increase in temperature is the largest. For the past 40 years, the annual mean temperature has increased 0.7-10℃. In the semiarid zone of the middle part of the Plateau, the annual mean temperature increases 0.1-0.5℃, while in the subhumid zone of the southern part, the temperature remains almost constant and even has a slight decrease.2.For the past 40 years, the large and middle-sized cities have the largest temperature increase, especially the industrial cities of the modern type.3.For the past 40 years, the rainfall has decreased in the most part of the Loess Plateau.

On the basis of the analysis of general characteristics of resource disposal, this paper tries to set up an optimal control model for resource disposal by vising the grey system theory. And an optimal dynamic model of resource disposal is obtained by applying the optimal control theory. Finally, a practical example of land resource utilization is cited in the paper.

Based on the analysis of the five factors,this paper chooses14indices and establish-es an index system for appraising resources security.There are five indices in resources field.They are(1)resources support capacity(B)=KR s ?R c ,here K is the integrated coefficient of re-sources recovery,R s is the rest reserve of resources,R c is the consumption of resources;(2)de-pendence upon foreign resources(Y)=Q n ?Q c ,here Q n is net import resources,Q c is resources con-sumption;(3)ratio of resources reserve(S),S 1 =quantity of reserve resources?quantity of resources consumption per day,S 2 =quantity of reserve resources?quantity of resources consumption.The result of S 1 is the number of days that reserve resources can support.The result of S 2 is the per-centage of reserve resources account for the total of consumption in a year;(4)concentration de-gree of import from top three or top five countries (C)=the sum importing from top three or five countries?total of im port;(5)percentage of resources import(F)=the quantity of a kind of import resource?the total of world trade of that resource.There are two indices in political field.One is the stability of in ternational political relations.The other is the domestic political stability of re-sources export countries.Both international and domestic political stability has been graded into five levels and each has a ranging value from1to5,according to the political stability from un-stable to stable.In economic field,there are three indices.Two of them are the long-term and short-term capacities for importing resources,long-term capacity=100-resources import volume?foreign exchange reserve,short-term capacity=100-resources import volume?total volume of ex-port.The third is the coefficient of price fluctuation(P),which can be calculated by formula:P=(P h -P l )?P a ,here P h is the highest price of a certain period,P l is the lowest price of that period and P a is the average price of that period.There are two indices in transportation field,one is distance of transportation,and the other is the number of sea channels that resources transporta-tion ships passed.Ac cording to the transportation distance and the number of channels,they have been graded into five levels respectively and each gives value from1to5.In military field,there are two indices,one is the capacity controlling over the resources supply bases,and the other is the capacity controlling over the important transportation channels.They also have been graded into five levels respectively and each gives value from1to5.Some indices have been used for appraising the security situation of oil and grain in China.The appraisal results are as follows:in terms of dependence upon foreign supply,oil is more de-pendent upon international market than grain.Grain(wheat)is much higher than oil in terms of concentration degree of import from top three countries.Whatever long-term or short-term import capability,grain is much better than oil.In terms of resources reserve ratio,grain is higher than oil.