In this study, all of the EOS-Terra/Aqua-MODIS data, topographical data and meteorological data throughout Minjiang River Basin, Jiulongjiang River Basin and Jinjiang River Basin in Fujian Province, were processed using geographical information system and remote sensing software,in order to analyze the spatial distribution and dynamic changing trends of the eco-environmental quality. The eco-environmental quality monitoring models based on remotely sensed data and ground observations in the three major river basins above mentioned were implemented. Research results indicated that: in the populous, well-developed, flat terrain and facilitated traffic regions eco-environmental quality was bad, while in sparsely populated, undeveloped regions eco-environmental quality was good. Among the three river basins, the eco-environmental quality in Jiulongjiang River Basin is the best, while the Jinjiang River Basin is the worst. Due to the implementation of some environmental protection measures, the eco-environmental quality of the three river basins have been improved in the recent decade. The analysis of the monitoring results of eco-environmental quality at regional level can provide meaningful grounds for the formulation of the eco-environmental regulations and policies.

Coupling relationship of agricultural eco-economic system is a complex process, and it is an interactive result of latent variable and latent variable, latent variable and measurable variable and measurable variable and measurable variable. The complex relationship can be described sufficiently by construction of structural equation model. The results of the structure equation model of three typical areas of Wuqi County, mesoscale eco-agricultural demonstration experiment built by Ansai County and Baota District, and Mizhi county represent loess hilly-gully region, and the establishment and operation of each region indicate that the operation mode of agricultural eco-economic system reveals essential pattern of mutual coupling of agricultural industry and agricultural resources basically with the outside force of Grain for Green Project,but the status of coupled model does not make full use of agricultural resources, and the system coupling effect is low, the impact coefficients of agricultural industry and agricultural resources to the system coupling are 0.54 and 0.16, correlation coefficient between the agricultural industry and agricultural resources is only 0.28, that is to say, industrial development is not well supported by agricultural resources, which resulted in a nonobvious agricultural eco-economic system coupling effect, the existence of local "contrary to" posture, the potential loss phenomenon of forest and pasture resources associated with the industrial chain net. Therefore, the continuous improvement of the system coupling effect and increase economic benefits, the interactive process of agricultural industry and agricultural resources should be strengthened, in particular, the grass and trees and related industries should be developed. The effective use of forest and pasture resources should be promoted.

The cultivated land in farming-pastoral fragile ecological area has high sensitivity characteristics, its use of intensity and potential for regional analysis can provide important support for sustainable land use. On the basis of agricultural land classification and gradation results, four counties in northern Tongliao were selected to analyses cultivated land utilization intensity and potential in fragile ecological area of farming-pastoral zone in North China. The results indicate: 1) The productivity is lower in the north and northeast of the study area. The highest productivity area is the belt region which runs through the northeast to the southwest of Kailu County and distributed in the West Liaohe River of Horqin District. 2) The various production levels in the West Liaohe Plain are higher than that of the Daxinganling hilly region, indicating that light, temperature, water, soil and other natural factors have a major influence on the productivity. The differences of achievable productivity between different counties are less than the theoretical productivity, indicating the fundamental for productivity growth is utilization and management. 3) Theoretical utilization intensity decreased from southwest to northeast, and the theoretical utilization potential decreased from east to west; the achievable utilization intensity decreased from south to north, and the achievable utilization potential can be realized from west to east. 4) The central and southeastern parts are the major grain-producing areas. We should put more emphasis on the promotion of agricultural technology and focus on resolving the land use extensive and illegal occupation of arable land issues. But in the north hilly region, we must pay more attention to protect ecology, and the area which is unsuitable for farming must be returning to forests and pasture.

Water conservation forest of Larix gmelini in Lianhua Lake reservoir area was regarded as research objects. Soil infiltration model firstly was fitted by the rate of soil infiltration speed, and spatial distribution characteristics of the parameters of infiltration model were analyzed by geostatistical method secondly. The results showed: Philip infiltration model has better analog calculation effects on mathematical simulation of soil infiltration than other models. Soil suction rate and steady infiltration rate obtained by fitting both show lognormal distribution and have strong spatial dependence. The proportion of the former is 0.867, and that of the latter is 0.759. The effective range of the former is 29.13 m, and that of the latter is 6.16 m. The fractal dimension of the former is 1.786, and that of the latter is 1.970. Both semivariogram nuggets are small, and the discontinuous variation on small scale isn’t obvious. There is a high significantly positive correlation between the spatial distribution pattern of soil suction rate and that of steady infiltration rate, and the correlation coefficient R is 0.48 within spatial autocorrelation range. By comparison between two parameters, soil suction rate has large spatial correlation range and simple spatial distribution;but steady infiltration rate has unconspicuous homogeneous character, complex spatial distribution and high degree of fragmentation.

