Petroleum is a political goods and strategic material, which is influenced easily by some factors, such as politic, economic and military factors.According to the nature and connotation of national petroleum security (NPS) and the principles of establishment of index system, this paper selects 16 indices from five aspects and establishes an index system for appraising NPS.The index system of appraising NPS is made up of four layers, five subsystems and 16 indices.This paper firstly explains the 16 indices and gives their calculating formulas.Then on the basis of classification and quantification of the indices, this paper uses the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the weight coefficient and revises it by using entropy technique with the following formula:λ_j=μ_jw_j[]∑n[]j=1μ_jw_j Where λ_j stands for the modified weight coefficient by using entropy technique,μ_j is the information weight and w_j is the weight coefficient determined by AHP.Some inspiration we can get from the studies is as follows: (1) NPS appraising is a difficult work.The selection and value calculation of indices and the determination of the weight coefficient all need researcher's personal judgment.So, a good index system needs a professional researcher; (2) we try to convert some important indices that are very difficult for quantifying into semi-quantified indices; and (3) the result is satisfied by using entropy technique to revise the coefficient.

Using statistical methods, this paper analyzed the NDVI differences before and after water transfer to Yinsu section, Kaerdayi section and Alagan section at Daxihaizi reservoir in the lower reaches of Tarim River as well as speculated the level of response of riparian vegetation at these sections to water transfer. The results showed that with the practice of water transfer, the study area’s NDVI and the groundwater level gradually presented negatively correlating trends, with the increase in groundwater level, the range of NDVI increase gradually increased; before and after water transfer NDVI difference varied significantly on the same sections, according to the degree of NDVI difference before and after water transfer the order of vegetation restoration speed is Yinsu> Kaerdayi> Alagan; no difference of NDVI among sections was observed before water transfer after at NDVI differs significantly among sections, according to the degree of vegetation restoration, the order is Yinsu> Kaerdayi> Alagan; taking NDVI of the neighboring Daxihaizi Reservoir as a reference, vegetation restoration rate of the three sections respectively is 20.2%,18.4% and 8.4%. The above study shows that, after seven years the ecological restoration of vegetation is still limited by water supply, hence, continuous water transfer is quite necessary.

In this article,the UV-B data from different altitude,longitude and latitude stations on Yunnan low latitude plateau were analysed and the spatio-temporal characteristics of UV-B strength of Yunnan Province were discussed.The results indicate that:(1)The chronometer factors have an effect on the basic change of UV-B strength,the changing characteristics are directly related to the total radiation and have obvious daily and yearly variations.(2)The UV-B strength is affected by the latitude of the survey points.With the increase of latitude,the UV-B strength decreases.When the latitude rises 1o,the UV-B strength decreases 0.679 W/m² and 0.157 W/m² respectively in the dry and rainy season in the same longitude and decreases 0.340 W/m² and 0.306 W/m² in different longitude.The changing ratio of UV-B strength in dry season is larger than in the rainy season,having obvious dry-rainy season characteristics.(3)UV-B strength is affected by the altitude,with the increase of altitude of survey points,the UV-B strength increases.When the altitude increases 100m,the UV-B strength increases 0.202 W/m² and 0.090 W/m²respectively in the dry and rainy season,having also obvious dry-rainy season characteristics.

Since copper is the most widely used nonferrous metal in China, the research on the use and recycling of copper plays a strategic role in the sustainable development of economy. In this paper the copper flow was interpreted in the SFA model of "STAF" by the four stages such as production, manufacture & fabrication, use and waste management. The change in stock and substance flow of copper in China in 2004 was analyzed, and the result showed that from 1998 to 2004, the average of P_Z, P_S, M_Z and M_Swere 49.08%, 25.98%, 57.14% and 21.45%, respectively, being far below the level of European countries. It's revealed by the comparison of copper flows in China between 1994 and 2004, the copper inflows and outflows of every stage in China had all inreased, while the recycling rate of waste copper had a lower increase than the quickly growing demand of copper. Therefore, faced with the resource crisis, the key points of the sustainable development of copper industry in China are the intensification of policy guidance and technical research, and the increase of the resource production of primary resource and the recycling rate of secondary resource.

