<正> 由全国农业区划委员会下达,中国科学院-国家计划委员会自然资源综合考察委员会主持,组织有关单位开展的“中国土地资源生产能力及人口承载量研究”课题于1991年10月14日在北京通过由中国科学院资源环境科学局组织的专家鉴定。以中国科学院学部委员程纯枢教授为主任的9名教授、高级工程师组成的鉴定委员会对此项研究进行了认真

On the basis of many years of investigations and researches, the authors have found that the vascular plants in the natural reserve region of the Wuyi Mountains amount to 2025 species with 80 subspecies or varieties. They belong to 851 genera and 194 families. After a detailed study of the flora composition of every genus, according to the use of the wild economic plants, the authors divide them into 8 types: fat plant, strach and sugar plant, fragrant plant, fibre plant, tanning plant, ornament plant, medicinal plant, and honey plant. This article deals with the main kinds of wild economic plant of each type in order to provide the readers with basic research data and scientific evidences for further study as well as for the rational utilization and conservation of the plant resources of the natural reserve region.

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On the basis of the small-plot experimental data of the years 1983-1986 at the Qianyanzhou Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences at Taihe County of Jiangxi Province and using the compartment model with the help of computer, the cycles of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mu in areas where the vegetation is Pine (Pinus mossoniana), Chinese sweet gum (Liqui-dambar formosana) and natural secondary forests (control area.) respectively are successfully simulated.The simulation results quantitatively describe how these elements move and transfer along the food chain from the plant, animal, litter layer to the soil within 0-10 years. The paper also calculates their cycle coefficients and the balance points at the time when they reach a stable state.

Nature reserve is a genral concept. Due to different localities and different natural features, there are different objectives and pretection purposes. Each nature reserve will be managed according to certain classification and grade. Obviously, before a nature reserve is chosen and its classification and grade, scientific evaluation for the protection area must be made.The mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve is located in Tibet Autonomous Region of Southwestern China. Its location is approximately between latitudes 27°48'--29°19' N and longitutes 84°27'-88°00'E. The whole area is approximately 33910km2. About 12000 families live in the Reserve with a total population of 67 000 Tibetan people. Administratively the Reserve belongs to the Shigatse Administration's Dingri, Jilong, Nielamu, Dingjie and Saga Counties.The reserve not only has the special regional characteristics of the natural geological units of the south Tibet Plateau and the central Himalaya montane System. At the same time, it also has many rare and endangered wildlife and botanical species that are on the nation's protection list. The Reserve still keeps its naturalness and is very attractive. The ecosystem of the Reserve is very fragile It is in need of protection. The area is so large and diverse that it has tremendous potential for scientific research. According to the above-mentioned reasons, the Mount Qomolangma Nature Reserve should belong to the multidisciplinary type (or the ecological system protection area) and should be classified as a national-level nature reserve.

Research in regional biodiversity conservation, as an application project based on ecological theory as well as a social practical program, should provide manipulative and operative techniques and measures for a certain conservation action plan. The best and more active way to protect regional species diversity is protecting and controlling the ecosystem diversity. A reference research guideline is given in this paper.

In this paper, the dynamic variation of the norhtern boundaries of the North-, Middle-and South-subtropical zones and its influence on agricultural production in the subtropical region of China in the last hundred years are studied by analyzing the climatic data of 315 meteorological stations. The main results show:(1)The northern transitional zone of the South-Subtropical Zone is narrower than those of the others. The northern transitional zone of the North-Subtropical Zone in the plain is about 1. 5 degrees of latitude on the average and is wider than that in the mountainous areas. The width of the transitional zone between the North-and Middle-Subtropical Zone in the Poyang and Dongting Lakes plain is about 1. 5 to 3 degrees of latitude, while in other parts it is much narrower.(2)The range in which the line of demarcation swings in different periods is narrower for the northern boundary of the South-Subtropical Zone and wider for those of the others. For the northern boundaries of the North-and Mid-Subtropical Zones, the swing range is wider in the plain than in the mountainous areas. In the plain, for the northern boundary of the North-Subtropical Zone, the distance between the lines of demarcation in the coolest and warmest periods is 1. 5 degrees of latitude on the average. In the Poyang and Dongting Lakes plain, for the Northern boundary of the Mid-Subtropical Zone, it is 2 degrees of latitude on the average.(3)In the last hundred years, the variation of agroclimatic zone may cause the northern boundary of the double cropping rice to swing about 1 degree of latitude at most, and the swing is close to 1 degree of latitude for the suitable and probable planting regions of orange.

