为了开发我国大西北,并促进中德之间的科学技术与文化交流,中国科学院自然资源综合考察委员会、宁夏科委与联邦德国吉森李比希大学早自1984年就开始了对宁夏合作研究的准备工作。到1987年,得到黑森州对该项目提供的经费资助,由此正式开始了关于农村开发与改善宁夏农村生活条件的多学科研究。三年来,第一阶段研究已告一段落,

The region of the Karakorum and Kunlun mountains is a high and sparsely populated region with an area of about 400 000 square kilometers. It is one of the less studied regions in China. The present paper deals with the results of surveys on hydrobios and fish as well as fishery in the water systems of this region during the years 1974 and 1987-1988. Altogether 41 collecting localities were set up there. 1516 fish specimens were collected from 36 collecting localities and 40 bottles of the hydrobios specimens from 16 ones.This paper comprises 5 parts: 1) the natural enviroment of the water system and the collecting localities; 2) the hydrobios of this region and their characteristics; 3) the compositions of fish fauna and the natural food of fish; 4) the fish resources and the analyses of the fish resources dynamics; 5) the countermeasures of fishery development and the protection of the rare freshwater fish.Lastly,the rational utilization, conservation and management of fishery resources are suggested.

In this paper the authors deal with the common characteristics of the insect fauna and the component difference of the fauna under different conditions.1.During the field work in the years 1987-1988, 10322 insect specimens were collected representing 18 orders of insect and 1 order of mites. Of the collected insect orders Diptera orcupied the first place in the complexity of species and in numbers of specimen, Coleopiera the second and Lepidoptera the third.2.The species identified include Orthoptera, Neuroptera, coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hy-menoptera and Diptera. A statistic analysis of those species shows that the fauna of Kalakorum-Kunlun Mountains belongs to the typical Palaearctic Region. The Palaearctic species number 96, occupying 53.93% of the total. The middle Asian species number 30, occupying 16.85% of the toral. Together, these two have 126 species, occupying more than 70% of the total.3.Of the species which only oocur on the northern slopes of the Kalakorum-Kunlun Mountains, the Palaearctic species number 58, occupying 52.25% of the total, the middle Asian species number 30, occupying 27.02% of the total, and the endemic species number 15, occupying 13.5% of the total.4.Of the species which occur on both the northern and the southern slopes, the Pala-carctic species number 32, occupying 50% of the total, the middle Asian species number 2, occupying 3.12% and the species occurring specially at high altitude number 12, occupying 18%.5.Of the species which only occur oil th southern slopes of the Kalakorum-Kunlun Mountains, so far as we know, there are only 2 species and they occur at high altitute only.Under the high pressure of the India landmass upon the old Eurasia continent, the Talimu region rose, the sea water retreated from there, and a round, closed basin appeared. Consequently quite a number of endemic elements, such as endemic subspecies Bombus asiaticus bai-chcngensis Wang, endemic species Eremippus yechengensis Liu, and endemic genus Conophy-mopsis Spp. came into being.

In this paper, after analysing the current land productivity and estimating the potential crop productivity, an evalution model of land resource productivity-Model of Fuzzy ISODATA Claster Analysis (MFICA) and an optimization model of land resource utilization-Model of Linear Programming (MLP) are set up in the IBM-PC computer. Then, on the basis of above, the regional agricultural productivity and the land resource carrying capacity in Dingxi county for the years 1990, 2000, 2025 and after 2025 are given. At last, the development of land resource carrying capacity and the future trend of land-food-population relationship in Dingxi county are explained.It provides a workable way for the study of regional land resource carrying capacity.

世界资源(World Resources),是由世界资源研究所(International Institule forEnvironment and Development)组织了精干的编辑部,还聘请了一批具有国际威望的学者组成咨询委员会所创办的“世界资源”年鉴性刊物,其创刊号于1986年与世界广大读者见面。该书是由李文华同志参加世界自然保护大纲会议带回国,并组织译成中文,1986年

The "Chikuzo Mathematical Model", namely NPP = 0.29 [exp(-0.216RDI²)] R_n, has been adopted by a Japanese agricultural meteorologist, Mr. Uchijima, for calculating the plant-climate productive potentiality. In this paper we use this model to calculate the distribution of China's plant-climate productive potentialities and compare the results with those calculated with the Miami and Thornthwaite Mathematical Model.

