鉴于社会经济和资源分布的非均衡性，煤炭运输历来为政府所关注，探讨其流场规律有助于认识中国能源供需格局和区域经济联系。从省区和地市角度，剖析中国煤炭资源的汇源格局及演变特征，分析表明：源流区早期集中在华北，目前略向中西部转移，形成中部供应区，山西成为全国源流中心；北方沿海是主要汇流区，目前向东南沿海延伸，形成东部调入区。同时，分析煤炭流场的空间特征，界定主要集散场及等级体系，认为：扩散中心多分布在华北，目前向西部延伸，大型扩散场形成于北方；集聚中心早期多分布在北方沿海，目前向东南沿海延伸，以港口、工业城市和经济中心为主。然后，全面解析煤炭资源的流动路径，连接港口的铁路成为主通道，下水港多分布在北方沿海和长江，接卸港多分布在东南沿海。

生态修复是当前生态学和环境科学领域研究的热点问题，并且孕育着巨大的研究和应用前景，然而由于工程时空跨度大、修复对象复杂等特点，生态修复实践仍然存在着理论研究滞后、投入产出率相对低下、修复模式单一、项目达标情况难以监测等问题。在总结归纳实践经验的基础之上，根据生态修复的不同层次和阶段，将生态修复的实践模式由开始启动阶段到修复终点，自下而上串联成一个相互独立而又彼此联系的模式，即包含“点”、“线”、“面”和“多维立体”四种模式在内的多层次生态修复模式。该模式有以下两方面特点：①修复的对象在现有的物种、种群、生态系统结构和功能的基础之上，增加了人类这一生态系统的重要组分，同时把社会经济等因素放在与科学技术同等重要的位置进行考虑，将其作为指导理论之一融入到生态修复的具体实践步骤中；②与以往静态的单一修复目标不同，论文提出了一种层层递进、彼此联系而又环环相扣的动态、多层次修复模式，每一种模式都对应着生态修复的不同层次和阶段，层层递进共同构成生态修复的全部内容。此模式既充分考虑生态系统自身的复杂性，又符合生态系统动态发展趋势，可为当前生态修复实践中的难点、疑点提供更具现实意义的指导。

The Chinese coastal urban system has several obvious recent characteristics. They are mainly (1) the rare distribution of the port city, which is dense in the North and sparse in the South; (2) two kinds of port pattern: estuary port and coastal port; (3) lack of special port, wharf and berth; and (4) forming of the open economic system.To make a comprehensive survey of economic developing condition of the China coast,, the development of the coastal urban system has the preponderance in six respects: (1) substantial economic base, developed external trade; (2) strong central position of the seaport city; (3) abundant marine resources, great exploit potentialities; (4) rich and varied tourist resources, more nature scenery with seas and waters; (5) a very long distance of "Golden Coast"; and (6) advance in science and technology, sufficient resource of man power. But, it has also weakness in the short of supply of energy, fresh-water source and a thin over-land network of communications and transportationIn view of all these above, we consider that the development of the coastal urban economy must open to the world market, link closer the port with the interior, modernize the classical sectors of industry and exploit marine resources. The aim of the coastal urban system planning is seeking in an overall view the whole effect according to the law of urban development of China's seaports. The Urban system Planning focuses mainly on particular groups of sub-system planning such as: (1) the territorial spatial structure planning (include the Ringed Bohai Economic Zone, the Changjiang Golden Delta Economic Zone and the Southeast Coastal Economic Zone); (2) the hierarchy planning of the rank-size structure with Shanghai as its head; (3) Organization of the coastal urban function and (4) the mesh system planning (include the seaport system, the transportation network, the castal tourist mesh and the urban economic mesh).

The Yuanjiang River valley is one of the dry-and-hot valleys in the Hengduan mountains of Yunnan province. In comparision with other river valleys of this province the outstanding characteristics of it is both hot and dry, belonging to the semi-arid climate type, and accordingly it is endowed with profuse heat resource but with low precipitation.Here the climatic conditions are not suitable for growing such tropical plants as rubber tree, coffee, coco, and the like, but are good for the excellent species of the lac insect-Kerria sindica. The Yuanjiang valley has proved to be an ideal district for cultivation of this species of lac insect and has manifested its natural superiority in this respect.As for the exploitation of the valley, it is suggested that taking an eco-forestry way to set up plantation forest of the best of the superior lac insect host tree (Ziziphus mauritiana) as an artificial ecosystem would be more profitable.

