The Ailao Mountains lie in the middle part of Yunnan Province, and have a NNW-SSE strike which is almost perpendicular to the wind direction of the southwest monsoon. Researches on their climatic effects are very conspicuous. In this paper, the climatic data measured and the agricultural experiences investigated on the spot at different altitudes on the windward(SW)and leeward(NE)slopes in the northern part of the Ailao Mountains area are used as a basis for discussing the division of climatic belts of this area and the difference in agricultural characteristics between this area and the plain area of East China.①The northern part of the Ailao Mountains area is divided into five mountain climatic belts(from the mountain south subtropics to the mountain middle temperate zone)and six mountain argo-climatic strata according to the accumulated temperature of≥10℃, the hottest and coldest month temperatures,the extreme minimum temperature and the plant indicators. The upper-limit altitudes of various belts(strata)are 50m to 200m higher on the leeward slope than on the windward slope. This difference is increasing with the enhancement of the foehn effect toward the mountain foot.The utilization of agroclimatic resources and some noteworthy problems of agricultural production of the various belts(strata)on the two slopes are discussed in detail.②Compared with the plain area of East China, the climatic of the Ailao Mountains area is clearly characterized by warm winter and cool summer.Owing to the limit of cool summer, the mountain altitudinal belt where the thermophilic crops are planted is 2 to 3 climatic belts lower in comparison with the corresponding horizonal belt in the plain area of East China. In the same climatic belt, the agricultural cropping system of the plain area of East China generally has one more harvest within two years than that of the Ailao Mountain area. The differences of vegetation in the same belt of the mountain and the plain are also discussed.

Research on tourist land evaluation and development is an important basic work when tourist planning and tourist development policy are made. On the basis of landscaperesource value, landscape-site abundance, landscape-site density, environmental quality, tourist condition,scale volume and location condition, this paper has evaluated the tourist land in Hainan province by using a comprehensive index method. Three potential grades,eleven landscape-resource groups and three function types are divided. The area of grade Ⅰ,accounting for 36.7% of the whole tourist land, is The largest, the area of grade Ⅲ ranks second, accounting for 34.9%.Because the tourist land in Hainan province is so rich that tourist land resource shortage cannot appear in a long period, this paper lays stress on the forecast of the demand for tourist land when the supply and demand forecast of tourist land is made. The forecast is made by using the visitor market and the once volume of tourist land in accordance with the following formulation, S= A·D_it/R where S is the demand for tourist land, Dit is the once volume of different groups of tourist land, R is the average frequency of receiving visitors per day, and A is the maximum amount of visitors of different groups of tourist land per day.On the basis of the evaluation of tourist land and the forecast of the demand for tourist land in the future, this paper propose that the development of tourist land should lay emphasis on the development of tropical seaside beaches, islands and tropical organism landscape, e.g.,the Yalong Bay of Sanya municipality, the Gaolong Bay and the Tonggu Ridge of Wenchang county, the Nanwan Monkey Island of Lingshui county and the Wuzhi Mountain of Tongshi county. At the same time, the development of historical relic gardens,national customs,rivers, lakes, reservoirs, tropical plantations, hot springs waterfall landscape cannot be ignored. The developmental goal of tourist land is to make Hainan province become one of the international tourist spots that have diverse functions, obvious regional features and beautiful environment. To realize the goal, various effective measures should be taken. Firstly, the development mechanism of tourist land should be perfected. Secondly,the dominant types of tourist land should be carefully chosen so as to do macro-regulation well. Thirdly,the ecological construction of tourist land should be strengthened so as to create a beautiful environment.Finally,the research on the follow-up evaluation of tourist land should be made.

Starting with analysing the inside environment of the integrated exploitation of mineral resources of Jinchang city, which is a famous Chinese"Nickel Metropolis", this paper explores the characteristics of the distribution and spatial combination of mineral resources, including their abundance, largeness, valuableness, deepness and diseonnectedness. It also studies the status quo and existing problems of the integrated exploitation of mineral resources. Finally, some countermeasures for the integrated exploitation of mineral resources are forward.

This study ,by making use of the hydrodynamic simulation and the salinized-soil identification method and with the aid of a geographic information system technique, establishes a model for forecasting the effects of a large water-conservancy project on regional water and soil resources through systematic analysis. This model has preliminarily been applied to a section of the "conducting the Huanghe River water to the Baiyangdian lake"Project, namely,the section from Xian County to the Baiyangdian lake. The results show that the forecast is practicable and its accuracy depends mainly on the generalization of the parametric choice and other relevant questions.