Whole-tree sap flow density (SFD) in an artificial Pinus elliottii forest was measured on six trees continuously using Granier’s thermal dissipation probe (TDP) method.Several ambient environmental factors including meteorological variables and soil variables were also measured simultaneously. At the same time,stem analysis and branch analysis were utilized to investigate tree growth.The aim of this paper was to explore the characteristics of water consumption and carbon accumulation of P.elliottii and provide scientific methods and fundamental data for the research on coupling water and carbon in subtropical area of China.The results were as follows:SFD was mainly related to some meteorological factors in stands such as canopy temperature (CT),canopy relative humidity (CRH) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).Correlations between SFD and the three separate factors were well expressed by linear regression models.Multiplelinear model between SFD and the integrated three factors was also established.All equations and correlation parameters were significant at 1% safety.The sequence of correlated degrees was as: CRH＞PAR＞CT.A significant linear correlation was found between daily cumulative sap flow and SWA with r² value reaching 0.99. For P. elliottii in early growth stage,the correlation between sapwood area (SWA) and diameter at breast height (DBH) was well fitted by quadratic model.Based on sap flow observation and biomass investigation results during 2004,an important conclusion that 1.7731 gram biomass would be formed with the consumption of about 1kg water was obtained.Furthermore,water consumption was also calculated from biomass data according to the results above in the end of the paper.

The evaluation of ecosystem services is conducive to clarify the ecological and environmental changes with urbanization and to provide useful references for city development planning.With Shenzhen,a city experienced rapid economic development and urbanization in the past decades,as study area,the impacts of land use change on ecosystem service values were discussed.The ecosystem service value in Shenzhen was 2775.97 million RMB in 1996,2 911.41 million yuan in 2000 and 2 544.66 million yuan in 2004 respectively,with a decrease of 231.31 million yuan from 1996 to 2004 mainly due to the decrease of woodland and wetland area.Woodland,water-body,wetland and orchard nursery contributed over 90% of the total service value among the land use types.Water supply and waste treatment were the top two service functions with high service value,contributing about 40% of the total service value.Areas with high service values are mainly located in the southeast and southwest while those with low service values around the center.The results suggest that a reasonable land use plan should be made with highlight of protecting wetland,water-body and woodland so as to balance economic and ecological goals in the future.

Based on the theory of utility value,the paper discusses how to calculate the economic value of water resources(EVW) applying benefit sharing coefficient method from each sub-sector.The method is used in six case study districts of Haihe River basin,where we get the EVW of irrigation farm production,industry(mining,manufacturing,electricity,gas and water production and supply),construction industry and tertiary industries,the integrated EVW of the six districts is from 5.9yuan/m³to 25.2yuan/m³,Beijing is the highest,Anyang with the lowest,and all the results can provide reference basis for charging water fees and formulating scientific policies of water resource.

针对西、北江河网区复杂的水环境系统，建立了河网区一维水动力学模型和重金属模型，选取相应实测资料对模型进行参数率定和验证。通过设定上游来水条件与下游潮汐作用并代入数学模型进行模拟计算的方式，研究了在不同水文条件下河网区重金属的运移过程。研究结论为，不同潮汐作用导致西江和北江的水流相互流通方式发生变化，并进而影响污染物的传播途径；遭遇大潮时河网区各断面同期的镉浓度值要大大高于遭遇中潮和小潮时；上游来水量增加会增大（遭遇大潮时）或缩小（遭遇中潮或小潮时）西江和北江在思贤滘处的水位差，进而会加剧对西江（遭遇大潮时）或北江（遭遇中潮或小潮时）的水污染。

针对生态足迹分析模型传统贸易调整方法在城市尺度中仅仅考虑国际贸易过程而没有涵盖国内贸易以及各类产品间接贸易所产生的贸易足迹的缺陷，论文分别提出修正贸易足迹核算的生物产品贸易调整系数和能源贸易调整系数，并在此基础上构建了基于宏观贸易调整方法的城市尺度生态足迹分析模型。基于宏观贸易调整方法的城市尺度生态足迹模型的实证研究，结果显示2005年珠江三角洲城市群的生态盈余计算结果呈现出明显的外围高盈余、内核高赤字的空间分布特征；而万元GDP生态足迹却表现出相反的分布格局。生物产品的贸易足迹的分析结果显然与各城市目前的生物资源产品方面的城市定位形式较为一致，而能源间接贸易足迹则真实地反映了珠江三角洲城市群整体现行的经济发展模式、产业结构乃至区域发展的特点。基于宏观贸易调整法的城市生态足迹模型可以更准确的评估城市尺度上生态承载力的真实状况。