This paper has studied the problems that are related to the standardization of the concepts and methods in the computation of the economic loss of ecological resources destruction. The problems are: (a) the muliti value character of ecological resources and the value concept system, (b) the two computation structures used to compute the economic loss of ecological resources, (c) the determination of 1. the amount of ecological resources destruction in the computation structure of the resource value type and 2. the unit function value of resources, (d) the determination of the effect weight of the ecological resources destruction to disasters, and (e) the battering effects of the disasters tempted by ecological destruction on the whole economic social system.

Domestic tourists'flow to Jiuzhaigou is expressed as the linear and sea sonal flow between several nodes.Based on case studies,this paper identifies some regularities:(a)Tourism image of the destination and tourists' preference are essential to their perception, cognition and decision; (b)Tourists' attributes (age, educational background,occupation and income,etc.) have effect on their preference and destination's decision; (c)The tourists' decisions are correlated with their economic ana lysis following their perception,preference,and motive; (d)The domestic tourists to Jiuzhaigou mainly select summer holiday and some festivals,which was the result of some causes.Then the peper emphasizes the importance of the image's decision of tourism destination.

The land use changes of farming-pastoral zone along the upper reaches of Haihe Ri-ver were obtained by analyzing NOAA/AVHRR data.Thus the dynamics of eco-environmental quality caused by land use changes were evaluated by using Costanza's method of evaluating the world's ecosystem service.The results indicate,the ecosystem service values of farming-pastoral zone along the upper reaches of the Haihe River have been diminished due to the land use change in the past10years.The loss of ecosystem service values is around2.5%～2.7%,equa-ling to4.18×10 7 ～4.90×10 7 US$.

Because vegetation rehabilitation in western China centered on returning farmland to forest or grassland is a complicated eco-economic system engineering,we must establish a long-term steady policy and law insurance system while establishing a long-term steady economic compensation mechanism,which should be based on biological zone of vegetation determined by climatic elements such as water and heat,driven by market economic mechanism of regional complementation under national control.To this end,we discussed several scientific issues which include the geographical pattern of natural vegetation in western China,moderate returning size and rehabilitation technology after returning,environmental service function output of vegetation restoration engineering,ecological industry and economic compensation mechanism,and the pro-tection and improvement of natural vegetation as well.At the same time,we pointed out some er-roneous understandings and ill tendencies in the pilot project of returning farmland to forest or grassland.

The study brings forward the basic conception of spatial information system for Chinese terrestrial ecosystem.Based on reviews of recent spatialization technology research of meteorology and climate information at home and abroad,we appraised virtue of methods in existence and discussed the model of spatial distribution of meteorology and climate information.Meanwhile,we summarized our preliminary achievement and set forth prospective applications.The developments of ecological,resources and environmental sciences imperiously call for spatia-lization technology research and data product exploitation of Chinese terrestrial eco-information.However,establishing a favorable spatial database of terrestrial eco-information which provides fine spatial-temporal resolution fitting in with diverse disciplines requirements demands long-ter-m study and disciplinary cooperation;simultaneously,it needs a lot of social funds devotion.

External costs of coal resources exploitation include user cost and environment cost. The paper used user cost approach to estimate the user cost of coal resource exploitation in Xinjiang from 2003 to 2012, and compared it with payable resource taxes. It adopted market value method and restoration expenditure method to estimate the ecological environment cost of coal resources exploitation of Xinjiang in 2012, and compared it with the payable ecological and environmental fee. It was found that the levy of coal resource tax from the amount couldn 't effectively compensate for the coal resource depletion in Xinjiang. It appeared significant intergenerational externalities. However, using ad valorem tax approach was able to effectively compensate it. The compensation rate of coal exploitation ecological environment costs was 29.6%, which couldn 't effectively compensate for the loss of value of ecological environment for coal exploitation. The study found that the existing standard of coal resources tax in Xinjiang couldn 't completely solve the problem of externalities of coal exploitation. Moreover, in the situation of “instead of fee with tax”, coal resource tax rate set at 6% was slightly lower. Finally, it was suggested that local governments should set the reasonable coal resources tax rate at different reform stages. China should establish ecological compensation mechanism as soon as possible, be timely for environmental tax reform, and improve the accounting system of coal resources price.