The Liaohe River Delta is one of the main agricultural bases in Liaoning Province,and the third largest oil field in China. There are aboundant soil resource,aquatic products, and the sceond largest wetland in the world. Oil pumping field,rice fields,reed land and shrimp fielde are the main ways of regional resources exploitation. These have led to many environmental problems and to the changes of landscape ecosystem. So the following aspects must be especially noticed:a. Fully tap the potentialities of resources. The exploitation of agricultural resources must be coherent with that of oil and gas resources underground,The land use must be comprehensively arranged.b. Fresh water is the main limiting factor in intergrated agricultural development in the region. It is very important to modulate water resources by building water engineering ,such as resevoirs,and to use the water─saving measures.c. Conserve the wetland landscape and ecosystem dominated by reed, provide habitats for aquatic creatures and precious water birds, increase. the coverage of green vegetation and improve the primary productivity.d. The protection and breeding of aquatic product resources of the estuary,such as carb(Eriocheir sinensis),should be strenghtened.

In this study , mud and garbage are used to make organic composite fertilizer and growth medium. Fertilization experiments with lettuce and rice are conducted and heavy metals in the crops tested. The results show that with proper measures, mud and garbage can raise yield obviously while the heavy metals remain under the criteria. Affecting factors of heavy metals in the crops are discussed and suggestions for agricultural utilization of mud and garbage proposed.

Based on the climatic observational data of three longitudinal sections in the Qinling and Daba Mountainous Region during 1988-1989, the author firstly established some vertical distribution climatic models, with which the values of each factor were calculated in different heights. Then, according to the above-mentioned calculated results, the agro-climatic belts were divided in each section. Finally, the author analysed the climatic adaptivity to cash crops and plants in each belt and put forward some strategies for the rational distribution of agriculture in this region.

This paper takes the eco-environmdent and the exploitation of its aquatic resources of the Honghu lake as an example to discuss the good-cycle ecological pattern which preserves and makes full use of the eco-economic benefit of the Honghu lake resources. The practical countermeasures of rational exploitation of the resources are proposed in order to attain steady,persistent development of the productivity of the water body.

Xizang Autonomous Region (Tibet) is a vast area. There the land suitable for cultivation is few but centralired, the land suitable for pasture is large but different in quality ,and the highfrigid land and the land unsuitable for agriculture are broad. All of these features decide the structure, scale and layout of agriculture in izang. At present the developmental level of lands in Xizang is low, its marketable production is backward and some land has deteriorated so its economic and ecologic benefits are not high, Therefore, alterwards the'intensification of scentific management, incireasing the investment, deep development and protection of thd land resource suitable for agriculture, foresty and pasture reinforced. it is the strategic guiding principles and effective countermeasures for promoting the development of agricultural economy and improving the agricultural productive conditions and ecologic of xizang to raise the per unit area yield of the existing cultivated land improve the grassland, construct the artificial grassland, protect the forests. etc..

The features of soil resources and the measures and effects of soil amelioration and utilization were studied systematically by means of field experiments, location observations and field surveys on the comprehensive harnessing experiment area of Zhuanyaogou basin in Hequ county, loess hilly region in northwestern Shanxi. The results show that the area is abundant in soil resources, but poor in soil fertility. Reasons for this are mainly sandy texture, low content of organic matter, many climatic disasters, severe soil erosion and poor economy. The soil fertility and its environment condition have been improved efficiently by series of measures, which consist of building bench terrace and practicing technique of improving fertility quickly on new terraced fields, carrying out optimum application plans with storing water, using water rationally, raising water-use efficiency and so on. Meanwhile, the way that is of universal significance in the region for improving soil fertility was developed based on the experiments and practice.