Using the grass yield and spectral data observed in the years 1989-1991 in different types of natural grassland in the middle section of the Tianshan North Slope and the synchronous NOAA/AVHRR data, the correlation coefficients between the grass yield and various vegetation indices are calculated. The results show that there exists an obvious correlation between the grass yield and various vegetation indices. The dynamic monitoring spectral model of the grass yield is established. The correlation coefficient between the dry weight of grass and the NOAA/AVHRR ratio vegetation index is 0.7597, and that between the green weight of grass and the NOAA/AVHRR ratio vegetation index is 0.8066. Then the satellite remote sensing monitoring model of grass yield is established. This model can be used to monitor the grass yield of natural grassland.

The Se-rich carbonaceous siliceous rocks and carbonaceous shales of Permian Maokou Group are outcrop wildely in southwestern Hubei Province, China. The maximum Se contents in rocks and soils and in corn grown on Se-rich soils are 8390, 354 and 40 mg/kg respectively. The evaluation of the Se-resource is made and the best developmental way of the resource is discussed in this paper.

Phyllanthus emblica L. that distributes extensively in the mountainous and semimountainous areas of southern China is a species of wild or cultivated fruit tree with medical value. It has plentiful nutrition and is high in vitamin C. content. The research results of external simulation test, animal test, human body test and clinical test in disease area have shown that the fruit juice of phyllanthus emblica L. can block the synthesis of N-nitrosocompound, which is a strong carcinogen in human body. The block rate is more than 90% and is 3-4 times higher than that of V. C of the same concentration. It is also discovered that the juice contains superoxide dismutase (SOD). The activity of SOD is 964. 28 units per millimetre of fresh juice. The activity of SOD in blood can increase 1. 5 times after an old man drinks the juice for 2 months. So the juice has evident effect in resisting cancer and slowing down senescence. China is very rich in phyllanthus emblica L. resource and using its fruits to treat disease has long been a custom of the people. So its fruits have great exploitation value. This paper expounds in detail the health-protecting value of phyllanthus emblica L. and introduces briefly the present conditions and prospects of its exploitation and utilization.

The grass mountains and grass slopes widely distribute in Zhejiag Provnce are an important natural resource of agriculture. On the basis of the investigation and study of the grass mountains and grass slopes in Changshan County, this paper considers that not only their distributive area is extensive but also their types are various. The kinds of fodder grass suitable for pasture are abundant, but their nutrition content is rather low; the grass yield is great, but the palatable property is not so good; and the utilization period is very short. Besides, the gradient of the distributive area is steep and the soil erosion very serious. So, at the time when we exploit and use the grass mountains and grass slopes, we should carry out the principle of integrating exploitation with renovation and integrating utilization with protection and promore the good circulation of ecological-economic system. Then, it is possible to realize the simultaneous increase in ecological benifit, economic benifit and social benifit. For this purpose, three proposals are put forward in this paper.

Widely distributed in the south of China, the limestone barren hills are a result of regressive succession under the intervention of long-term predatory farming activities of mankind. The productivity of these hills is low and how to make rational use of them is a problem to be solved. Based on systematic analysis and evaluation of the regressive succession in limestone mountainous regions and the various existing ways of utilization, this article presents a new way of utilization, that is, to produce leguminous bush fodder crops on limestone hills. This new way will make it possible to break a new path for the exploitation and utilization of the limestone barren hills, and it will become a green-project with profound significance in southern limestone mountainous regions.