Taking proved oil reserves as indicator, this paper analyzes the spatial distribution pattern of global oil resources and its evolution in 1980-2009. According to the staged increase trend of global proved oil reserves during 1980-2009, the evolution process can be divided into five stages, and their characteristic time points could be selected correspondingly; then, the spatial rank distribution pattern and spatial organization of global oil resources at each time point can be discussed based on the function of spatial classification and visualization of ArcView GIS. The results are as follows. 1) The overall spatial distribution pattern of global oil resources can be characterized as irregular multi-centric layer structures, thereinto, Persian Gulf oil region and Mexico Gulf-Caribbean Sea oil regions are the two global oil poles in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres respectively, and their central roles were increasingly strengthened, while the other local oil regions, such as North American continent oil region, Caspian Sea oil region, Eurasia oil region, North Africa oil region, West Africa oil region, North Sea oil region and Java Sea oil region, experience different growth patterns. 2) The evolution of global distribution of oil resources is characterized as rise in the East and fall in the West, and the overall distribution pattern experienced an evolution process of diversification during 1980-1985, centralization during 1986-1990, re-diversification during 1991-1997, re-centralization during 1998-2001, and diversification again during 2002-2009, which eventually results in centralization in the North and diversification in the South. 3) The distribution space of oil resources in Western Hemisphere splited gradually into two layer structures with Venezuela and Canada as their reserve centers respectively, while four oil regions of North Africa, Persian Gulf, Caspian Sea and Eurasia lying through the mid-Eastern Hemisphere have been spatially joining together to form a huge crescent-like oil reserve belt, which could extend southward from Far East in the future.

The first time we defined the term of Gold Purchased by GDP (GPG) and regarded it as a new indicator of economic growth. GPG means the gold weight purchased by GDP according to the annual average exchange price and the annual average international gold price. Exploring the relationship between natural resource consumption and economic growth will contribute to improve the efficiency of resource utilization. This paper analyzed the data of commercial timber harvested, population, GDP and GPG of Southwest China since 1949, tested the hypothesis of Resource Curse and Kuznets Curve, the results showed: 1) with the increasing of GDP by 422 times from 1952 to 2008, the population, GPG and commercial timber harvested grew by one times, 4.5 times and 12 times respectively; 2) the commercial timber decreased by 80% resulted from the Natural Forests Protected Program from 1997 to 2000, but the figure of 9.5 million m³ in 2008 reached the level of 1997 and its increasing trend has not been changed since 1949; 3) the economic development experienced three GPG platforms and it stood at the third one currently. The linear correlation between GPG and timber consumption in the first 20 years was significant (P<0.01); 4) the per capita GPG increased by 1.5 times with the per capita GDP growing by 162 times. The linear correlation between commercial timber consumption and population was significant (P<0.01). The nonparametric correlation between GPG and population was true (P=0.005). The Resource Curse and Kuznets Curve did not exist between timber consumption and per capita GDP or per capita GPG; and 5) the commercial timber consumption per 10 thousand yuan or per kilogram GPG appeared inversed U-shaped curve, and the economic growth went through the period which has promoted by intensive labor and timber consumption.

In this study we calculated potential evapotranspiration and moisture index status and trends of China territory using daily observation data from 756 meteorological stations of China during the last 30 years. Then we divided the vulnerability tendency grades of China territory according to the impact of humidification variation on ecosystems in different climatic zones, and applied this vulnerability tendency grades to cropland, woodland and grassland ecosystems. The results showed that during the last 30 years the average annual potential evapotranspiration was 754 mm; the average moisture index was -5.6; the average rate of moist index change was -4.4/10 a, reflecting a whole downward trend of humidification of China territory. Caused by humidification variation in the last 30 years, the ecosystem vulnerability increase areas concentrated in the southwestern part of Northeast China, North China, eastern part of Northwest China and western,northern and eastern part of Tibet Plateau, which occupied approximately 43.7% of China territory. The main appearances of ecosystem vulnerability tendency were slight, small and moderate increase. Totally, humidification variation had negative effects on cropland, woodland and grassland ecosystem vulnerability tendency in China. Grassland ecosystem had the largest vulnerability increase area, 63.2% of the total grassland area. And the next was cropland ecosystem, 31.6% of the total cropland area. Woodland ecosystem vulnerability was minimally affected, 17.7% of the total forestland area.

Jiangsu Province is one of the dominant areas with broad coastal wetland which accounts for 14.2% of the whole coastal wetland in China, and moreover the yearly growth of the shoals are the important potential resources of Jiangsu. Coastal wetland landscape maps of the year 1987, 1997 and 2007 were figured from the three related maps. This study mainly investigates the spatio-temporal variation and driving forces of the coastal wetland resources of Jiangsu Province during 1987 to 2007 based on the remote sensing and GIS techniques and the method of conversion matrix. The results indicate: 1) in the past 30 years (from 1987 to 2007) the trend of evolvement of the coastal wetland was that the natural wetland transferred into artificial wetland. The natural wetland area decreased by 247.37km² and 465.64 km² respectively in the two periods(from 1987 to 1997 and from 1997 to 2007), while during the whole study period the artificial wetland and non-wetland areas increased by 204.01 km² and 261.56 km² respectively. The decrease of the natural wetland is mainly due to the remarkable reduction of reed-swamp and Suaeda-swamp while the Spartina-swamp was increasing as an invasive species during the whole study period. By 1997, the area of Suaeda-swamp had decreased by 33.38%, and the area of it in the year 2007 was just 7.10% of that in 1987. In the first period reed-swamp decreased by 37.97% with an overall decrease of 47.12% by 2007. The increase of the artificial wetland was mainly from the fish pond culture and during the study period it increased by 14.25%. The variations of the non-wetland were the increases in the cultivated land and residential land and the decrease of the forest land. 2) What influence the evolution of the coastal wetland resources of Jiangsu Province are the human activities and the invasive species. The factors of human activities are mainly about the national state policies, the expanding populations and the transfer of the industrial model. The expanding of the area of Spartina altemiflora was the vital natural driving force for the evolution of the coastal wetland resources of Jiangsu Province and the invasion of the Spartina altemiflora would restrain other ordinary species to survive. By 2007, the area of Spartina-swamp had increased by 71.94%, becoming a banding landscape in the coastal zone of Jiangsu Province.