It is quite controversial on the impact of non-agricultural land sprawl on soil resources in China. One opinion holds that food security has been challenged because non-agricultural land sprawl has caused the dramatic shrinkage of agricultural soil resources; and another opinion thinks the food security can be guaranteed by the implementation of "dynamic balance of total amount of arable land between occupying and supplementing" which can keep total area of agricultural soil resources without decrease. Therefore, based on the 4 phases of Landsat TM images covering the 1984-2003 period and the soil quality map generated from local soil map, this paper examined the spatio-temporal dynamics of non-agricultural land expansion on soil resources in Suzhou city, which is one of the most urbanized cities and also characterized by the most fertile soils. The result indicated that the moderately high quality soil is the most extensively occupied soil resource by non-agricultural land expansion in cantonal Suzhou, being 92.10% of the total occupied area. And then the high quality soil followed by less moderately and low quality soil, being only 1.95% of the total expanded area. Additionally, analysis on the non-agricultural land expansion separately in urban and rural areas revealed that in urban area the soil with higher quality is easier to be occupied for non-agricultural purpose while on the contrary, in rural area the soil with low quality is more inclined to be consumed. For example, the expansion rate of high quality soil increased from 1.58% in 1984 to 3.43% in 2003 and that of low quality decreased from 19.95% in 1984 to 1.50% in 2003 in urban area; and at the same time in rural area, the expansion rate of the high quality soil decreased from 2.57% in 1984 to 1.13% in 2003 and increased from 0.88% in 1984 to 2.07% in 2003.

The effect on the eco-environment from LUCC in a region scale is a very important content of the research in the global change.Ecological service value is a hotspot problem of Ecology and Ecological Economy at present.This research tries to combine these two things together to assess the effect on the eco-environment from LUCC in the city proper and the suburbs of Tongchuan by using the ecological service value with the data of terrain,soil,vegetation,climate,land use,etc.The authors calculated the ecological service value over the years from 1994 to 2003 in the research area and simulated the ecological service value by assuming the scene without land use change using the model of calculating the ecological service with data of the soil,vegetation,terrain,land use,climate,etc.Based on the results of the calculation,the authors tentatively put forward the concept of Ieoefluc,index of the effect on the environment from the land use change,and assessed the effect on the eco-environment from LUCC quantitatively using the index.The calculating results are as follows.Firstly the ecological service value varied between 477,000,000 and 1,560,000,000 yuan from 1994 to 2003 for the climate change,human action especially LUCC.Then we didn't take LUCC into account,the simulated value was figured out and it was less than the value we calculated considering LUCC.Finally the index of the effect on the environment from the land use change was calculated with the ecological service value under the condition with and without land use change.We can find that all the indexes are greater than one and increase generally in fluctuations.All of these indicated that LUCC in the study area during this period of time was beneficial to the development of the eco-environment.

Base flow is one of the primary parts of the river runoff.In this paper,through the analysis of base flow of 10 control stations on the mainstream and 15 tributaries from the 1950's to 2000,the authors firstly analyzed the characteristics and driving forces of base flow of the mainstream and tributaries of the Yellow River basin.The result showed that first,the base flow of the Yellow River is 44% of runoff of the Yellow River,and so it is important to maintain sustainable development of the river.Second,influenced by the natural change and human activity,base flow of the mainstream and tributaries of the Yellow River basin is down generally in the past 50 years,base flow of tributaries of the Yellow River basin is divided into three types as double-humped curve,single-humped curve and linear decrease curve,base flow between two stations of the mainstream of the Yellow River is mainly reduced in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.Third,base flow of the Yellow River has such eco-environmental functions as maintaining runoff,keeping river eco-environment and improving surface vegetation.Reduction of base flow of the Yellow River leads to negative eco-environmental effect such as lake shrinkage,vegetation degeneration,aggravating Yellow River cut-off.Forth,formation,development and evaluation of base flow of the Yellow River are the integrative effect of natural factor and human factor.The result showed natural factor,mainly including precipitation,decides the structure in time and space of base flow of the Yellow River basin.Human factor,including riverside pumping,metal mining,building reservoir,soil and water conversation,exerts influence on increasing or decreasing base flow of the Yellow River.Exploitation and utilization of groundwater is the most important factor in all kinds of human factors.The human activity is intense and frequent in the middle reaches and Datonghe river,Huangshui river basin of the upper reaches of the Yellow River,where the base flow of the Yellow River is reduced significantly.So,maintaining normal Yellow River condition needs scientifically protecting and rationally exploiting and utilizing base flow of the Yellow River.