An exploration on the compilation of natural resources asset debt sheet was proposed in the third plenary session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to audit the retired leading cadres. China's natural resources balance sheet and its related criterion are designed to audit all natural resources asset and promote the construction of ecological civilization, whilst the natural resources accounting is the fundamental work of resources auditing. This article aims to analyze the consensus and dispute during natural resources accounting in three aspects, including the classification of accounting projects, theoretical methods and their practical applications. We found that the researches about resources accounting were started a little bit earlier in developed countries, where many achievements had been obtained in both theoretical methods and practical applications. China's researches, however, still focused on theoretical method, though some accounting methods used in empirical study were basically derived from the existed achievements of developed countries, and lacked innovation. At present, many countries follow the principles of first physical quantity then value, first stock then flow, first class then general analysis when conducting natural resources accounting. However, there is no unified classification of the core projects of accounting widely accepted by all countries, and many disputes still exist in the selections of valuation approaches. In practice the System of Integrated Environment and Economic Accounting (SEEA), which was proposed by the UN, has been accepted by a wide range of authorities, and then many countries began to explore their own resources accounting system in accordance with the SEEA. The authors propose some essential issues in making the natural resources balance sheet of China based on research progresses and existing disputes at home and abroad, such as determining accounting project, selecting valuation approach, the steps of natural resources accounting, and the connection between the accounting and the debt sheet. Some thoughts and methods for solving the above issues are put forward in the article, that is, selecting controllable or property right clear natural resources as accounting project; taking economic, ecological and social values into account when choosing valuation approach; placing priority to the regional natural resources accounting system of single resource; and designing specific natural resource accounting standards. Considering the resources and environmental accounting in the system of national economic accounting,constructing natural resources accounting system is of crucial importance to the compilation of natural resources balance sheet, and plays an important role in the construction of ecological civilization.

Water scarcity is a key factor for the stability and sustainability of agricultural productivity in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Considering water shortage may be aggravated by climate change, cropping structure should be adjusted to alleviate the worsening situation. Based on the multi-model datasets of three representative concentration pathways (RCP) emission scenarios from IPCC5, the effect of climate change on water balance at sub-basin scale during 2011-2059 was assessed by VIP (soil-Vegetation-atmosphere Interface Processes) model. For the sub-basins with most serious shortage of water resource, two groundwater balance scenarios were proposed based on the principle of groundwater exploitation and infiltration balance. One scenario (scenario A) supposes that there is no inter-basin water transfer in 2050s, the other (scenario B) supposes that the inter-basin water transfer remains the average level in 2000-2010 in 2050s. The balance between water supply and demand is kept stable by shrinking the planting area of crop with high water consumption in both scenarios. The effect of climate change on planting area and yield of winter wheat in the two scenarios was assessed by VIP model. The results showed that the rainfall surplus in the whole plain will decrease 0.1%-14.1% in 2050s from low emission scenario to high emission scenario since the crop evapotranspiration increases more quickly than the precipitation does. In the north part of the plain water deficit will be exacerbated, and in the south part of the plain rainfall surplus will decrease. With respect to water balance, the planting area of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain should be shrunk 9.8%-11.3% in scenario A and 7.0%-8.8% in scenario B in 2050s, however, the wheat yield will increase 0-11.9% and 3.0%-15.9% in corresponding scenario due to the CO₂ fertilization. Shrinking planting area of winter wheat can effectively mitigate the agricultural water shortage in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The research results can provide underpinnings for government’s decisions

The quantitative study on the impact of climate change on tourism in China is relatively weak, so it is urgent to learn from foreign experience. Therefore, based on the SCI/SSCI literature database, this article reviews the related research progress abroad from 1986 to 2017. The study finds that for more than 30 years, quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries has mainly used index methods, tourism demand models and selection analysis methods. Among them, the index method includes the single index method and the comprehensive index method. The tourism demand model includes the time series model and the cumulative demand model. The selection analysis includes the descriptive statistics and the discrete selection model. The indicator method is mainly used to study the environmental effects of tourism resources and environmental changes, changes in tourism climate conditions, changes in comprehensive factors, and the climate change response behavior of the main body of tourism. Due to the existence of offsetting effects of climate change, the comprehensive index method is more advantageous than the single index method. Although the comprehensive index method has difficulties such as computational complexity, it can comprehensively examine the impact of climate change on the comprehensive factors of tourism destinations, and is an important direction of development of indicators and methods. The indicator approach focuses on the changes in tourism destinations, and climate change responses need to understand the changes in tourism demand. Therefore, the use of tourism demand model has gradually increased. Among them, the time series method is mainly used to study the impact of weather conditions on tourism demand. The cumulative demand model is mainly used to study the structural impact of climate change on tourism demand and the impact of climate policy on tourism demand. With the development of computer technology and artificial intelligence, there is a great potential for future applications. The tourism demand model focuses on changes in the macro-tourism flow and ignores the heterogeneity of the tourism market. With the diversification and diversity of the tourism market becoming more apparent, the use of micro-individual-based selection analysis methods has increased. In related studies of selective analysis, descriptive statistics are often used to study the effects of climate change based on preference, behavioral willingness and climate change perception in the context of climate change. Discrete choice models are often used to study the influence of climate change based on preference and help to analyze the changes in the market structure of tourist destinations in the context of climate change. As more and more studies show that the impact of climate change on the tourism market is more reflected in the change in market structure, the application demand for discrete selection models has further increased. However, the basic theoretical assumptions of the discrete selection model still need to be studied in the correction of tourism scenarios. Combining the latest progress in the quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries, and linking with China's reality, future research needs to strengthen the application of cumulative demand models in tourism flow related research, the application of discrete selection models in tourism market structure research, and the use of systematic scientific methods and big data technologies in related research. In the future, we should enhance research on climate-sensitive tourism activities in China, and as relevant studies on "Belt and Road" countries and regions, as well as the Tibetan Plateau.