This article discusses deeply the present situation, existing problems and response plans of vegetable production in the contiguous area of Shanxi province, Shaanxi province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. A new energy and heavy chemical industry base is now under construction in the area.After surveying many times and analysing a large amount of data. this article clucidates that the level of vegetable production at present is too low to suit with the needs of the large-scale economic development in the area because of the effect of the natural environment and the backward farming way, According to the results of analyses, it is found that there are three vulnerable points of vegetable production, namely, the off season is too long, the area of protected production is too small and the degree of professional production is greatly lower than that required.In combination with the author's successful experiments on the spot and the practical conditions of the area,this article sugests that the countermeasure of vegetable production in the area should be to develop the vegetable production on the protected fields where the economic benefit is higher. By doing so. the popular vegetable production can be brought about and the reform of farming and planting. can be encouraged. As to the layout principle of vegetable production bases,the opinion is that making the present and planning key cities be the main core market and gathering-alloting places and taking the key cities and major factor factory-mining districts as the chief objects of supply. In regard to the technical line,this article advances the principle that it is important to have stress,batch order and stages in construction policy,It is necessary for the local government to perfect the market control mechanism,to pay attention to and introduce the science and technology forces,to popularize the advanced experiences,etc.

Red clover is a good forage crop and grows very well in the high mountain region of easten Sichuan Province. This study observs the biomass and compares the characteristics of the grass biomass, the biomass above ground and the biomass under ground of three artificial communities of Red Clover,Red Clover-Orchardgrass and Red Clover-Ryegrass. It analyses each organ biomass and their vertical distribution and the productive structure of the three communities. The results show that the biomass of Red Clover-Ryegrass community is the highest, namely, 261. 42g/50×50cm2. But the biomass under ground of the Red Clover-Orchardgrass community is the largest, namely, 139.16g/50×50cm2. The productive structure of all the three pastures is a irregular tower in shape. At the hight of 20-40cm,the biomass is the largest. Their productive structure is reasonable. According to the organ biomass, each organ has its major distributive layer. The major distributive layers of stem, leaves and flowers are at 0-40cm,at about 40 cm and at about 50 cm respectively.

In order to accurately express the effect of soil conditions (including some geographic conditions, such as slope and groundwater) on land potential productivity, soil medification coefficient is suggested in this paper, which is defined as the degree to which the physiological and ecological requirements of crop growth can be satisfied by a certain soil under given climatic and imput level conditions.A calculation model of soil modifying coefficient is also designed and its calculation results correspond well with the judgements of the experts of land evaluation.

The four kinds of grass, namely Bromus inermis, Agropyron cristatum, Elymus sibiricus and Elymus tangutotum,are most important in the grassland in Inner Mongolia. The transpiration intensity, the photosynthesis intensity and the chlorophyll content of these grasses are measured and analysed in this study. The results show that in a day the maximum transpiration intensity of the grasses appears between 12:00 and 14:30 p.m.and it rises a little again at 4:00 p. m. The photosynthesis intensity of the grasses reaches the top in the reproductive stage. There is a linear relationship between the relative humidity of the air and the water content of the grass leaves. The correlation coefficient is 0.993.

Almost all modern water resources systems are featured as multi-objects, multi-sources and multi-users ,which should be kept in mind during decision-making process of their development and management. A decision-making model using expert systems technology for Water Resources systems management was developed in this paper. The phototype of the Water resources system used in this work is composed of a surface reservoir water supply system, a public water supply system ,three different irrigation areas and a swamp ecological area. It originally came from the idea of irrigation games and role play proposed by some British researchers in the early 70's and improved by other foreigners later on , Then it was used as the prototype of a simple but realistic and integreted water resources system management and a role play Lotus simulation model was developed based on it. The players in the role play model are Water Authority Manager(WAM), Public Water Supply Manager (PWSM) and three different groups of Farmers. Another player, System Manager, was introduced to the system in this work to make it perfect and consistent with cases in our country. This player is responsible for the overall operation,settling down conflicts among different players, controlling the system environmental quality,and making overall socialeconomic as well as environmental benefits maximal. The main objectives of the role play simulation model are focused on training different players in the game,or different persons involved in different roles within the system to become farmiliar with and to gain inside into all possible aspects concerning operation and maintenance of a typical water resources system. A decision-making model using the PC-based VP-Expert Shell was developed to extend the functions and to improve the performance of all the players on their decision-making process. undoubtedly,it is a very useful approach for modern water resources system management.