This paper aims at discussing the concept and connotation and evaluating index system of the stability of farmland ecosystem in Hebei Plain of China.First,based on the analysis of the research result of vulnerability in the field of ecosystem science,a concept of stability of farmland ecosystem which represents the characteristic of farmland ecosystem in Hebei Plain of China is formed.Then,the connotation about the stability of farmland ecosystem is probed.It is believed that the assessment index system of the farmland ecosystem stability includes four aspects of input-output process,yield formation process,soil ecological process and eco-environmental effect of farmland ecosystem and 22 concrete indices.Finally,the evaluating model of the stability of farmland ecosystem is built,and is applied to evaluate synthetically the status of stability of farmland ecosystem by taking Xiongxian county of Hebei as an example.It is found by validation that the stability of farmland ecosystem varies greatly,which presents a linear decreasing trend in 1995-1999 and wavy development in 2000-2005 with the greatest impact of input-output process.

The industrial sector is not only the core of supporting and promoting economic and social functions,but also consumes and wastes a large quantity of energy, worsens environment.It is of vital practical significance to the evaluation on the industrial resource conservation for accelerating the realization of a resource-saving city and society.Taking the case of Nanjing,which has relatively developed industrial system and scarce resources,preliminary analysis of the use of resources of the industrial sectors and environmental pollution characteristics was made by the method of contrast. From input conservation,recycling conservation,safeguard conservation and technology conservation,setting the analysis model of matrix,resource conversation of 13 industrial sectors in Nanjing from 1988 to 2004 was evaluated by cluster analysis and the evaluation results was classified.Future development focus and direction of various industrial sectors were put forward so as to provide theoretical and practical basis for adjusting industrial structure and construction of a resource-saving society.

论文利用全国10个省面板数据对中国农村水资源短缺的现状、趋势及对作物种植结构的影响做实证分析。研究发现，无论是对水资源短缺进行总体判断，还是从灌溉水源、供水可靠性和地下水位变动趋势等其它方面进行分析，水资源短缺状况都不容忽视，而且这一趋势在加重。水资源越短缺，农民就越可能倾向于种植对灌溉依赖程度低、需水量小的作物，尤其是豆类作物。

Based on field survey data,TM imagery acquired in 2005 was applied for organ-specific biomass estimation of Pinus elliottii plantation as well as other forest types in Qianyanzhou of Jiangxi Province,China.A total of 28 plots was investigated and the relationship of biomass with vegetation indices was clarified using image analysis including PCA(Principal Component Analysis) and TASSEL(Tasseled cap transformation).A series of regression models comparing biomass and spectra or vegetation index were established.The sequence of correlation coefficients from high to low was foliage biomass>branch biomass>above-ground biomass>stem biomass.The average above-ground biomass of Pinus elliottii forest as estimated with multiple regression analysis was 6628 g·m^-2,with leaf biomass of 573 g·m^-2,less than the mean result by field survey.Correlation of biomass with a single vegetation index was quite low,indicating that NDVI alone is not sufficient for estimating biomass of densely closed forest.Results of regression analyses were slightly better using PCA and slightly worse with TASSEL.

Based on the exploration of the characteristics of the plum rains spell (include the beginning date of the plum rains period, the end date of the plum rains period and plum period length),plum rains amount and plum rains intensity(include average daily figures of rainfall, the quotient of plum rains amount to annual amount, storm rainfall days during plum rains spell and intensity index of plum rains),the annual change characteristics of the plum rains spell,the plum rains amount and the plum rains intensity and others about plum rains amount and intensity of 11 stations were emphatically analyzed. The results are:1)The average plum rains spell is 24 days(the beginning date of the plum rains period is on June 16,the end date of plum rains period is on July 10),the plum rains amount is 221.9 mm, average daily figures of rainfall is 8.6 mm, the pluviometric quotient of plum rains amount to annual amount is 22.3%, the storm rainfall day is 1.3d, the intensity index of plum rains is 4.0 in the regions along Huaihe River in Anhui Province. 2) There is a trend of fluctuation in all of the items of plum rains character in the regions along Huaihe River.3) There is a nine-year fluctuation cycle in the items of plum rains character, and there are characteristics of decreasing amplitude and increasing frequency with the elapse of time. 4) The plum rains amount and intensity of 11 stations from west to east along Huaihe River in Anhui Province presents an "S-shaped" trend of "up-down-up". These results are of important referential values for the climatic research and weather forecast of the regions along Huaihe River.