In the context of unprecedented changes of energy geopolitics, China's current energy situation is becoming increasingly complex, and energy security has become a major strategy for national economic development. Under the new situation, not only the scientific issues, research objects, and research methods of the world energy geography and national energy security at the interdisciplinary perspective, but also the global energy governance system and international energy cooperation based on the actual needs of China are worth discussion among experts and scholars. This article uses the form of "question and answer (Q&A)" to provide a panoramic view of the host and nine academic interviewees based on different perspectives. Experts express their opinions in a range of content, including energy security and global energy governance model, the challenges and countermeasures of China's energy security, the new changes of global energy geopolitics, the energy security under the geographical pattern of unequal world energy production and consumption space, the high-quality development of China's energy under the trend of global low-carbon transformation, changes in the global energy supply and demand pattern affected by major public health emergencies, and future research prospects and important research directions of energy geography. We hope that a certain consensus can be reached, so as to better promote the development of the discipline of world energy geography, as well as actively respond to issues such as the unprecedented change of energy geopolitics and national energy security.

Although scarcity of irrigation water restricts grain production, it can promote agricultural technology progress to increase supply elasticities of grain. To shed light on the comprehensive effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure, this paper explores the effects of irrigation water pressure, grain price changes and their interaction on the yields of different crops based on heterogeneous coefficient Nerlove model and panel data of 27 provinces from 2002 to 2017. The results show that: (1) The direct effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure is increasing proportion of corn yield and reducing proportions of other crops yields. Specifically, the magnitude of that impact is in a descending order from rice, potatoes, beans and wheat. (2) The indirect effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure is decreasing supply elasticities of wheat, beans and potatoes while making supply elasticities of rice and maize even larger, which contributes to the increase of proportions of rice yield and corn yield. (3) With growth of irrigation water pressure from 2002 to 2017, its comprehensive effect on grain production structure makes a significant increase in proportion of corn yield and a significant decrease in proportions of beans yield and potatoes yield. Regional analysis reveals an increase in yield proportions of maize and rice in main grain production areas of Northern China, leading to more irrigation water consumption in this region where scarcity of water is severer. And this finding of our paper is a support for "the paradox of irrigation efficiency".

Rural tourism is an important part for implementing the strategy of rural revitalization. Based on the data survey of 375 tourist villages in the city of Luoyang, combined with geographical data and traffic data, this paper uses Bootstrap DEA method, traffic network accessibility algorithm and geographic detector to study the spatial differentiation and formation mechanism of village scale tourism efficiency in Luoyang. Result shows that the correlation between comprehensive efficiency and scale efficiency is significantly higher than that between comprehensive efficiency and pure technical efficiency. This suggests that the comprehensive efficiency of rural tourism development is mainly based on the scale efficiency, and the agglomeration of business units has not improved the pure technical efficiency. The high value areas are distributed around Luoyang and Luanchuan and extended along the Zhengzhou-Lushi Expressway and Luoyang-Luanchuan Expressway. The main factors of spatial differentiation of comprehensive technical efficiency are the tourism carrying capacity of the village and poverty-related factors. In the future, the development of village tourism should follow the path of intensive development, give full play to the combined effects of traffic accessibility, natural part of human settlements environment and agglomeration so as to promote the advanced production factors and innovation of business forms, and guide rural tourism from extensive to intensive development. In rural areas, especially in the mountainous areas of western Henan, the market of tourism elements such as land, labor force, science and technology, finance and information has not really been formed, which restricts the allocation of tourism development elements in the most effective way. Furthermore, the agglomeration effect of tourism elements is not significant and the total factor productivity of tourism is relatively low. Therefore, in order to improve the comprehensive technical efficiency of rural tourism development, it is necessary to strengthen the innovation of land system, tourism statistics and information system, financial market, social organization, and the cultivation of new farmers and management subjects, so as to give full play to the activation effect of the high-level tourism production factors on the rural tourism resources and elements.