A numerical model system is built which is suitable for regional wind energy resource assessment and is composed by mesoscale meteorological model MM5, microscale module Calmet and calculation module of wind energy resource parameter. By using the model system, wind energy resource of littoral area in Jiangsu Province and Jiuquan area in Gansu Province are numerically simulated hour by hour with a fine resolution of 1 km×1 km. Littoral area in Jiangsu Province stands for Chinese littoral enrichment area of wind energy resource, and Jiuquan area in Gansu Province stands for north enrichment area in the condition of complex terrain. The model system is evaluated by comparisons between observational datum of wind mast in simulation area and simulation datum. The comparisons indicate that the wind energy resource distribution of the two areas is well simulated by the model system, and the simulation results of the annual average wind speed, the direction frequency of wind and wind power agree well with the observational datum. The comparisons between simulation results and observations of Jiuquan area in Gansu Province are better than that of littoral area in Jiangsu Province. Hence, the wind energy resource assessment under different terrain conditions is well numerically simulated by the model system. And the following results are indicated by the analysis of annual average wind speed and wind power, annual effective hour, and annual energy production: the wind energy resource of off-shore in Jiangsu Province is richer than that of on-shore, and it is richer from north to south; the wind energy resource of the central basin area in Jiuquan area is very rich as where is in the area of south-north facing high mountains.

River runoff is a significant assessment index for surfer water resources. In this paper, based on the change-point theory and methods, the likelihood ratio method testing in the mean and the Schwarz Information Criterion testing in the variance, change points of time series of the river runoff such as the full year runoff, the flood season runoff, the dry season runoff, and the least monthly runoff are recognized for the main gauge stations of Guangdong Province from 1957 to 1999(hydrological year). Temporal and spatial locations of these tested change points are described in detail and key features of the characteristics variability of time series of the river runoff are concluded on the whole. In general, it is found that change point is widely tested in the existence of the dry season runoff and of the least monthly runoff, which annual runoff increases significantly and fluctuates remarkably after the change-point time, otherwise of the full year runoff and of the flood season runoff, and the change point location of these stations obviously occurred in 1972-1973 and 1981. Furthermore, change point in the mean of the dry season runoff happens in the Dongjiang Basin, and change point in the variance in the Beijiang Basin, the Hanjiang Basin, the Western Guangdong, and the Pearl River Delta. Change point in the mean of the least monthly runoff presents in the Dongjiang Basin and the Hanjiang Basin. Particularly, change point in the mean and in the variance are tested in the existence of these four kinds of annual series in the Sanshui station, the controlling gauge station of the Beijiang River flowing to the Pearl River Delta.

Based on the remote sensing data such as NDVI data from GIMMS and SPOT VGT, the paper analyzed temporal and spatial distribution of grassland cover change from 1982 to 2009. The results showed that: 1) There was significant spatial difference in grassland coverage change. The area with grassland coverage increasing was mainly distributed in northern Tibet and southern Xinjiang; the area with grassland decreasing was mainly distributed in the headwaters of the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Lancang River, and Nujiang River, the Qaidam Basin and Gonghe Basin, Qilian Mountains and western Sichuan Province. 2) Statistics of grassland coverage inter-annual change showed that at significance test level of 90%, the rate of the area with coverage decreasing and increasing was 0.31, and the grassland coverage on Tibetan Plateau tends to be increased. 3) Analysis with ten years showed that: the grassland coverage with continuous increase was mainly distributed in northern Tibet; the grassland coverage in Ngari of Tibet decreased firstly and then increased; nevertheless, the Brahmaputra Valley increased firstly and then decreased; the area with continuous decreasing tendency was mainly distributed in Qinghai Province and western Sichuan Province; the statistics showed that most of the grassland coverage on Tibetan Plateau displayed an increasing tendency.

Evaportranspiration(ET) of Shandong Province was assessed by MODIS satellite image coupling with meteorological data based on SEBAL model herein. It was revealed from the analysis results that ET derived from MODIS data was in very good agreement with the measurement by lysimeter and the calculation recommended by FAO Penman-Monteith method, with the consistency index of 0.917, correlation coefficient of 0.872, and daily relative error of about 11.34%. Further, the monthly and seasonal water budget of different land use/land cover types during 2005 and 2006 have been analyzed by coupling retrieved regional ET and spatial interpretation of precipitation. Results show that the total average of actual ET and precipitation during the month of March to November in the year 2005 were about 637.45 mm and 639.61 mm, respectively. The mean precipitation can almost meet the water consumption of ET. While in the year 2006, the actual ET and precipitation for the same period were respectively averaged 578.48 mm and 443.98 mm. The water loss reached 134.50 mm. It was also found that water deficit and drought were more serious in spring and autumn compared to that in summer.