Natural ecological carrying capacity is one of the leading fields of international quantitative study of sustainable development.The model calculated regional natural ecological carrying capacity with actual productivity and effective service function of natural ecological system and coupled self-purification ability with water resource supplying function.Therefore the model was named as "actual supply law".The research indicated that "actual supply law" reflects a regional natural ecological carrying capacity objectively and accurately.This paper applied "actual supply law" to the calculation and analysis of the characteristics of dynamic changes of natural ecological carrying capacity of Hainan province from 1952 to 2004 based on the existing data of Hainan Province Statistical Yearbooks and ecological survey data: ①The natural ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province has been increasing for a long time,per capita natural ecological carrying capacity increased from 7.0804 ha in 1952 to 8.5984 ha in 2004,an increase of 1.5180 ha and an annual average increasing rate of 0.4%.②The carrying capacity of renewable resource occupied considerable proportion of total ecological carrying capacity,accounting for respectively 98.6% and 92.3%;however,the ecological carrying capacity of un-renewable resource occupied only 1.4% and 7.7% in 1952 and 2004.③The carrying capacity of water resource decreased from per capita 6.8165 ha in 1952 to 0.4473 ha in 2004;but the carrying capacity of arable land,sea sector and freshwater body showed a rising tendency,which increased from 0.1277 ha,0.0057 ha and 0.0001 ha in 1952 to 2.6066 ha,3.1192 ha and 1.1468 ha in 2004,and other types of land ecological carrying capacity kept basically unchanged.④In the composition of the ecological carrying capacity,the proportion of water resources changed significantly from 96.3% in 1952 to 5.2% in 2004 dramatically;but the arable land,sea sector and freshwater body had a reversed remarkable change,respectively from 0.1277 ha,0.0057 ha and 0.0001 ha in 1952 increased to 2.6066 ha,3.1192 ha and 1.1468 ha in 2004,and other types of land showed ascending change but the proportion is relatively small.The arable land,sea sector and water resources are the main factors of the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan,the summation of these three factors occupies 71.8%-98.2%.The paper analyzed the causes of dynamic changes of ecological carrying capacity in Hainan Province.Firstly,the advancement of science and technology and improvement of management level are the fundamental reasons for the continuous increase of ecological carrying capacity in Hainan Province.Secondly,dynamic changes of ecological carrying capacity of all types of land are induced by synthetically factors of nature and society reflected the change of their actual ecological service function.Thirdly,the module amelioration is a key factor reflecting mainly the regional natural ecological carrying capacity.Finally,a pronounced drop of ecological carrying capacity of water resources in Hainan Province has both natural and man-made causes.

Taiwania flousiana,a rare species endemic to China, is naturally distributed to the southwestern part of Hubei province, the southeastern part of Guizhou province and the west of Yunnan province. Due to the virtue of high adaptability, fast growth, high timber ratio and timber quality, T. flousiana has been successfully introduced to the southern part of China since the 1970s. In order to understand the nutrients characteristics in T. flousiana plantation, the concentrations, accumulation and distribution of five nutrient elements (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) as well as their changes with growth of stands in T. flousiana plantations of three different stand ages (8-year old,14-year old and 28-year old) were studied in Nandan Shankou Forestry Farm of Guangxi,China. The results showed that concentrations of these five nutrient elements in different components of T. flousiana plantation were in the order of leaves > bark > branch > root > stem. And in different diameters of the root (expect Stump), nutrient concentrations reduced with the increase of root diameter. In plant, concentrations of N, Ca or K were the highest among the five elements, followed by P, while Mg was the lowest in various organs of T. flousiana plantation and in the litter. The total nutrient accumulations at three different stand ages plantations were 576.26 kg/ha, 833.20 kg/ha and 1214.11 kg/ha, respectively. Of the total storage of nutrients, 85.88%-92.89% was distributed in arbor layer, 2.01%-4.62% in forest floor layer and 5.10%-10.27% in standing litter layer. Among five elements, N or Ca accumulation in arbor layer was the highest and Mg accumulation in arbor layer was the lowest. The accumulations of nutrients in T. flousiana varied with different stands growth stages. Most nutrient elements accumulated in leaves and branches at 8-year-old and 14-year-old trees, while they transmitted gradually to the stem and bark at 28-year-old trees. The net production of organic matter per ton needed five elements in plantations from 4.21kg to 8.97 kg and decreased with the biomass accumulation in the process of the stands growth. And the N or Ca element amount was the biggest, then the K and Ca, and the Mg was the smallest among the five nutrient elements.