Studying the dominant climatic driver affecting the changes of leaf area index (LAI) in China's ecological fragile zones under the background of climate change is of great significance in revealing the changes of land ecosystem and its dynamic response to climate change, as well as ecological restoration. Based on CN0 5.1 climatic data and Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) product of LAI, we study the changes of LAI and its dominant climatic driver in China's ecological fragile zones from 1982 to 2017, using Principal Component Analysis. Results show that temperature is on the rise in ecological fragile zones, while the regional difference of precipitation changes is significant. LAI showed an increasing trend from 1982 to 2017 in most of the ecological fragile zones, including arid and semi-arid region, Loess Plateau, Tibetan Plateau, and karst areas in Southwestern China, as well as the west and southeast of the farming, pasture, forest and grassland ecological fragile zone of Northern China and the north and southeast of the farming and pasture ecological fragile zone of Southern China. Temperature, especially daily average temperature, is the dominant climatic driver for LAI growth in most of the ecological fragile zones in China, while daily minimum and maximum temperature dominate the west of arid and semi-arid region and the south agriculture and pasture ecological fragile zone, respectively. This study emphasizes the positive impact of warming on vegetation growth in the present, however, it also depends on humidity condition.

The regional and department allocation of land use index is the key problem of National Territory Development Planning System. The most important task in this round of territorial space planning remains the optimal allocation of land use indexes of different types with the full consideration of the development wills of local governments at all levels. The task should be in line with the actual development of China's diverse physical geographic regionalization and economic and social regionalization, in particular, the actual land use in three different regions, namely, urbanization-forming region, urbanization-developing region and urbanization-shrinking region with the implementation of state will and national strategy. In this paper, the authors seek to establish a multi-scale, multi-region and multi-context simulation framework of China's Territorial Spatial Planning Model (CTSPM) based on the Spatial Computable General Equilibrium (SCGE) model, and proposes the actual application contexts in the safety simulation of territorial space for the support of the national territorial spatial framework simulation and analysis of multiple national development contexts and land index allocation planning as well as the analysis of its socio-economic influences and ecological environmental influences. The authors hope that this framework would serve as a "debate" platform for the "game" for obtaining land index between regions and departments and also an analytical framework for a scientific national territorial and spatial planning and a deep understanding of the cross-regional influences of national spatial safety.

It is of great significance in the implementation of rural revitalization strategy and the realization of its multiple goals to scientifically evaluate the level of the sustainable development ability and determine targeted development types of villages and towns. Based on sorting out the implication of the sustainable development ability implication of villages and towns from the perspectives of potential, support and resilience, this study establishes the evaluation framework and evaluation models. Meanwhile the study takes 25 towns in Jiangjin district of Chongqing as research units to quantitatively measure the sustainable development ability of villages and towns in 2017. And then it reveals the spatio-temporal differentiation and accordingly identifies the vulnerabilities types, and proposes targeted regulation strategies. The results shows that: (1) The sustainable development ability of villages and towns is the result of the interaction of potential, support and resilience. (2) On the whole, the potential of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of " high in the north and low in the south" in Jiangjin; the support of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the north and low in the south" in Jiangjin; the resilience of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the south and low in the north" in Jiangjin; the sustainable development ability of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the southwest, low in the northeast, cluster distribution". (3) We divide the sustainable development ability of villages and towns in Jiangjin into four types, including potential enhancement type, urban-rural integration promotion type, ecological security improvement type and potential-support-resilience ability comprehensive development type. Based on the principle of "ecological priority-classified control-highlight emphasis-local adaptation", the study proposes differentiated sustainable development ability improvement strategies for different types, to guide the sustainable development of villages and towns.

Rural tourism plays an important role in the development of rural economy, the realization of rural transformation and the promotion of people's prosperity, and becomes an effective way to promote rural prosperity and common prosperity in an all-round way. Taking Yuanjia village in Shaanxi province as a case, based on symbiosis theory, single case study method is adopted to construct the mechanism and path of rural tourism development promoting common prosperity through structured data analysis. The results show that: (1) The symbiotic system of rural tourism includes symbiotic unit, symbiotic mode and symbiotic environment, and presents dynamic evolution characteristics in the process of promoting common prosperity through tourism development. (2) The operation mechanism and connotation of tourism development to promote common prosperity present stage characteristics. Symbiotic unit creates symbiotic energy with the help of symbiotic environment, resulting in symbiotic energy distribution, symbiotic energy infection, and ultimately promoting symbiotic effect. (3) The realization path of tourism development promoting common prosperity reflects the co-construction and co-sharing of tourism symbiosis system. Under the leadership of grass-roots Party organizations, Yuanjia village has always promoted common prosperity through extensive absorption of tourism management talents, promotion of tourism industry upgrading and transformation, and implementation of farmers' shareholding system. This paper has positive practical significance for the high-quality development of rural tourism and the realization of common prosperity.