One of the hot issues in the field of hydrology and water resources study is the feature study of hydrological and meteorological factors influenced by human activities and constant changes of the global weather. Focusing on lower reaches of the Pearl River Basin, this paper samples the monthly rainfall of 125 rainfall observation stations ranging from 1956 to 2005 to make a quantitative study of rainfall information transfer between various rainfall observation stations with the application of transfer index of directional information. Furthermore, in combination with clustering analysis, the paper defines the relationship between various stations and also uncovers the spatial distribution law of rainfall in the lower reaches of the Pearl River Basin. The following result is revealed by the study:influenced by the geological condition and weather condition outside the basin, the rainfall of lower reaches of the Pearl River Basin shares the feature of self-similarity in the spatial scale, where there exist seven similar areas.

Restricted by the frail eco-environments and scarce water resources, the arid areas in Northwest China are crying for water transfer from rural to urban areas to accelerate the process of urbanization and industrialization. However, food security in the arid areas in Northwest China should also be guaranteed, and the rural and urban areas should both develop sustainablely with rational water reallocation. Consequently, it is urgent to find a way to resolve this problem. Zhangye City, which is located in the Heihe River Basin, is typical in the arid areas of Northwest China, was chosen as a case study. According to the problems Zhangye City are facing, such as low urbanization and industrialization level, low proportion of water utilization of the secondary and tertiary industries in the whole economy, low economic efficiency of water utilization and limitation of water supply for socio-economic system, the overall design of water utilization modes linked with urban and rural arid areas was made. Subsequently, five kinds of water utilization modes linked with urban and rural arid areas restricted by eco-environments were constructed, ie., increasing urban water use by returning farmlands to forests and grasslands with stable grain production, increasing urban water use by agricultural science and technology progress, transferring water from rural to urban use by agricultural industrialization, reusing urban reclaimed water in agriculture, and paying compensation when transferring water from rural to urban use. If these five kinds of water utilization modes are exercised together, it can help Zhangye City and the arid areas in Northwest China to innovate in water resources management and promote the rural and urban areas to develop harmoniously and rapidly.

Climate change in the past century has already had measurable impact on ecosystems. Human populations always face the risk of damage from climate change, which is now widely recognized as the major environmental problem facing the globe. Therefore, climate change needs to be factored into current development plans. Western Henan mountain area, the study area, belongs to the east-extended end of the Qinling Mountains, which is an important boundary between sub-tropical zone and warm temperate zone in China. It consequently is one of the most susceptive areas to climate change. Based on the climatic data from national meteorological observation stations, the multi-temporal characteristics of annual precipitation and annual mean air temperature during the past 50 years in western Henan mountain area were studied using Mexican Hat wavelet analysis and traditional statistical methods in this article. The results indicated that: 1) Both annual precipitation and annual mean air temperature have complex multi-temporal scale structures. Annual precipitation has obvious periodic oscillations of 4 years and 14 years, while annual mean air temperature has obvious periodic oscillations of 8 years and 14 years. 2) Although obvious periodic oscillations of annual precipitation and annual mean air temperature in western Henan mountain area existed in the past 50 years, they can be thought being caused by randomness (i.e.a Gaussian White Noise) because their statistical significance levels of wavelet analysis results against the power spectrum of a Gaussian White Noise were very low. 3) Annual precipitation and annual mean air temperature have significant converse relationship in 4-12 temporal scales during the past 50 years. That is to say, high annual precipitation is often accompanied with low annual mean air temperature in 4-12 temporal scales, and vice versa. And it is projected that it will probably continue to be high annual mean air temperature and low annual precipitation for the coming years in western Henan mountain area. 4) It should be noted that, just as statistical analysis, wavelet analysis also belongs to experience diagnosis, and is not mechanism analysis. Consequently, mechanism of complex process in climate system should be further studied to understand and explore the future trends of climate change.

Land desertification has been a worldwide environmental problem. Desertification monitoring and evaluation is a very important content in desertification context. Scientific and accurate evaluation of desertification can provide scientific basis for decision-making in combating desertification. Because of the advantage of large amount of information, short cycle and broad scope of data, less restrictions on the human and material resources and so on,remote sensing has become an important technology to monitor land desertification in the past 30 years. Desertification is the most typical and serious form of desertification in China, especially in the oasis zone distributed along inland rivers or in the lower reaches of inland rivers in northwestern China. Quantitative evaluation of the current desertification remote sensing methods used are mostly obtained through the vegetation index and vegetation cover, to gain information on the extent of desertification. As the arid and semiarid sparse vegetation cover, soil and soil moisture on the most common vegetation index have a greater effect. Firstly, based on the SMA(Spectral Mixture Analysis)model,three kinds of endmember consisting of vegetation,water and bare soil were selected. The image dimensionality was reduced by the minimum noise fraction(MNF). The pixel purity index (PPI)transformation was used to narrow the range of the endmember. On the scatterplot of MNF,three kinds of endmember were selected, and relative abundance distribution of each component was obtained by using linear spectral mixture model. Secondly, a spectral feature space composed of vegetation component and land surface albedo retrieved from Landsat TM Imagery was constructed to evaluate desertification present condition and degree quantificationally. Finally, an empirical study was carried out taking the middle reaches of Heihe River as an example. Results indicated that this method makes full use of multi-dimensional remote sensing information, reflecting the desertification land cover, water, thermal environment and its changes,with a clear biophysical significance,and the index is simple, easy to obtain, high in precision, and is conducive to quantitative analysis, monitoring and assessment of desertification. It was rather ideal to assess desertification on the basis of Albedo-Vegetation feature space: correct prediction proportion of testing samples reached 90.3% and the prediction error of desertification degree was less than two grades. This method can be applied to the practical project.