蓄滞洪区是流域防洪体系的重要组成部分。在我国水资源短缺、生态环境不断恶化的背景下，通过调整蓄滞洪区的运行方式以实现洪水资源化的思路被普遍认可。如何在保证蓄滞洪区防洪功能发挥和群众生命安全的前提下，合理利用区内的水土资源，提高蓄滞洪区综合利用的整体效益，是蓄滞洪区规划和管理的一个新问题。论文基于多目标分析和情景分析技术，建立蓄滞洪区综合利用多目标情景分析模型，在分析影响蓄滞洪区各功能发挥的驱动因素基础上，设计未来发展情景，计算不同情景下效益最优的功能区规划方案。并以海河流域大黄堡洼蓄滞洪区为对象进行实例研究。结果表明，该模型能够为蓄滞洪区的综合利用规划提供参考，并有助于提高决策的适应性和灵活性。

应用谢高地等人的生态系统服务价值系数，分析了1995～2005年福建省土地利用变化所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化，并进一步分析了生态系统服务价值变化和影响土地利用变化的总人口数、GDP和城市化水平三个社会经济驱动因子之间的相关性和敏感性。结果表明：①1995年以来福建省耕地、林地、草地的生态系统服务价值显著减少，而园地、建设用地、水域的生态系统服务价值明显增加，由于前者大于后者，因而导致总生态系统服务价值不断降低；②福建省生态系统服务价值变化与总人口数、GDP和城市化水平之间存在明显的负相关关系，说明社会经济发展对区域生态环境具有明显的压力和负作用，社会经济发展是以牺牲一定的生态系统服务价值为代价而获得的，1995～2005年其大小平均为0.697×10⁸元/年；③福建省生态系统服务价值变化对人口增长、经济发展和城市扩展3个因素均缺乏敏感性；结合系统科学的观点，在人口－经济－生态环境组成的复合系统中，生态环境是复合系统的序参量，对系统的发展起着决定作用，生态环境保护必须予以更大的重视。相对来说生态系统服务价值变化对人口增长最为敏感，其次为城市扩展，而对经济发展的敏感性最弱。11年来福建省生态系统服务价值变化对总人口、GDP、城市化水平的敏感性程度分别增加了24.45倍、39.67倍和23.67倍，表明在获取相同社会经济发展份量时，逐年所付出的生态环境代价在急剧升高。

Valuation of global ecosystem services by R Costanza(1997)has attracted attention of the Chinese ecological researchers over the years. And many Chinese scientists have been using the methods to valuate the ecosystem services for forest, grassland and farmland ecosystems. However, it has been turned out that there are several shortcomings in direct adaptation of the methods, for instance, some ecosystem services have been insufficiently valuated or even ignored via using Costanza’s method. To fill this gap, we have, on the basis of Costanza’s method, developed a new method or 'unit value’ based method for assessment of ecosystem services. Expert interviews with structured questionnaire were contacted in 2002 and 2007 respectively, and altogether 700 Chinese ecologists were involved in the interviews for testing the method. It has been found that the values of ecosystem services from expert knowledge based unit value method and biomass based method are comparative. Therefore, expert knowledge based assessment of ecosystem services could be used as a method for assessing ecosystem services with known land use areas, and a good result could be generated within a short period of time. However, for scientifically sound and concrete results, the spatial disparity of ecosystem services should be taken into account.

对上海浦东新区农田土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As进行测定分析，利用地统计学方法研究了7种重金属的空间结构与分布特征。结果显示，Pb、As、Hg的积累不显著，而Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr平均含量显著高于背景值。结构分析表明，7种重金属元素在一定范围内均存在空间相关性，其中Cd、Cr、As的变程分别为11.54、11.0、7.0 km，其余重金属的变程范围为0.81~1.73 km。采用克里格和逆距离加权插值法得到了浦东新区表层土壤重金属单指标评价结果分布图，发现土壤质量受Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr的影响较大，而受Pb、Hg、As的影响较小，在分布上存在显著的空间分异特征。

Through adopting the means of OLS Linearity return and calculating EBR energy balance,and based on the three-year flux amount data of Damxung rangeland station,we conducted a research on the energy balance closure aiming at the Tibet Plateau alpine meadow.The results show that,there exists a phenomenon of in-complete closure of energy and the slope of OLS curve is relatively low.The closure condition of energy balance in growing season is better than that in non-growing season;day-time is better than night;fine day is better than windy,rainy or snowy days.Later on,we have an analysis on the reason in energy in-closure.When the time of latent heat fluxes,sensible heat fluxes and soil heat fluxes is advanced,the closure condition of energy balance is improved.We draw a conclusion that the difference in the rate of heat transference has a great impact on the energy balance closure.Other reasons as the deviations in samples and instrument,the loss of high frequency and low frequency,the ignorance of some energy item and loss of advection have also contributed to the in-closure of energy balance.