In this paper, the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data from the NOAA Meteorological Saterllite are used to estimate the grass output of a vast grassland. Xilingele League of Inner Mongolia is selected as a test area, which is a typical grassland in North China. From the aspects of estimate principles, vegetation index selection and landscape ecological regionalization, the feasibility and approaches of using the NOAA/ AVHRR data to estimate and monitor the grass output of a vast grassland are discussed. Some new methods, including atmospheric correction, geometric correction and so on, are tried in data preprocess. The GIS technology also is applied in the research. It can be concluded that suitable landscape ecological regionalization and essencial data preprocess are the basis of improving the accuracy of output estimate.

In this paper, the author have discussed the feedback control way of forest manasement plan implement and advanced the feedback control model,tealized the optimizing adjustment of forest management plan implement planning.

In this paper,the systematic thought and ecological principle are applied to set forward a model frame of the method of planning and design of the land use in the agricultural region.In doing so,the center is the study of the operational and developmental process of the coupling of land, food and human, and the aim is to establish a rational land use system. The items concerned include object design, land evaluation,agroecosystem analysis, the simulation model of the quantitative study of the land use system, the optimazation of the land use structure, the ecological design of the land use system,and the design of the multi-layer artificial control system.

Great attention has been paid to the issue of natural resources all along. After further analysing the nature and definition of natural resources,the author deduces that whether the sustained use of natural resources can be made or not is the key to avoiding the scarcity of them and sums up four major reasons which cause the scarcity of natural resources in this paper. namely, physical limits, geo-political aspects, economics and environment. At last. in view of the interaction between human activities and geographical environment,the author point out that resource science is a disciplinary system which takes the system of natural resources as its object of study.

Fresh water resources are very deficient in the HeiLongGang region of east Hebei Province. But where there are large quantities of saline water and slightly salinized water, tests and practices show that the slightly salinized water of 2-3g/1 can be used; besides, under suitable conditions, the saline water of 4-6g/1 can be used as well. This opens a new road to solve the problems of inadequate water resources of the region.

To efficiently control and improve the deteriorating ecological environment in the residual loess platform region we should develop the land resources on the basis of economics.This paper provides a method of evaluating the suitability of land development to deal with the problems of developing land resources. First, from various environmental factors four of them are picked out. They are land types, slope, slope aspect and elevation, which can stand for the difference among land facets. Then by using the method the suitability 644 land facets have been evaluated in the residual loess platform region in Xixian county of Shanxi province. This serves as an important sample region for fulfilling the Eighth Five-Year Plan of the state. It has proved that the actual effect is good.

Resource physics is briefly introduced in this paper. By prolonging resource physics which is based on entropy theory,and introducing the exergy concept, a new idea that natural resources can be measured by exergy is set up. The formula of the ecological cost coefficient of natural resources consumption and the process analysis method are also put forward. By this means resource utilization can be optimized. Finally, an example of the analysis of accumulated exergy in the process of chlor-alkali production is given.

Sustainable development is the theme and direction of economic development in China for present and 21st century, and it is the theoretical basis of guiding the sufficient and rational use of natural resources. Deep researches of the objective law of sustainable development may help us to follow the right way of sustainable development of economy consciously, to give full play to the role of deploying the natural resources rationally by socialist market economy system,and to guide the proceeding of economic reform deeply. At last ,on the basis of sufficient and rational use of limited resources,our national economy will be promoted to go forward along the way of sustainable ,rapid and healthy development.

This paper expoundes the problems of the environment and development in China from four aspects. The crux for the improvement of the ecological condition in China is to foster the ecological moral idea, change the appearance of the impoverished regions and reside the environmental protection in development.

China is one of the countries where there is aboundant glacial water resource and glaciers exist in a vast area of mountainous regions. In this paper, a comprehensive discussion is made for the characteristics of glacial water resource,the chemical properties of meltwater and the prospects of the future utilization of this resource in China. It has been found that the glacial water resource is a water resource system based on the effect of a solid water reservoir. Its mineralization is low and it almost does not have any pollution. Particular by the glacial water is a high-quality fresh water resource in the inland arid region. It is necessary to reconfirm the value of this water resource and conduct further studies on the fundamentals of its application in order to rationally exploit,utilize and preserve the glacial water resource.

In order to have a clear idea about the carbon cycle in the agro-ecological system of China,the uptake, emission,fixation and transfer of CO2 by the system in the years 1990 and 2000 are calculated and analysed,and a schematic map of carbon cycle in the agro-ecological system of China is drawn. The results indicate that the percentages occupied by the emission amount,fixation amount and transfer amount are 89. 7% 91.0% and 9.12% of the uptake amount respectively in the year 1990,and they are 7.83%, 1.18% and 1.16% respectively in the year 2000. It can be seen clearly that the CO2 uptake amount of the agro-ecological system of China is greater than the CO2 emission amount,and the system is a"sink"but not a"source"in respect to the atmospheric CO2 concentration in both the current periat and the peried after climatic change.