Crop layout is an important link in agricultural production, and it has direct influence on the efficiency of the utilization and transformation of agroecosystem resources, which include the material conditions, science and technology, climatic and biological resources, etc. This is due to the variability of agroecosystem resources, especially the year to year difference of the weather and climate factors. This paper aims at determining the optimum crop layout under various weather and climatic conditions on the basis of the year pattern forecast.

<正> 根据中巴科技合作第九次会议协议中巴科学家对巴基斯坦境内的喀喇昆仑山地区进行了联合考察,参加此次联合考察的中方科学家计10名,包括地质、地理、生物等方面的有关专业,来自中国科学院下属的8个研究所;巴方科学家8名,分别来自白沙瓦大学、卡拉奇大学、自然历史博物馆以及烃开发研究所。中方人员于1990年9月28日由北京经卡拉奇飞抵伊斯兰堡,10月31日离卡拉奇飞返北京,共计34天。

This paper is based on the results of the exploration during the years 1987-1988. The characteristics of the flora of the region are as follow:1.The kinds of plant are rather poor. There are only 243 genera and about 700 species belonging to advanced plants.2.134 genera (56%) belong to the temperature type. The Mediterranean and C. Asia flora elements are important elements, but they almost distribute below the altitude of 3200 m. (3800m) only.3.The Sanzhu Valley is a boundary of floristic regions. 72 genera (among total 243 genera) do not appear in the area on the east of ihe valley. This perhaps shows the climate On the east is much drier than that on the west.4.There are no strict endemic genera, but the species differentiate actively. The number of their populations is large.The medicine resources is important in this area. Rhodiola, Saussurca, Allium Hymenola-ena, etc, should be studied first and exploited rationally in the future.

This paper deals with the gradient of the resource and economy structure at the county level in the hilly and mountainous area of the Ganjiang River basin by means of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Firstly, an analysis of the data about the resource and economy structure of 35 counties is made. It shows that the systematical differences among the counties are caused by climatical conditions, terrain composition, and the level of intensive farming. The spacial distribution of these decisive factors is that they take the Jitai basin as a centre and change sucessively and gradually in all directions, Secondly, the whole hilly and mountainous area is divided into 6 districts on the basis of the systematical differences among the counties and their gradient of the resource and economy structure. And lastly, the authors offer an opinion on the resource development of the hilly and mountainous area of the Ganjiang River basin.

The water resources in China possesses many characteristics. Besides some unfavourable facfors there are many advantages, such as good availability of the water resources, high utility rate of the river runoff, good conditions of the groundwater storage in short-water regions, relatively rich-water areas existing in poor-water regions, and inexhaustible sea water. Based on these iharalteristihs, we should promote what is benefirial and avoil what is harmful, and continually improve the water resources management so as to make the limited water resources capable to meet the needs of economic development and people's domestic life.

In the eastern substropical mountain-hill area of China, the agricultural productive conditions are favourable. However, because the agricultural production is mainly limited to the cultivated land, the Valley agriculture has been restricting the development of the whole agriculture and some rural areas are still in the state of poverty. In this article, through synthetically studying the agricultural productive conditions and further analysing the valley agriculture, the authors emphasize that the ways for making full use of the natural resources and bringing about richness in the region are: getting rid of the fetter of "Valley agriculture", and developing the ecological agricultural production and commodiy economy.

On the basis of 1971-1980 wind speed data from 332 weather stations (158 of them are automatic recorders), calculations are made on the number of hours of the effective wind speed (3.5-20.4ms-1), the annual and monthly amount of wind energy, and the change regularities of the wind speed and the wind energy. Distribution maps are drawn for the annual effective wind energy and effective wind speed frequncy. according to these maps the regionalization of wind energy and its variation with height are proposed.Using the practical data about the wind energy, the relation between the wind energy and the energy output through a wind machine is explored, and there upon the value of the utilization of the wind energy resource is found out for irrigation and electricity generation in given areas.According to the conditions of the wind energy resource, environment, topography and underground water level, proposals are made on the proper choice of design wind speed to set up a network of wind machines to provide energy for local use. The prospects are found encouraging.Since the results presented have been verified with satisfaction, the paper may serve as a better reference for authories concerned to plan their work.

Today the mineral energy resources are being reduced day by day in the world and people are widely interested in regenerated energy resources, particularly the land regenerated energy resources. This paper has estimated the regional and provincial land regenerated energy resources of China, the solar energy and wind energy being calculated, and the water energy and biological energy being statisted. On the basis of the comparative analysis of the quantity and distribution of the land regenerated energy resources, we propose some suggestions for the development of the land regenerated energy resources of China from a macroscopic standpoint.