This paper analyzes the temporal response characteristics and total response intensity for ecological quality to urbanization level in Jiangxi province.Firstly,the paper designs the index system and appraisal model of comprehensive indexes of urbanization level and ecological quality with hierarchical synthetic method,and respectively calculates the indexes and their components.Next,the paper puts forward a comprehensive response degree model by means of elastic formula in the field of economy,which is expressed as cj=∑nt=11Tθj(t)(j=1,2,k;t=1,2,…n),and analyzes the comprehensive response degrees with the calculated comprehensive indexes of urbanization level and ecological quality.The calculated comprehensive indexes of urbanization level and ecological quality show:(1) The comprehensive urbanization level in Jiangxi province has increased gradually since the reform and opening to the outsides world.Two periods can be identified in the process,of which the former is a slower development stage during 1978-1990 and the latter a relatively rapid stage during 1991-2005.The present urbanization process in Jiangxi province has entered a rapid stage.(2) The comprehensive index of ecological quality and their components take on different curves.Among them,the index of ecological level and the index of ecological resistance ability are the same to the comprehensive indexes of ecological quality,which takes on an"U-shaped" curve,but the index of ecological pressure presents a periodic variation.The calculated comprehensive response degrees reveal:(1) The comprehensive response degrees and their components for ecological quality to urbanization level in Jiangxi province are generally higher than the entire inspection period and in 1991-2005,indicating that there is a much stronger sensitive intensity during 1978-1990 for ecological quality to urbanization process.Obviously,there doesn't exist a corresponding relationship between the urbanization process and the changing ecological quality,which concerns with not only the advancement pattern of urbanization itself,but also the way of eco-environment construction and protection;(2) The established comprehensive response degree model is easy to operate,and to the degree can promulgate the comprehensive response condition,but there are some limits to the application because its foundation is elastic formula in the field of economy,and the reflected response relations are only fitting tendencies for two variables in a certain period of time.Therefore,there exist not only the least samples but also the fitting accuracy for the model to be applied.

This essay analyzes the factors effecting the exploitation rate of surface water resources from the point of view of binary water circulation.The result indicates that there is close relationship between the exploitation rate of surface water resources and watercourse ecological demands of water,also between regression water and its pollutants' concentration.Besides,in this essay,taking the watercourse ecological demands of water and the ratio between the quantities of polluted water and runoff for condition,the connection between the exploitation of water resources and consumption coefficients is discussed,which presents the increasing trends in logistic curve.With the augment of consumption coefficients,the exploitation rate of water resources is allowed to experience a trend from increasing to maximum to decreasing,while the range is from 20% to 50% to 40%.Taking the seven major rivers in China as an example,this essay estimates the allowable thresholds of exploitation rate of surface water resources under the condition of current water resources consumption.The result shows that the thresholds of Songhuajiang River,Liaohe River,Haihe River,Yellow River,Huaihe River,Yangtze River and Zhujiang River prove to be respectively 34%,38%,45%,36%,38%,31% and 32%.Compared with the seven rivers current exploitation rate of water resources,the results show that the rates of Songhuajiang,Yangtze River and Zhujiang River are within their thresholds' range,while the rates of Liaohe River and Haihe River,Yellow River and Huaihe River all exceed the maximal allowable exploitation rate.

Precipitation records from 15 weather stations in the arid and semiarid regions in the Yellow River Basin of China were used to validate the CLIGEN weather generator.Daily records of 41 years from 15 stations were used to evaluate the generator.Generally,the performance of the CLIGEN generator is better in semiarid regions than in the arid regions.Results show that the generator was successful in modeling the means of the total of the annual,monthly and daily precipitation,the monthly probabilities of wet and dry days,and the variability of daily,monthly and annual precipitation.Mean absolute relative errors for simulating daily,monthly and annual precipitation across 15 stations were 2.1%,2.4% and 2.4% for the means and 3.6%,4.1% and 15.9% for the standard deviations,respectively.The relative error for the standard deviation of annual precipitation was relative high.Thus,the improvements of precipitation occurrence are expected.Mean absolute relative errors for the all-time maxima of daily,monthly and yearly precipitation were 5.2%,17.3% and 11.1%,respectively.Most of the maxima values across these stations were overestimated.It may lead to overestimation of runoff and sediment yield by the soil erosion models such as WEPP using the precipitation patterns generated by the CLIGEN model.The validation of the parameters of storm events such as storm duration and peak rain density are needed to conduct by using the pluviograph data.