The study of rural functional classification, which mainly deals with the comprehensive rural-space division in terms of the utilization of rural resources, the areal division of labour, the regional change of function, the harmonization of agricultural structure and the composition of industrial sector, has formed a major research field of rural geography both inside and outside China.Taking 365 counties (or cities) of the Huang-Huai-Hai Region as the areal study units, this paper analyses the structural function of the exploitation of rural resources, identifies the functional features and extracts the functional indices. On this basis, this paper then makes a classification of the rural functional types and explores the spatial distribution law of these types, the industrial features and the regional development ways of the resources for the region.

Chinese alpine rush (Eulaliopsiss binata) is a wild plant resource and only exists in some countries of Asia, such as China and India. It especially deserves to be exploited in the southwest mountainous area of China. In this paper,the important and special roles of this plant in enabling mountainous people's to eliminate poverty and get wealth,finding ways for the surplus labour, mitigatiung the serious shortage of raw materials for manufacturing paper, improving the quality and increasing the varieties of paper in China,and checking soil erosion and restoring the ecological balance are thoroughly discussed under the subjects of Chinese alpine rush's economic, ecological and social effects. The status quo of the exploitation and utilization of this plant in China is also analysed. It is pointed out that" forming a national coordinated organization specifically about producting, selling and the scientific research of Chinese alping rush"," studying systematically how to domesticate Chinese alpine rush into a cultivated cash crop" ,"searching after international academic exchange" and others are the seven problems to which immediate attention should be paid in the present exploitation and utilization of Chinese alpine rush.

Dongsha is the largest and highest of all the sand bars off the coast of Jiangsu Province but it is still underdeveloped. This paper, on the basis of actual investigations, the maps of the Yellow Sea, satellite photoes, and other available data concerned, analyses Dongsha's land and biological resources and the potential of its energy resources development. Moreover, this paper sets forth suggestions on how to properly develop Dongsha according to local conditions.

On the basis of the characteristics of physical geography, marine dynamics and biology of Dafeng coast, this paper makes a study on the geornorphological and sedimentary processes of the tidal flats of Dafeng affected by larg rivers, discusses the influence of the old Huanghe River and Changjiang River in the area, and expounds the space structure and evolution of the ecological communities of the tidal flats. This paper also reviews the current state of the exploitation of the tidal flats and their economic and environmental benefits. According to the understanding of the characteristics of the natural ecosystem, a rational exploitation model of the tidal flats of Dafeng was proposed.

The Middle Reaches Rigion of Yalutsangpo River, which is characterized as a little forest resources and low vegetation caverage ecostone, is not only the social-economic and political-culture centers, but also main agricultural zone in Tibet. With population increasing rapidly and concentrating relatively in modern times, the erosion and the desertization were aggravated, the varying degrees losses in the agriculture and animal husbandry and the national economy were caused by grassland degeneration and frequent natural disasters. In view of above-mentioned reasons, development of forestry, especially establishment of protection forest system occupies a strategy place in improving the ecological environment of the unique Qinghai-Tibet Plateau langd-scape and The Middle Reaches Rigion of Yalutsangpo River.The general design of the Protection Forest System in the Rigion as following; under the concept of conservation forestry, the protection forest belt along rivers (Lhasa river, the middle of Yalutrangpo river and Nianchu river) will be established at first,which is the framework of the Protection Forest System; the protection forest network will be achieved on farmland and grassland in valley; the fuelwood -timber forest and the "four sides "forest will be afforested according to various site conditions. The biggest comprehensive protction forest system will be established in the Plateau for protecting the unique high-cold agricultural zone and "the third pole over the world".

There are thirteen species of licorice in the world. China has eight of them. Five species are commonly seen in the desert region. They are Glycyrrhiza uralensis,Glycyrrhiza inflata,etc. , They form various licorice grasslands. These grasslands distribute in various ecological environment. The distribution of Glycyrrhiza uralensis grassland is the widest. The Licorice grassland can be utilized for many aims,for example, grazing, cutting grass,gathering drugs,reclaiming wasteland and afforestation. At present, it has been utilized extensively. Grazing and gathering drugs are most common.It is a pity that there are serious problems existing in the way of utilization. For example, there is great area of licorice grassland destroyed seriously owing to digging licorice disorderly,not a few licorice grasslands have become waste fields and desertified lands owing to reclaiming the wasteland unsuitably,some licorice grasslands have deteriorated obviously owing to the habitat's becoming droughty ,and soil salinization has made some licorice grasslands develop poorly so as to be succeeded by salt-enduring vegetation.If people want that this multi-purpose natural resources,the licorice grassland,can be utilized lastingly, they have to pay attention to the protection of its soil and environment. This includes preventing wind and water erosion of soil, controlling soil salinization, preventing the ecological environment from becoming droughty,making efforts to plant trees and herbs and so on.