The characteristic scales in real landscapes reflect the spatial patterns and scales of human interactions with the environment. Identifying spatial structure and its characteristic scale is very important as well as necessary for exploring the spatial variability of different landscapes within remotes sensing images. Landscapes in mountainous area of South China is characterized as with strong variability and controlled by topographic conditions to a certain degree. Further researches are needed to quantitatively identify the characteristic scale of typical landscapes in those areas and its relationship with natural and anthropogenic processes. The prime objective of this study was to explore the characteristic scale of main landscapes at mountainous area in South China with semivariogram, wavelet transform and local variance using SPOT 10 m image. The first principal component of SPOT image is used for analysis. Results of variograms, wavelet variance, local variance for forest, city, agricultural and water landscapes all demonstrate that forest landscape possesses great spatial variability as quantified by the variogram or wavelet, local variance, and it partially originated from topographic complexity. City landscape also exhibits strong spatial variability and it's principally influenced by anthropogenic processes. Agricultural landscape is more heterogeneous than forest and city landscapes, but water landscape is most heterogeneous and no further variogram modeling conducted. Two different spatial structures were detected from wavelet analysis and semivariogram modeling in forest, city and agricultural landscapes individually. Results from variogram modeling are more precise and show that the range of the first spatial structure of city, agricultural and forest landscape is 16 m, 79 m and 95 m, and the second one is 133 m, 1031 m and 483 m respectively. Only one smaller characteristic scale is spotted from local variance. The mean characteristic scale quantified by mean length scale varies from 111 m to 569 m over city, forest and agricultural landscapes. The characteristic scale of forest in mountainous areas is relatively smaller than usual with the introduction of complicated landform. The largest spatial structure is detected in agricultural landscape which is the mosaic of agricultural crop fields surrounded by rivers and roads. In conclusion, a combined process for identifying characteristic scale with wavelet and semivariogram analysis is proposed. Firstly, wavelet method could be applied to distinguish the different spatial structures and the rough value of characteristic scale; then semivariogram modeling might be utilized to gain the exact value, with the number of combined models and parameters derived from results of wavelet analysis.

The most important contributions of this paper attempt to advance the measurement of TFEE by introducing environmental impact associated with energy consumption as one of the inputs into the evaluation. We employ data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate TFEE of 30 administrative regions in China (not including Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan due to no data) for the period 1997-2007. In our DEA model, coal, crude oil, natural gas, electricity and fuel combustion emissions from industrial sector are the five inputs and real GDP is the single output. Based on spatial analysis techniques with GIS software, we investigate the spatio-temporal evolution pattern of regional TFEE. On the basis of panel data at the provincial level in the period of 1998-2007, we develop the fixed-effect model of TFEE to further explore influential factors and their underlying mechanisms. Results are as follows:1) regional TFEE of China improves constantly, while inter-provincial disparity of TFEE continues to widen and a significant divergent trend is found. 2) The spatial pattern of high-TFEE area in China evolutes from "line" of the south coast to the "surface" of the southern area. 3) The empirical analysis of fixed-effect model at national-level shows that there is significant positive correlation between technological progress, economic openness, energy consumption structure (independent variables )and TFEE(dependent variable), while there is a significant negative relationship between industrial structure, marketization level and energy resource endowments (independent variables ) and TFEE(dependent variable). 4) The empirical analysis of fixed-effect model at national-level shows that technological progress has the most positive effect on regional TFEE, and the other two main factors affecting TFEE of most regions are industrial structure and marketization level.

Urban land intensive use is regarded as an important content for the research of urban land use change. Understanding the mechanism, process, and effects of urban land intensive use is helpful to optimize the urban spatial structure, improve the efficiency of urban land use, ease the pressure of urban development brought by resource and environmental constraints, and promote sustainable urban development. In this paper, scale, contents and methods which were presented in urban land intensive use research are concluded elaborately: 1) There are three kinds of scale in spatiality. Macro scale contains whole country, urban agglomeration and provinces; medium scale includes cities and functional region; while micro scale indicates parcel. Another scale is time which contains section data and panel data, and it maybe more valuable to analyse the variation and developing tendency of urban land intensive use with panel data. 2) As for the contents, connotation, theories, evaluation, driving forces, effects and approaches are mainly discussed in the literatures. Urban land intensive use has multifunctional and dynamic characteristics, and pays more attention to land use structure, land use intensity and land use efficiency. The evaluation of urban land intensive use is widely concerned, accordingly achieves considerable achievement, which mainly includes evaluation index system, spatial differentiation, comparisons between different industry trades and potential estimation. The driving forces of urban land intensive use are affected by spatial scales and time scales. The effects and approaches of urban land intensive use are weakly concerned, especially in China. 3) Some methods have been applied in researches, such as statistic analysis, econometric analysis, dynamic process model and spatial analysis. In addition, PSR model, DPSIR model and life cycle assessment are also helpful to the research. Although much progress has been made in theory and practice of urban land intensive use research, and some important results have been obtained, there still have certain problems in previous researches. Some suggestions which help to develop the research are as follows: Firstly, multi-level, multi-scale and time series research should be adequately emphasized to realize characteristics of urban land intensive use. Secondly, the theoretical foundation, intrinsic mechanism, dynamic process and comprehensive effects should be studied deeply. Lastly, econometric analysis, dynamic process model and spatial analysis should be applied extensively.