Multiple cropping system characterized by cropping index is crucial to Chinese food security.Multiple cropping index(MCI)refers to the times of sequential crop planting in the same arable land in one year,reflecting utility degree of arable land to be used at a certain period.It is desired to extract the MCI and its spatial distribution information by remotely sensed data for sustainable agricultural development.Traditionally,the MCI is calculated by statistical data at local administration unit,which is time-lagged,labor-consuming and poor in creditability as well as lack of spatial distribution.Meanwhile,remote sensing technology has been widely applied to agriculture and crop monitoring.The advancement in remote sensing technology provides potenial to obtain the actual MCI information efficiently and reliably.Many researches indicate that crop growth dynamic can be monitored by the time series of Normal Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) data.It is found that the peak of the time series of the NDVI curve indicates that the ground biomass of crops reaches the maximum,and fluctuates with the crops growing processes such as sowing,seeding,heading,ripeness,and harvesting within one year.Thus,the MCI is defined as the number of peaks of the time series of the NDVI curve.However,since NDVI data are affected by cloud and poor atmospheric conditions,the curve of time series of NDVI turns out to be noisy with a lot of small peaks and valleys in one cycle,which makes it more difficult to extract the actual MCI.This study develops a new method for extracting cropping index based on NDVI time-series by which cloud and other contaminations can be corrected effectively.The details about the method include:(1) smoothing the NDVI time-series by Savitzky-Golay filter to get the long-term growing trend;(2) correcting the growing trend curve by iteration process to get rid of the false peaks;and(3) obtaining the MCI by counting the number of true peaks.Using 1km 10-day Maximum Value Composite SPOT/VGT NDVI time-series,the MCI of 17 provinces of northern China from 1999 to 2004 was extracted by this new method.The results revealed that: the cropping index of Huang-Huai-Hai region was higher than that of the other regions in northern China.The spatial distribution of the extracted MCI was consistent with the actual Chinese cropping system.The total precision of sample validation based on visual identification was 95.24%,the coefficient of Kappa 0.9057,and the slope of linear regression of the MCI between remotely sensed data and statistical data was 0.9288(R2=0.9159,P<0.001),suggesting that this method could provide an effective way to extracting spatial information of the MCI for agriculture and land management.

In recent years,great progresses have been made in several cross-regional resources deployment projects both in general and regional values.But however,there are also many contradictions between export provinces and import provinces.And with the increase of quantity of electric charge,it is possible that the conflicts between them would be greatly deepened.In the south passage of the West-East Electricity Transmission Project(WEETP),greater difference exists in the level and increasing trend of price,the time distribution of feeding electricity,and the ecological compensation of resources and environment etc.At present,there are lots of irrational factors and actions at aspects of electricity trade and interest distribution.The main content of WEETP is selling and buying electricity,but it happens between developed area and undeveloped area.At the same time,WEETP is also an important stratagem of China.So the pattern of WEETP must be different from ordinary electricity trade.It needs the joint efforts of market and governments.Market economy is the direction of WEETP,but it is absolutely necessary that governments elaborate the comprehensive benefits,potential benefits and recessive benefits of WEETP.

We present a method for dammed river Instream Ecological Flow(IEF)—Adapted Hydraulic Radius Approach(AEHRA).This approach can compute Instream Ecological Water-level(IEW) as well as IEF.We applied this method to the Huaihe River to compute the ecological flow of four typical river-sections respectively in the upper,middle and lower reaches of the Huaihe River taking fishes as target species.Results show:(1) in the spawning season IEF is greater than that in the non-spawning season and IEF downstream is greater than that upstream,IEF in the middle reach is between them—IEF is mainly affected by the form of the river course cross-section;in the non-spawning season,IEF in the middle reach is greater than that downstream and upstream—IEF is mainly influenced by fish types;(2) dam operation is necessary to keep IEW corresponding to IEF;(3) the Huaihe River is greatly affected by human beings and the continuum is destroyed,which results in the appearance of no order in IEF change from upstream to downstream.Only when IEF has been satisfied through dam operation,will riverine aquatic ecologic restoration be possible to realize.