The question that whether the land resource can produce enough food to support the future population has received increasing concern in recent years. As an answer to this question, the study of the carrying capacity of the land resource occurs accordingly. The Commission for Integrated Survey of Natural Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, received the entrustment from the National Commission for Agricultural Regionalization and sponsar-ed the project "The Productivity and Population Carrying Capacity of the Land Resource in China".The study contant of the project is divided into five levels. The years of 2000 and 2025 are taken as the time scale of the study. The study is based on the 9 land potential regions demarcated on the 1:1000000 land resource map of China, is guided by the scientific theories of resources, resource ecology and resource ec onomy, and has the characteristics of compra-hensiveness, coordination and continuitv. Proceeding from the interalations of PRED (Population Resource, Environment, and Development), it makes efforts to clarify the following points: (1) The population number the can be supported in different periods by the land resource of China (2) The possibility to raise the carrying capacity of the land resource, and (3) the ways needed to attain this goal.

This paper is a summing-up of building the "trees-rubber-tea" ecological model in the National Nanhai Farm, Hainan province, in recent 16 years. The farm founded in 1958 is located in the wildness of the strong-wind region of northeastern Hainan island. Primarily the oil palms were grown, and then, by 1975, the "trees-rubber-tea" ecological model was introduced as a result of the reform of the production policy. After 16 years practice, this model shows great superiority and benefits. The benefits include improving the environment, increasing the economic benefit about 40%-200%, raising the land use rate above 50%, solving the problem of employment, and so on. This model is obviously an efficient way to reduce disasters, stabilize production, and rationally utilize the natural resources in the Chinese tropical monsoon region.

The object of this paper is to make a research on the use of red-yellow soil resources for the development of the dairy cattle industry. Using the Grey System methods, we have studied the main factors of the dairy cattle industry Cluster Method. We divide the whole region into seven districts and point put the development strategy of each district. And through the application of the Verhulst's Model, the development object is presented and the measures are mentioned.

Orychophragmus violaceus is a valuable plant resource, found by the Laboratory of Plant Genetics of Sichuan University. It is superior for its high oil quality. Its oil contains higher percentage of oleic (20.32%) and linoleic (53.17%) acids, and lower percentage of inolenic (4.76%) and erucic (0.94%) acids. This plant resource may be very much useful in rapeseed breeding.

The Liaodong Peninsula in Liaoning Prov ince belongs to the broad-leaf forest landscape of warm temperate zone. Influenced by the ocean, the climate here is warmer and more humid than those of the areas of the same latitude in China, offering favourable conditions for 'he development of agriculture, forestry, fruits and sericulture in the area. Furthermore, the sea-coast of the Peninsula is tortuous and has many bays which are convenient for communication and fishery.In this paper, the main characteristics of physical geography, the superiority, uilization oriehtation and exploitation strategy of fhe natural resources of the Peninsula are discussed. At the same time, the author has pointed out that the development of fruits and sericulture should be carried out according to local conditions and that the resources of the ocean and seacoast should be exploited and utilized rationally. At the end of the paper, the seacoast of the area has been divided into 3 utilization sections, i.e., (1) the eastern coast should be mainly utilized for reclaiming fields from the sea and cultivating aquatic products, (2) the southern coast should be mainly utilized for cultivating aquatic products and developing seaports and tourism, and (3) the western coast should be mainly utilized for evaporating bring to make salts and cultivating aquatic products.

Based on the wheat-maize rotation system, compartment models of the effects of natural factors on plant growth and crop production are established. Then they are combined to form a natural productive potential model of agricultue. The output of the model shows that the potential crop yield in this region will be 14.12 tons/ha if soil conditions are improved. The present limitation of crop production is soil nutrients. The long-run limiting factors will be soil organic matter content and water supply. The problems related to soil and water resources in the region should be tackled in a comprehensive way and by stages.

For hundreds of years, many great geographers and thinkers have looked upon food as a mirror to reflect the man-nature relation which they were studying. The calculation of the population carrying capacity of the land resource, a reseach field appearing in the early 1980's, still follows the trail of such thought. It is essential to pay attention to lessons left by ancient pioneers when we are going to use methods and models of calculation of other countries in the study of our own country. (1) the potential productivity of the land is a synthetical reflection of the physical characteristics of the land and the management of mankind. So we should fully consider man's reactions to the land and the influence of the development of sciences and technology. (2) All the calculation models and experimental coefficients should be corrected according to the characteristics of the region concerned, the research purpose, and the level of study. (3) The potential capability of the land resource should be differentiatad from the potential productivity of the land, espulation carrying capacity of Binghai and Su-tion carrying capacity of some economic kernel regions. Proceeding from the above principles, the author engages in the calculation of the population carrying capacity of Binhai and Su-zhou, two different types of land use regions, by means of the method of computer-assisted multi-elements analysis.