In this paper, the Dongjiang River Basin with an area of 3.49×10⁴ km² was chosen as the study area .The Universal Soil Loss Equation(USLE) was use to estimate the erosion amount of the Dongjiang River Basin. The factors R, K, L, S, C and P were determined according to 1 ∶ 250000 DEM of the Dongjiang River Basin, NDVI data in January of 2009 and other basic data using remote sensing and geographic information system software. The annual average soil erosion amount is 16.2×10⁸ t, and the mean soil erosion modulus is 18.73 t/(km²·a), and the erosion intensity is classified as slight degree erosion. The slight and moderate erosion area occupied 94.62% of the area, but merely contributed 9.94% of the total load of soil erosion in the Dongjiang River Basin, while the serious erosion area only occupied 5.38% of the study area, and contributed 90.06% of the total load of soil erosion. The impact of slope gradient and land use on soil erosion were analyzed. Results show that the spatial distribution of soil erosion is obvious in the Dongjiang River Basin. The nudation and shrub-grassland are the main land use types which suffered serious erosion. The soil erosion rate increases with the increase of slope gradient until to a certain value, after which the erosion rate decreases. The main soil erosion slope ranges from 5° to 25°. These results could offer basic information for aquatic ecological function regionalization in the Dongjiang River Basin.

Water pollution is one of the major environmental problems, "water resources protection, and pollution control" is necessary to ensure sustainable development of cities. The analysis of the existing environmental data is an important task to the environmental statistics. The rough set theory is an effective method for data analysis. The attribute reduction is a useful method, which can pack data, reduce the operation and raise the efficiency. This article established the roughset model and used it in processing the data of industrial pollution emissions from 1995 to 2006 in the area of Shanghai, and in inspecting the influence in the industrial production. At the same time, the author utilized the programming of Matlab to confirm the validity of the model and obtained the useful result. The correlation analysis shows the relationship between factors and population,economy. By the analysis of the decision rule in the future environmental data processing, we should take serious measures to control the industrial withdrawal of sulphur dioxide, reduce the amount of the coal, pay great attention to protect the environment while developing economy and making the economy continue the balanced development.

The change in the natural hydrologic process and the crisis of the water resource due to the human activity especially urbanization has been accelerated with the rapid economic development and population growth. The research of the hydrologic process response to the urbanization has been the focus of attention and the international frontier. This paper reviews the status of hydrological response to the urbanization process and summarizes the existing research methods and research content from precipitation, runoff, water resources and ecosystem of watershed etc. Some conclusions of this paper were drawn as follows: 1) Imperious area extension driven by rapid urban development could change the urban climate, and cities tend to be hotter than the surrounding countryside and create what is known as an urban heat island. However, whether the precipitation in cities increasing is still controversial. 2) Imperious area increase and land use/land cover change (LUCC) have great effects on the natural structure of river channel and stream network. Main parameters in artificial stream network are discussed, such as Horton’s laws and fractal theory. 3) Imperious area and land use change also influence runoff coefficient, flood peak flow and frequency. And the qualities and quantities of water resources have degraded as a result of the urbanization. 4) Cities are widely regarded as having lower biodiversity, and urbanization will reduce the biodiversity of native species. Some researches show the riparian buffer zone by the river could improve the ecological system. So, ecological water requirements have come into notice in the recent years. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the methodology from statistics analyses, hydrological model, watershed experiment and GIS/RS spatial analyses etc. Finally, some ideas in the future research are discussed. Many affecting factors need to be considered and researched further, and hydrological response to urbanization should be assessed quantitatively so as to support scientific foundations for rational allocation and sustainable development of land and water resources. It could be used as reference for research of urban hydrology.

本来想用这样一个题目为《自然资源学报》写篇论文。我在研究国土经济学和我国社会主义经济社会发展战略时,经常接触到这方面的问题,感到有写这样一篇论文的必要。但是几个月来一直挤不出做这件事的时间。于是只好用这样一个很大的题目写这样一篇很短的文章了。