Taking the Hetian river basin as an example, this paper primarily explores the method of comprehensive evaluation of water resource carrying capacity and sets up an evaluation model by applying the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The water resource carrying capacity in the Hetian river basin is evaluated by means of this model. It provides a decision-making basis for water resource development in the basin. Meanwile, this study provides a new method of the e-valuation of the water resource carrying capacity for arid areas in general.

Changxinng Island, is an estuary sand island of the Yangtze River, is located in the suburb of Shanghai. It will play a very important role in the economic development of Shanghai metropolis and New Pudong Area. The systematic survey and analysis of the water resource and water environment show that abundant amount and high quality of water lay a sound foundation for the development of the island. The trend of water quality and water resource from 1992 to 2000 is forecasted by a systematic dynamics model, which consists of 9 blocks of important factors such as economics, environment, population, etc. Study points out that the exploitation of Changxing Island should rely on the environmental protection principle and an overall developmental plan of Pudong and Shanghai city. Changxing Island should be exploited as a new drinking water source island of Shanghai, a convalescent and tourist center in eastern Shanghai, as well as a base to produce and process the high-quality and no-polluted farmland sideline products.

The Northern Tibet Plateau with an area of about 600,000 km² and an altitude of more than 4500 m above sea level is the main part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is not inhabited in most part due to cold and dryness. So its ecosystem consisting chiefly of the alpine steppe is well-preserved and also is the largest pasture land in Tibet Autonomous Region. The areas of various kinds of usable natural grassland are suitable for the carpet-wool producing Tibet sheep and they occupy 53% of the total area of the Northern Tibet Plateau. There are a lot of wild animals and many of them are either the national first- and second-rank protected animals or the economically valuable animals. Within the plateau there are numerous-lakes and their areas occupy more than 1/4 of total area of all the lakes in China. Owing to the rich salt mine (such as glauber's salt, soda, alkeline, boron, lithium, cesium, etc.) found in the chemical residues of many salt lakes, this plateau has become an important production area and future exploitation region of mineral salt in China.Because of the weak grassland ecosystem and unreasonable utilization, now 4% of the grasslands have deteriorated, the area of sand dunes has expanded and the inhabitable range of wild animals have gradually decreased. In addition, the environment of some production areas of salt mine has been polluted and the salt mine resources are seriously destroyed. So the important strategical measures for exploiting the biological and mineral resources of the Northern Tibet Plateau should be to moderate the use of the natural grasslands, to protect the wild animals, to comprehensively develop the salt lake resources.

The zeolite ore resource is rich in China. This paper reports that if this resources is exploited and used in agriclture, the total yield of crops will increase by 40 billion kilograms. In addition to the benefit of saving fertilizer and fodder additive, the annual economic benefit will reach 49.625 billion yuan(renminbi). Thus, in view of improving the crop production of China, the exploitation of the zeolite ore and using it in agriculture have great striragic significance.

This paper explores a calculation method of time and quantity optimization for field irriga tion under the condition of a limited water supply. Used as an example, three main crops in the Yundong region, Hebei Province, are systematically calculated. The results and analysis of the systematic calculation show that the use of the time and quantity optimization model can bring about obvious economic benefits for crop production and that the model as a calculation method also has certain practical significance.

In this paper, the occurrence probability of inversion .the average elevation and the depth of the inversion layer, and the largest intensity of inversion in subtropical mountainous areas of China are given. The laws of the spatial and temporal distribution of inversion in mountainous areas and the effect of some factors on the distribution of the inversion warm belt are described lastly, the ways of exploiting and utilizing the inversion resource in subtropical mountainous areas of China are proposed.