In this paper, the population and grain output of the Loess Plateau region are predicted with the unequal interval time-series models. The accuracy of the models are 95.68% and 99.43% respectively. This provides a decision-making basis for working out a comprenensive exploitation plan in the region.

In most of the developing mountainous areas, the agricultural production is the main activity on which people depend for their livelihood. The agricultural development is closely related to the environmental condition. The population is closely linked with the agricultural development. Rapid population growth in mountainous areas usually causes the competition for limited resources or, in other words, it increases the pressure on the physical, economic and social environment. Based on this idea, the land system, agricultural development, population growth and their interaction in the Tibet Autonomous Region are discussed in this paper.The land types in the region are very complex and varied. Because the physicogeograph-ical conditions, including elevation, temperature, moisture etc., are unfavourable, only a few of the lands can be used to grow crops and the crop production per unit is not high, too. After analysing the regional differentiation, land, food, population, growth and their interaction, it is pointed that the crop production can not meet the basic or minimum needs of the population. The food consumption of the region depends heavily on subsidy. The high expense for transporting a big amount of food is not economically worthwhile.To solve the unbalanced development of the land, food and population, feasible measures, including expending the area of cultivated land properly, improving the irrigation conditions, increasing the use of fertilizer as well as increasing the agricultural investment should be taken. It is also important that the population growth should be controlled. In the mean while the population quality of the minority nationalities should be enhanced.

Through the physiological function of energy transformation of green plant, i.e., the internal relation of influx, transformation and output of solar energy in photosynthesis, this paper describes quantitatively for every locality of Hainan Island the actual light energy utilization rate (ALEUR), the potential light energy utilization rate(PLEUR), the absolute difference of the two parties(DTP), and the regional agricultural production potential (APP). The results indicate that the ALEUR of the island is lower than the averge level of the whole nation, being only a half of that of regions of two crops a year. For the high value regions in ihe island the ALEUR is close to that of regions of one crop a year.The difference of the PLEUR between Hainan Island and other tropical regions of the world is not great. The average DTP in the island reaches 5.1%, and therefore, the production potential here is relatively high.According to actual conditions, this paper also probes into the main causes of the low level of the LERUR in the island and fhe corresponding ways to increase it. It is expected that this will provide a guide or some reference for the agricultural production in Hainan Island.

On the basis of the estimation of the light-temperature potential productivity for different food crops (mainly wheat and corn), this paper according to the maps of the types of agricultural production level and the saline-alkali soil distribution compiled by using the TM satellite images (1:10000), gives corrections of irrigation, soil, fertilizer and agricultural technology level of the high-, middle-, and low-yield land by multihierarchical analysis. It further calculates the potential productivity at each level of different land types and crop potential productivity.This result shows that light-temperature potential productivity is 1470-1580kg/mu; the natural climatic potential productivity is only about 350 kg/mu, and the irrigation climatic potential productivity is clearly enhanced. The restrictive factors of soil and the irrigation condition are the main causes which lead to the complex regional distribution of the land potential productivity. It also shows that economical water utilization, more input of energy and better management are necessary to increase the productivity of the high- and middle-yield land.

The northern arid land of China is economically backward and ecologically fragile. However, it has a rich storage of variety of resource such as energy, mineral grassland and arable land. This paper, based on the analysis of resources advantages and economic disadvantages of the area, proposes the resources-economy coordinating policy of local development. Eight su-bregions are divided according to resources-economic combining characters, and counter-measures pointed out to accelerate economic development, induding railway network cons ruc-tion, opening policy, money collection, and so on-

China is a country with insufficient land and a large population. Meanwhile its land productivity is seriously restricted by water resource and other natural conditions. Since ancient time, natural disasters such as drought, flood, salinization and alkalization occur contin-ualy, which hinders the agricultural development. Water conservancy has become a leading: factor in increasing the carrying capacity of the land, so that the rational developmend of water resource plays a more and more important role. Therefore, strenthening the management of water resource and developing a large scale fundamental farmland construction which focuses on the water conservancy are the significant methods to raise the land productivity from current situation to a new level. In doing so the demand for food by the increasing population and natural economy can be ensured.