Ecologically economics means that to develop economy one should consider the relationship between law of ecology and economics, and that between economic efficiency and ecological efficiency. To attain the goal mentioned above, economic policy is necessary. This paper deals with the following two pans:1. Ecologically economic view-points to exploit agricultural nature resources(1) Considering the economic efficiency, one must understand that natural conditions in in area are very complex. Orange trees can be planted in a local condition in central Anhui, but it does not mean that it can be extended everywhere in whole area. Tree species along highway is unique, and so different species adapted to various habitats should be selected.(2) The economic efficiency is related to the ecological efficiency. In the "great leap forward" drive of the late 1950s, people have reclaimed land from lakes only because of thinking to increase production of cereals. Consequently, the function of irrigation and drainage, fisherery as well as sideline products of lakes have been lost. The natural enemies of rats and mice such as foxes, cats, snakes, etc. are caught and told by the far- mers for foreign trade. In consequence, this behaviour has caused to increase the reproduction rate of rats and mice which eat large amounts of cereals, vegetables, fruits, and infect a certain disease posing a serious threat to people's health.(3) The economic law must correspond to the law of ecology. Oliveoil trees producing high yield of oil per hectare are widespread and commonly planted in the Mediterranean area, where the rainfall is low and sunshine is strongest in the world. However, from the ecological point of view, these trees are not fitted to extend in Anhui's climatic conditions.(4) The economic policy is a decisive factor to resolve the accomplishment of both efficiencies of ecology and economics. Fish-breeding is a rational use of water resource from ecological and economic view-points; however, the price policy of fishes and forages would decide to limit or promote the development of fishery.(5) To maintain the view-point of ecosystem is important to obtain economic efficiency. The problems concerning mountains, hills, rivers, farmland, forests, and roads should be tackled in a comprehensive way, as far as the prevention of floods by Huaihe River is concerned.2. Discussion on rational exploitation of mountains, hills, water resource, and fields in central Anhui(1) Protection of forests and afforestation in mountains should be ordered the priorities, since vegetation has been spoiled, and consequently, soil erosion is getting worse. Cultivation of tea trees, sideline production, fisheries, and animal husbandry may be promoted according to the local conditions in mountainous area. Selecting tree species planted on hills with acid and calcareous soills, one has to consider whether its biological and ecological character is fitted. Rice, wheat, and sweet potatoes can be raised in some suitable places. In addition, promotion of animal husbandry, sideline production, and fisheries may also be boosted in places.(2) Rational use of water resourcePromoting and improving the ecological environment is very important. One must comply to a certain degree with the laws of nature, including complicated relationship between man and water. Lakes should be recovered from reclaiming fields for fish-breeding, water-crops planting, irrigating, and navigating to develop their original functions. Of course, recovery would be taken place step by step.(3) Rational use and exploitation of fieldsDepressions, dry lands, paddyfields, and sandy soils should be planted with differentcrops or trees based on their biological and ecological characters. Intensive managementand rational use of chemical and organic fertilizers in crops should be made to increase?their yields. Attention must be paid to the problem of rural energy for which to plantfuel trees is most practical.

Since the establishment of New China, great attention has been paid by the government to the investigation of groundwater resource. Regional hydrogeological mapping covers most parts of the territory, and an overall evaluation of groundwater resource has been made. As a result, the total groundwater resource of our country is estimated at about 872 billion m3/a, in which the amounts of porewater, fissurewater and karstic water are calculated separately, and the consumption of groundwater is computed as well. A lot of prospecting work has also been carried out for the development of wtllirrigation as well as for water supply of industrial cities. The extensive work mentioned above has provided a scientific basis for the rational development and utilization of groundwtter resource.According to statistics, 11.3 million ha of arable land are irrigated with water from wells, and the annual exploitation of underground water has reached 40 billion m³. In 27 cities of Nonh China, the output of groundwater reached 6.86 million m³/d, which amounted to 87% of the total water consumed. The distribution and hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater resource in various regions are discussed in this paper, including some environmental hydrogeological problems related to the exploitation and utilization of groundwater. In short, it is evident that groundwater resource plays a significant role in both urban and rural water supply, and in promoting the development of agriculture and industry in our country.

Qianyianzhou is a red soil and low hilly land, which used to be a poor and needy and less developed area, woodless, waterdeficient, low-yield, and with lots of wasteland, single-product economy.Academia Sinica, the Investigation Team of Southern Hilly Area, in cooperation with the Committee of Sciences of Jiangxi province, proposed in 1983 a programme for land use and compiled the 《Programme for use of Qianyianzhou》 on the basis of integrated investigation of natural resources and agricultural division.Through the practice of three years, the woodland and fruit tree land have been increased from 0.4% in 1982 to 80.1% in 1985. The net income per capita increased by 1.2 times. The profit of state investment is about two times of the loan interest. Both the investor and developers have received really benefit from it.The principal reason for the success in exploitation and management of Qianyianzhou is that adhering to the principle of relative consistency of ecological effect with economic benefit and analysing in some detail their superiority and characteristics. They choose carefully their leading products, turned the river-valley-agriculture of the grain as the main body into stereo-agriculture of wood and fruit tree as the main body, which emphasizes both the hills and th river-valley. For this reason a series favorable conditions have been created, and they ran along a quite different way from the past. The basic experince can be summarized as follows:(1) The stereo-agricultural structure system has been established, which takes superior products as the main body. Thus, a proper balance of the relationship between hills, watershed and cropland is maintained.(2) The developing policy has been determined, that is, taking application as the aim management as the means and combining these two. So an effective way has been found to solve the relationship between preservation management and exploitation, utilization.(3) The developing strategy has been confirmed, that :s providing middle-term with shon term and providing long-term with middle-term, and combining short with long. Thus the relationship between the immediate interests and long-term interests has been put in ordere.(4) The subsidization form of the paid-invenstment and contracted responsibilities, which grants a support before earning the profit, has been chosen. So the relationship between investor's benefit and developer's one.

China has a vast mountainous area, covering two-thirds of her total land area. Therefore, the rational exploitation of the mountainous areas plays an important role in China's economic construction.China's mountainous areas encompass a variety of natural conditions. They are rich in natural resouces, such as forests, grasslands, water for hydroelectric production and irrigation, minerals, fruits, wild animals and plant resources as well as resources of tourism, etc. There are indeed great potentialities for development. But, owing to long t-terme misuse of the mountainous areas the ecological environment is out of balance, the productive level is low and the living conditions of local inhabitants are rather poor.In order to rationally develop the resources of the nountainous areas and to devise a better land-use planning, a preliminary regionalization of China's mountainous.areas has been made. The total mountainous areas are divided into 10 regions and 37 sub-regions. There has been a review for each region and sub-region about its natural conditions, natural resources, state of production, existing problems, developmental direction, main approach and measures for future development.The discussion about the strategic points for the development of China's mountainous area can be summarized as the following four aspects:1) to recover China's mountain forest vegetation and to build the stable base of forestry;2) to fully use grassland resources to mountainous areas, and to greatly incrcas herbivorous livestocks;3) multiple-use is a key to becoming rich in the mountainous areas;4) the position of cereals production in the mountainous areas.