We apply the gaging weir approach to make the research on the amount of soil erosion under the original subtropical mountainous evergreen broad-leaf forest of a small watershed in the Jiu-lian mountain reserve,Jiangxi province.This small watershed is of the steeper type and its area is 14. 4 ha. In the five years from 1986 to 1990 , we got some results of the observation and survey of the soil erosion in the region. The annual sediment deposited in the silt trough of the gaging weir is about 530-1820 kg. The annual solid flow from the notch of the weir is about 70-330 kg/ha,and the organic matter makes up about 15% of the whole erosion amount.We make an analysis on the basis of the results of observations, and find out that the annual erosion amount mainly depends on the precipitation intensity. The annual erosion amount will markedly increase in the year when there are rainstorms and more intensive rains. Because soil erosion is mainly caused by surface flow, but the water permeability of the soil under the evergreen broad-leaf forest is very good.and about 97% of the precipitation in the small watershed can permeate into the soil,therefore the erosion amount under the evergreen broad-leaf forest in the small watershed is little.

According to the leading national classification of the climate of China, given by B. Huang (revised version 1986), Hainan falls into the tropical climatic realm, subdivided into a "peripheral tropical" type for the northern part and a "middle tropical" type for the southern part of the island. While all-year-round frost-free conditions define the tropics in general, the 20t-isotherm for the coldest month represents the boundary between the peripheral tropical and middle tropical types. Compared to the tropical climate in general, Hainan experiences distinctly lower winter temperatures which thus result in a larger annual temperature variation. In terms of precipitation, Hainan records a long rainy season through the southwest monsoon and typhoon seasons from May until October while winter precipitation is comparably lower. Representing two agroclimatic hazards, strong typhoon winds and cold waves seriously affect Hainan. Although to be defined as "marginal tropica-1", the climatic conditions on Hainan are favourable for perennial tropical crops of which rubber and tea rank highest. Out of 92 state farms on Hainan, until the end of 1989 a total of 30 had been transformed from monocultivated rubber or tea plantations to rubber-cum-tea farms which are called in China "manmade communities". As shown for Nanhai State Farm on Hainan, a great economic am! social as well as ecological success could be achieved, only through intercropping of rubber anil tea. This underlines the large economic potential and agroclimatic capability of Hainan for tropical crops; it also proves the 'tropicality' of the climate on Hainan.The observations reported in this paper are part of a research project on the agroe-cological conditions in tropical China, carried out in close cooperation with the South China Academy of Tropical Crops, Danxian, Hainan, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.

In this paper, some geographical distribution laws of the photosynthetical productivity and the climatic productivity of phytoplankton in freshwater areas of eastern part of China are calculated theoretically with the climato-ecological method. From these results we can know that the annual climatic productivity of primary products in freshwater areas distributes mainly along the latitude and decreases progressively from south to north. Its range of variation is from 1.6-24.4 gC/m².a. In view of the climatic resource of the photosynthesis of phytolankton, the net fish production in natural freshwater areas at different latitudes must be made in accordance with the different climatic conditions of photosynthesis.

In this paper, the distribution of temperature in winter and the features of inversion in the shallow mountain area of the Bailongjiang valley of south Gansu are analysed. Also the causes of inversion occurrence and the agroclimatic ecological superiority of the warm layer of inversion which adapts to the biological characteristics of citrus trees are expounded. Finally, on the basis of the macroscopic temperature in winter and the distribution rules of orographic inversion, the method of selecting the adaptive fields for citrus in the warm layer in the shallow mountain area is proposed.

In this paper, the analysis method of the agroclimatic index has been introduced in dividing the vertical zones of the agroclimatic resources of the mountain areas in the Bailong river watershed , south Gansu Province, and the results are successful. The conditions of agroclimatic resources of each zone are also evaluated and analyed in this paper.

According to the concrete task for the groundwater resource system in Jinan to manage and study the protection of springs and water supply, a multi-purpose management model for the groundwater resource system has been built up mathematically in this paper. Using the fuzzy mathematical theory, a fuzzy-weight method is proposed. It can solve the incomparabil-ity and the primary and secondary between various objectives at the same time. The theoretical analysis and a case study show that the multi-purpose management model and the fuzzy-weight method are rational and effective.