Environmental regulation is an essential policy instrument for achieving coordinated development of the economy-resources-environment (ERE) system. Taking 53 coastal cities in China where the ERE system has more distinct properties and more obvious contradictions between subsystems as the research object, this paper systematically calculates the ERE coupling coordination from 2003 to 2020 by using entropy weight method. Then, this paper aims to explore the impact and mechanism of different environmental regulation tools on the coupling coordination degree of ERE system of coastal cities by utilizing the fixed effect model and mediation effect model. The results indicate that: (1) The coupling coordination degree of ERE system increased from 2003 to 2020, but its overall level is still at a medium to low level. And the regional imbalance of the coupling coordination degree of the ERE system shows a weakening trend, and the gap between cities was gradually narrowed over time. (2) The coupling coordination degree of ERE system is impacted in an inverted "U-shape" by command-oriented environmental regulation, whereas market-oriented environmental regulation has a "U-shaped" impact on the coupling coordination degree of ERE system. It is found that that the coupling coordination degree of the ERE system in most cities is promoted by command-oriented environmental regulation and inhibited by market-oriented environmental regulation according to the inflection point position. (3) Technological innovation contributes to the partial mediation effect in the influence of environmental regulation tools on the coordinated development of ERE system. Different from technological innovation, the upgrading of industrial structure has partial mediation effect in the influence of command-oriented environmental regulation on the coordinated development of ERE, while it has masking effect in the impact of market-oriented environmental regulation on the coordinated development of ERE system.

Water resources are the biggest rigid constraint facing the Yellow River Basin, and the proposed virtual water concept provides an effective way to optimize the regional allocation of water resources based on value flow. To implement the major national strategy of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, it is important to scientifically assess the basin virtual water flow pattern and its impact. Based on the 2017 input-output table and sectoral water use data of each province in China, this study applied the environmentally extended multiregional input-output model and structural path analysis to portray the virtual water flow pattern at the regional and sectoral levels in the Yellow River Basin from a local-distant perspective, and further examined the water risk transfer due to virtual water flow in conjunction with the water risk transfer model. The results indicated that: (1) At the regional level, the risk transfer value of virtual water flows from outside the basin to inside the basin was relatively high. Therefore, the Yellow River Basin significantly reduced its own water shortage risk by net transferring virtual water from the outside. (2) At the provincial level, the proportion of local virtual water was the highest and the proportion of sub-local virtual water was the lowest in each province. Inner Mongolia and Henan were more supportive of virtual water flows within and outside the basin. The proximal virtual water flow path mitigated the risk of localized water shortage. The sub-local and sub-distant virtual water flow paths with Sichuan and Inner Mongolia as sources had high risk-transfer values. (3) At the sectoral level, the key sectors for important virtual water flow paths were agriculture and construction. Among them, agriculture usually served as the source sector of the pathway, while construction mostly served as the terminal sector of the pathway. Virtual water flows from agriculture to industry and services tended to result in higher risk-transfer values. Virtual water flow pathways with construction as the terminal sector in the watershed also had a high risk-transfer value. Therefore, effective ways to promote water conservation and reduce the risk of water shortage in the Yellow River Basin through cross-regional and cross-sectoral coordination and optimal allocation of water resources should be actively explored.

一个地区的发展是众多因素发展的积累，这种积累离不开资源的利用与转化。地区发展的结果往往直接体现在物质财富的生产和积累上。因此可以从资源角度出发，在资源转化视角下，以区域物质财富为着眼点来反映区域发展进程。基于此，提出物质积累基础概念，从基础设施水平、交通通达度、经济发展水平3方面，构建物质积累指数模型；运用GIS技术和数理统计方法，以2005年为例，定量计算中国分县物质积累指数，集成分省物质积累指数，从分县和分省两个尺度系统评价了中国物质积累水平。研究结果表明：①从分县尺度看，2005年中国县域物质积累水平高低两端差异悬殊，中等水平占主体，呈现明显的“纺锤形”结构，空间分布不均衡，东南半壁物质积累水平明显优于西北半壁；中国贫困地区物质积累水平相对滞后，城市地区相对超前，两类典型地区经济发展水平差距最为显著；②从分省尺度看，中国分省物质积累水平差异显著，地域分布呈现“东高西低”的空间格局；不同等级水平间基础设施水平差距最大，是引起省域尺度上物质积累状况差距的显著因子。