The dry valleys, where the annaul mean arridity is 1.3-5.0, and the ecological environment is very unique, intermittently distribute in the valleys of the Jinshajiang, Lanrhangjiang and Nujiang Rivers of the Hengduan mountai is region. Their total length is about 4400 km and their total area is 11000 km', approximately 2.6% of total area of the Hengduan mountain region. According to the difference in thermal conditions from south to north, they can be divided into 4 types, i.e., the hot dry valley, the warm dry valley, the temperate dry valley and the cool dry valley.The various suitability and high poten'ial productivity of the land resources cause these dry valleys to become areas of dense population and prosperous agriculture in the Hengduan mountains region. But, owing to less land resources suitable for cultivation, obvious soil erosion or land deterioration resulted from unreasonable cultivation and deforestation on slopes, the area of the dry valley is expanded day by day. This threatens the ecological balance of the whole Hengduan mountains region and brings about the intensification of the contradjctions among population, resources and environment. So in short and longer terms, the important management principles and effective measures for improving the ecological environment of the farmland in the dry valley and stabilizing the ecological balance of the Hengduan mountains region are (1) to rationally use and protect the various land resources, (2) to withdraw gradually the cultivated farmland from iteep slopes and expand the area of cash plants on the basis of the development of irrigation, the enhancement of the level of intensive cultivation and the increase in the production of grain, and (3) to protect and improve the vegetation cover of the dry valleys.

Based on the field survey data obtained from May 1996 to June 2003,the resources of waterfowl in Hubei province of Central China,including species diversity,distribution and population number were studied with systematic sampling such as direct count,quadrat and special survey methods.There were 131 species of waterfowl in Hubei's wetlands,belonging to 58 genera of 19 families of 7 orders,in which 107 species were recorded in our studies,accounting for 81.68%.Four waterfowls (Egretta eulophotesjxobrychus minutus,Amaurornis akool and Char-adrius placidus)viere firstly recorded in Hubei.In terms of geographical distribution types,the Palaearctic,Cosmopolitan and Oriental species were 80,26 and 25,which accounted for 61.07%, 19.85% and 19.08% ,respectively.The Palaearctic species were dominant.According to the seasonal patterns,75 species were winter migrants,32 species were summer migrants,14 species were traveling birds and 10 species were resident birds.They took up 57.25% ,24.43% , 10.69% and 7.63% respectively .The Grallatores with 81 species were the dominant lifetypes,and 50 species were Natatores.About 159.396 9×104 individuals were estimated as the total number of waterfowl in Hubei province and the density was 101.96 individuals per km₂.Among these waterfowls,the number of Fulica atra was the highest with 15.345×104 individuals,and there were 28 species whose population numbers were more than 1×104 individuals, in which 3 species such as Fulica atra,Egretta garzetta and Tachybaptus ruficollis were all above 10×104 individuals. Twenty-four species were not recorded within our investigation,indicated that they might have been extinct or be very endangered in Hubei wetlands.

Based on case study in the Fuyang River Basin (FRB),the purpose of this paper is to identify effective policy and institutional arrangement to promote sustainable water resources and socio-economic development.Located to the south of Haihe River Basin,the FRB is one of the most serious water shortage regions in North China.In addition to increasing water shortage,the FRB is facing with some other water challenges:serious water pollution,water competition among sectors and between upstream and downstream users,non-matching between industrial structure and water resources condition,declining groundwater table and resulted environmental issues,from open to close river basin and limited water saving potential.Our research results show that the conflicts among various stakeholders and inability of implementing water policies contributed to water shortage and related various water issues.In addition,weakening financial support for water infrastructure investment and low water price are two other factors that add to the rising gap between water demand and supply in the basin.If these trends continue and the government does not respond these trends with proper policies in the future,water shortage could threaten economically and environmentally sustainable development.With these emerging issues,the cen-tral and local governments,farmers and other stakeholders have responded by some formal and informal institutional changes.The study on property right innovation suggests that the private and shareholding groundwater irrigation system can improve the efficiency of water management and adjustment of agricultural structure.The existing government fiscal and financial policies in irrigation investment need to be revised in order to encourage the development of this market oriented irrigation management system.The study calls for an urgent need for establishing effective policy and institutional framework for integrated and efficient water resources allocati-on,planning,and management in the context of comprehensive river basin management.