Strategy of regional development has different model guiding developments: (1) model guiding development of resources, (2) that of industry, (3) that of technology, and (4) that of commerce A model guiding systematic development can be created by integrating these models. In addition to model guiding development of personal ability, holographic model guiding development can be created. This model aims at raising the value of person and promotes person's transformation from traditional person to modern person with the rhythm of industrial society and initiating the spirit of information societyThus it can be seen that based on raising the value of person, using regional resources, regulating industrial structure, raising technological structure, transforming commercial structure from interversion type to extroversion type, holographic strategy of development creates reasonable structure reflecting the changing relationships.Geography is used to study the interrelations among elements of region (the corresponding and changing interrelations among elements forming geography).Based upon the researches mentioned above, development's strategy of regions takes a forward step to inquire into the corresponding anil changing relations among different structures on the earth s surface Using the theoretial foundations of regional development's strategy, we study internal structures of some regions as well as the structures of background surrounding the same regionsThe corresponding and changing analysis of different structures mentioned above can be illustrated by the relations of framework's network as follows: Background's structures of the surrounding region for the harbour city is emphasized on the basis the structures of different levels of economic hinterland Tor example, four levels of spatial resources of rear-area can be divided for Lianyuu Port: ( 1 ) Gulf opposite to the Lianyungang-Haizhong. The northern part of Jiangsu Province and the southern part of Shandong Province are its near hinterland. Viewed from coastal zone of our country, this region is a relatively backward area, compared with the southern part of Jiangsu Province. (2) Middle and western section of Longhai railroad is the key area for industrial construction of our country, especially for engineering industry. Lianyun Port is a sen port for this section and Central plain, central part of Shanxi Province and eastern part of Gansu Province. (3) Lianyun Port is the most favourable seaport for hinterland Central plain and most part of Northwest area including Qinghai Province, Hcxi Corridor, western part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia, Uygur, Autonomous Region of xinjiang, even some parts of Tibet. (4) If the railfoad in northern part of Xinjiang is comple:ed anJ connected with the railroad in U. S. S. R. through Ala pass, Lianyun Port will be the most favourable sea harbour also for western Europe and U. S. S. R., entering economic circle of Pacific Ocean from western and central Eurasia.According to this procedure, the research of development's strategy of a region can counect general strategy with sub-strategy, fulfil every strategical policy down to the structure on the surface of the earth, and make "soft consultation" to be realized easily.It is noted that regional superiorities have different levels and some can be brought into play through the local investment. Some belong to provincial or national superioritcs and can be brought into play through investment from higher level, and need to be listed into provincial or national plan.Based upon the theory for development's strategy of a region, we hold that the demonstrative contents of developmental strategy of a region can be summed up: ( 1) Giving full play to local superiority and facilitating economy to start on the way of development; (2) strengthening the lateral connection and extending attractive and radioactive scope, enlivening economy through transportation, circulation and tourism; (3) demonstrating and propagandizing the superiorities on provincial and

The systemetic investigation-research of resource economics is a newborn frontier science which has grownsteadily since the integrated survey of natural resources carried out in China after Liberation. Resource economics studies the relationships among national economic development, exploitation and utilization of natural resources, and environmental effects.lt expounds how to search for and utilize raw materials (resources) needed for production, and how to protect the eco-environment. Theoretically speaking, this is a science of studying productive force and inevitably involves the relations of production and superstructure. Therefore, exploitation and utilization of natural resources is its study object, and rational use of natural resources under proper planning and effective development of productive force are its basic tasks-It is characterized by (1) focusing on the exploitation and utilization of natural resources' (2) emphasizing the long-term strategic goal of regional development, and (3) stressing the suitability and rationality as well as unity with time and space.In this paper four concrete tasks of the investigationresearch of resource economics are put forward as follows: ( 1 ) To evaluate natural and social-economic condition, (2) to study the utilization of natural resources and the present situation of economic development in a given region, (3 ) to give comprehensive appraisal of the means of exploitation and utilization of natural resources with eco-environmental, economic and social benefits consideration, and ( 4 ) to estimate the procedures and the main steps necessary for achieving the long-term goal of regional development.In addition the current situation and experiences of studying resource economics abroad are briefly introduced. It is also pointed out that more attention should he paid to the fundamental study of resource economics and some research work urgently needed should he strengthened

China's natural resources are quite rich. Yet, owing to a very hrge population, per capita share of different natural resources is rather low.Major factors governing the formation and distribution of different resources include: a vast territory, a mid-latitudinal and east-coastal location, the mountainous landform and the huge impact of human activities. These factors are closely interrelated and usually work together.Most renewable natural resources, including arable land resources, climatic resources, water resources and biological resources are mainly distributed according to the integration of horizontal zonation (mainly determined by temperature and moisture elements) and vertical zonation (mainly determined by topography and landform elements); azonal factors such as geological structure and human impacts are sometimes also significant. Mineral resources which are non-renewable are mainly determined by geological structure and thus distributed very unevenly.Different natural resources are thus characterized by their close interrelationship and conspicuous areal differentiation. Consequently, they should be developed comprehensively by an overall planning.