The crisis of water resource is an inriportant knotty problem which puzzles many countries of the world. Particularly, the lack of water in cities becomes more and more severe. At present,there are 300 cities in China which lack water. In the 30 cities having a population of more than one million this problern is especially striking. The problem of lacking water has become one of the important restraining factors of economic development and construction in cities. The conditions of water resource in China are not superior. The water resource is more insufficient in large areas of the north of China ,where the speed of economic development of many cities surpasses the carrying capacity of local water resource. In the future, it should be that raising the utilization benefits of water, adopting vigorous measures to tap new water source, improving the repeated utilization rate of the production-use water,and controlling the pollution of water. Also it should be that making the technique and economy policies to inspire the economic use of water, supporting the transformation of the water economizing equipments, and adjusting the structure of property. In the cities which lack water the development of the industries that demand great amount of water should be limited.

To coordinate the relation between man and the nature and resource exploitation through ecological planning can be traced back to the works and practices of the ecological thinkers and regional planning pioneers at the end of the 19th century, such as George Marsh, Patrick Geodes and John Powell. Ecological planning theory and practice developed very quickly during the period before World War Two but disappeared in the literature for nearly 20 years until the environmental movement in the 1960's. With the occurrence of more and more serious environmental problems and resource degradation ecological planning began its new development era since the late 1960's. Particularly I. L. McHarg's and his colleagues' outstanding work and planning practice made the ecological planning thinking and methods gain widespread application. Recent trends of ecological planning research and practice develop towards applying the modern ecological knowledge and achievements directly and establishing the theory and methodology based on ecology, development economics and other related disciplines. They shift from quality analysis to quantity simulation with powerful computer and geographic information system,and from the single goal planning to urban and regional planning in order to promote sustainable development. It is obvious that ecological planning will become one of the important aspects in sustainable development.

The northeastern Sanjiang Plain was once a largest fresh water wetland distribution area in China and an important habitat for Oriental White Storks (Ciconia boyciana)as well.But,with several large-scale land reclamation activities taking place in this region,large area of wetlands was converted into farmlands.As a result,wetlands were in very serious fragmented state,and very few Oriental White Storks were found in the heart of the study area since the 1980s.This phenomenon seems to be clearly related to wetlands changes in landscape scale. So, based on detailed field surveys on wetland landscape and habitat factors for Oriental White Storks,we established a GIS model to analyse the effect of wetland changes on habitats of Oriental White Storks in the study area.We got conclusions as follows:(1) The habitats of Oriental White Storks were composed of complex landscape of wetland types, in which island-like forest swamps were as nesting area and marshes,lakes and ponds as feeding area for Oriental White Storks in the study area.(2) Wetland landscape fragmentation has very serious impacts on habitats of Oriental White Storks. Patch area of wetlands had more effects on habitats when landscape matrix was in a lower fragmented state,that is,wetland area accounted of more than 50% of the total study area and landscape connectivity was higher than 50;and isolation in landscape,patch shape as well as landscape structure had more effects on habitats when wetland landscape was in higher fragmented state, that is,wetland landscape area accounted for less than 30% of the total study area and landscape connectivity was lower than 30.(3)Marsh wetland had more negative effects in area loss on habitats and lakes and ponds as well as island-like forest swamp had more negative effects in loss of patch number on habitats in the process of landscape fragmentation.(4)The restoration of habitats for Oriental White Storks needs to restore the key landscape types such as island-like forest swamp,ponds and marshes,to increase the connectivity between landscape of wetlands,to enlarge landscape matrix area and to restore landscape structure in landscape scale in the Sanjiang Plain for the feature.

An index model which is suitable for multi-parameter was proposed for evaluating sustainable utilization of regional water resources.The model can be optimized by the real-coded chaotic quantum-inspired genetic algorithm(RCQGA),and we used the model which has been optimized to evaluate sustainable utilization of regional water resources.Through study and comparison with other evaluation methods for the cases of 12 regions in China,the results showed the practicability and the feasibility of this model.