Strategy of regional development has different model guiding developments: (1) model guiding development of resources, (2) that of industry, (3) that of technology, and (4) that of commerce A model guiding systematic development can be created by integrating these models. In addition to model guiding development of personal ability, holographic model guiding development can be created. This model aims at raising the value of person and promotes person's transformation from traditional person to modern person with the rhythm of industrial society and initiating the spirit of information societyThus it can be seen that based on raising the value of person, using regional resources, regulating industrial structure, raising technological structure, transforming commercial structure from interversion type to extroversion type, holographic strategy of development creates reasonable structure reflecting the changing relationships.Geography is used to study the interrelations among elements of region (the corresponding and changing interrelations among elements forming geography).Based upon the researches mentioned above, development's strategy of regions takes a forward step to inquire into the corresponding anil changing relations among different structures on the earth s surface Using the theoretial foundations of regional development's strategy, we study internal structures of some regions as well as the structures of background surrounding the same regionsThe corresponding and changing analysis of different structures mentioned above can be illustrated by the relations of framework's network as follows: Background's structures of the surrounding region for the harbour city is emphasized on the basis the structures of different levels of economic hinterland Tor example, four levels of spatial resources of rear-area can be divided for Lianyuu Port: ( 1 ) Gulf opposite to the Lianyungang-Haizhong. The northern part of Jiangsu Province and the southern part of Shandong Province are its near hinterland. Viewed from coastal zone of our country, this region is a relatively backward area, compared with the southern part of Jiangsu Province. (2) Middle and western section of Longhai railroad is the key area for industrial construction of our country, especially for engineering industry. Lianyun Port is a sen port for this section and Central plain, central part of Shanxi Province and eastern part of Gansu Province. (3) Lianyun Port is the most favourable seaport for hinterland Central plain and most part of Northwest area including Qinghai Province, Hcxi Corridor, western part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia, Uygur, Autonomous Region of xinjiang, even some parts of Tibet. (4) If the railfoad in northern part of Xinjiang is comple:ed anJ connected with the railroad in U. S. S. R. through Ala pass, Lianyun Port will be the most favourable sea harbour also for western Europe and U. S. S. R., entering economic circle of Pacific Ocean from western and central Eurasia.According to this procedure, the research of development's strategy of a region can counect general strategy with sub-strategy, fulfil every strategical policy down to the structure on the surface of the earth, and make "soft consultation" to be realized easily.It is noted that regional superiorities have different levels and some can be brought into play through the local investment. Some belong to provincial or national superioritcs and can be brought into play through investment from higher level, and need to be listed into provincial or national plan.Based upon the theory for development's strategy of a region, we hold that the demonstrative contents of developmental strategy of a region can be summed up: ( 1) Giving full play to local superiority and facilitating economy to start on the way of development; (2) strengthening the lateral connection and extending attractive and radioactive scope, enlivening economy through transportation, circulation and tourism; (3) demonstrating and propagandizing the superiorities on provincial and

Based on a series of1∶1000000maps of natural resources of China,6categories of ecological assets were divided,which included forest,grassland,farmland,wetland,water body and desert.By means of GIS,the1∶4000000Ecological Assets Map of Tibetan Plateau was compiled and the relative data were calculated.According to partial global ecosystem services value evaluation results obtained by Costanza et al.(1997)along with responses of ecological questionnaire s from specialists of China,this paper established the ecosystem services value unit area of Chinese terrestrial ecosystems.We used the ecological assets value table as a basis and also adjusted price value by biomass and then,the ecological assets value of the Tibetan Plateau was estimated.The results indicated that ecosystem services value of Tibetan Plateau is some 9363.9×10⁸ yuan annually,accounting for17.68%of annual ecosystem services value of China and0.61%of the world.The value of soil formation and disposition provided by ecosys-tem s is the highest,which occupies19.3%of the total ecosystem services value and then,the value of waste treatment takes up16.8%,water conservation value,16.5%and biodiversity,16%.The forest and the grassland ecosystem s offered the main ecosystem services value,being31.3%and48.3%of the total value provided by different ecosystem types,respectively.

A kind of K drought index and its criterion are made by using spring precipitation and evaporation data of 140 stations in Northwest China from 1971-2000.At the same time,the comparison is done among the defined K drought index,improved Palmer drought index and precipitation anomaly percent. From 2001 to 2005,the verifications of K drought index have done with the independent precipitation and evaporation data,which were not involved in making the drought criterion at four representative stations,namely Urumqi,Yushu,Lanzhou and Xifeng,respectively.The results show that the heavy drought areas are located in south Xinjiang,west Gansu and west Qinghai,the moderate drought areas are located in southern part of north Xinjiang,north and east Gansu,north Ningxia,southeast Qinghai and north Shaanxi,and the light drought areas are located in west Xinjiang,south Gansu,west Qinghai and east Shaanxi.The K drought index has a better function of drought monitoring,and the improved Palmer drought severity index has better monitoring effect in arid area,but it has some limitations to monitor drought in plateau area,semi-arid and sub-humid areas.Precipitation anomaly percent has good monitoring effect for light and heavy drought,but it has bad monitoring effect for moderate drought.It is verified again from 2001 to 2005 that the improved Palmer drought severity index has some limitations to monitor drought in Northwest China,but the K drought index has better monitoring effect in Northwest China.

Soil data is one of the major input datasets for surface runoff simulation and has large impact on variation of the calculated results. It's important and helpful to understand seasonal variations of the impacts of soil data on calculated surface runoff. This study theoretically analyzed the effects of soil data on daily SCS-Curve Number (CN) runoff model in SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), and a case study was also conducted to verify the analysis. Results show that the daily adjusted curve number is largely affected by ratio of two soil hydrologic parameters, saturated soil water content (SAT) to field capacity (FC). Large ratio of SAT/FC leads to smaller variation magnitude of curve number according to a given variation of soil water content, and differences of simulated runoff between soils with different SAT/FC change seasonally as adjusted by soil water content. A case study adopted two different soil datasets for runoff simulation was conducted in Brewery Creek watershed (about 19.5 km²), and the experimental results matched that of the theoretical analysis well.

Parameter calibration is one of the most important steps in hydrological modeling. A PEST-based multi-objective automatic calibration approach (PEST-HSPF) is proposed specially for Hydrological Simulation Program- Fortran (HSPF) model. The proposed approach consists of five steps: 1) the development of HSPF model framework including wdm and uci files, 2) the generation of time-series preprocess file (tsproc.dat) to transform the HSPF's output to ASCII format, 3) the preparison of parameter file (model.tpl) to adjust model parameter values of HSPF after repeating interations, 4) the setup of PEST's coeffients to generate model.ins and model.pst, and 5) the running of PEST to determine the optimal set of parameters when the discrepancies between the pertinent model-generated numbers and the corresponding measurements are reduced to minimum. Additionally, squared error of daily flows, monthly flows and exceedence times for flow (1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 90%) are suggested to be objective functions, and the weighting functions are assigned to each subobjective function to ensure that the contributions of each to the multiple-objective functions were almost equal. A realworld case study is then conducted for Zhonghe Subwatershed of Lake Dianchi Watershed, which is applied to illustrate its advantages in predictive accuracy over manual and single-objective methods. The results indicate that: 1) ten types of sensitive parameters were automatically calibrated after 734 running of PEST-HSPF, leading to the significant decrease of the error of objective functions to be 45.4% of that at initial stage; therefore, PEST- HSPF results using squared error of daily flows, monthly volumes and flow exceedances weighted by reciprocal of their initial values performed better with respect to goodness-of-fit measures than manual and single-objective results, for example, the R², NSE and index of agreement of daily flows calibration were 0.75, 0.74 and 0.93. 2) Manual method assisted by HSPEXP satisfied total volumes and yearly trend, but cannot capture the small- scale hydrological processes; for example, the R², NSE and index of agreement of daily flows calibration were only 0.45, 0.24 and 0.80; 3) PEST-HSPF with multi-objective functions could not only balance the contribution for three objective functions, but also accurately acquire daily/monthly volumes, temporal trend, regional variations, and specific flows at different exceedance fractions over calibration and verification periods. Although the PEST-HSPF with single-objective function was superior to manual method assisted by HSPEXP, it just focused on the minimization of one type of errors within calibration process. For example, the R², NSE and index of agreement of the PEST-HSPF only with exceedence times for flow were only 0.61, 0.54 and 0.80. However, further research is necessary to understand how to select the parameters, objective functions and the associated weights, since there is currently no guidance available for the use of PEST-HSPF in more applications in watershed modeling. Considering the positive performance reported in this research and the many possible applications of this automatic calibration method, PEST-HSPF offers a new frontier for improving the field of watershed modeling.