This paper deals with the long-term macro-level forecast and the "rational structure' of rural energy requirements in the hill and mountain regions of southern Henan Province according to the present conditions of rural energy resources and energy consumption, and provides recommendations for solving the rural energy problems of these regions.

Population, food and the utilization of water and land resources are important problems in the economic development of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. This paper analyses the present situation of these problems and by applying the Grey System Theory and regressive analysis, bulids a forecasting model of population and food. According to the model, a prediction of the population and food of the region in 2000 has been made. After making a balance analysis between supply and demand of food under Various conditions of the water and land resources in 2000, it points out that the region'sfood production would be able not only to be-self-sufficient but also to provide a certain amount of marketable grain, if we fully utilize the water resource of the Yellow River, enlargel the irrigated land areas, and adopt new farming technigues. At the end of the paper, the main ways to solve the problems of food and to prevent the deterioration of ecosystem and environment have been suggested.

The efficiency of Soil Moisture Consumption (ESMC) and the Productive Potential of Precipitation (PPP) of several mainly planted crops in different agrometeorological areas of Northwestern Loess Plateau are obtained from both the field trial of fertilizer and calculat-nig with the formula recommended by FAO. Results show that PPP of dry farming in the Loess Plateau, though lower than the Productive Potential of Hearer irrigation farming, is rather, great and varies as soil fertility changes, i.e., ESMC and crop yield are closely interrela-ted with soil fertility. Studies indicate that, although drought often threats agriculture in Loess PJateau, lowness soil fertility is a more direct limiting factor. Thus to better soil fertility is a important way to bring the potential productivity into real productivity.

A hydraulic mathematical model of furrow. irrigation with free draining end boundary was established by using the kinematic-wave method in this paper, and a good agreement between the model result and the field test was found. The established model shows good calculation stability, high speed, and small storage. It can be used in microcomputer. In this study, we adopt a new concept that the irrigating water quota is used to control the amount of irrigation water and that the uniform coefficient is used to evaluate the irrigation result. At the same time, we put forth a trial and error method to study the way to determine the rational combination of technical parameters for furrow irrigation under the conditions of free draining end boundary and blocked end boundary.

This paper deals with the Rb-Sr biotite isochron ages of the granitoid in the Sanshiliying-fang area of the Karakoram and Kunlun Mts. region. It has peen found that the Rb-Sr biotite isochron age of the diorite is 539 Ma, belonging to the Cambrian period, and that the Rb-Sr biotite isochron age of the Saidulla granodiorite is 215 Ma, being equivalently of the late Trias-sic period. The results also show that there exists the granitoid of Early Paleozoic Era in the Gonggol-Akagazi petrographical belt.

This paper first studied the distribution laws of soil bulk density, wilting moisture of soil and field capacity in terms of time and space and the facters related to them. Then according to the standard of soil wetness which defines 40 per cent of the field capacity as heavy drought, 60 per cent as and 80 per cent as optimum, we have calculated the threshold values of soil moisture of various sail wetness for twentysix representative points in five districts. This vvill provide foundations for adobting different agricultural cultivation methods and managerial measures at different localities. In the end, a regionalization index system of agro-hydrological characteristics of soil has been set up for Gansu province by using the wilting moisture of soil as the leading index and the bulk density and field capacity as auxiliary indices. According to the regionalization index, we divided the whole province into five broad regions and twelve subre-gions, discussed the agro-hydrological characteristics of soil in each broad region, and put forward the appropriate measures for soil reclamation.

The observed .data used in this paper .are five deep and teleseismic P waveforms recorded by short period seismograph at the Hetian seismic station. Based on comparing the synthetic ones waveforms with the observed, the deep crust structure of the southwestern edge of the Tarim basin and of the. northern part of the Kunlun mountains is discussed. Results show that beneath about 30 km are higher velocity layer. The crustal depth is about 53 km. Since the transmission seismic beams came from different directions, the calculation indicates small differences of velocity structure and lateral variance.

This study is based on the analysis of natural resources of agriculture and the structure of land use in Jiaxing area of Zhejiang Province. It Contains the prediction of the potential productivity of food, plant oil and meat on unit Land area under Certain conditions and in different periods. In this paper, authors present a population supporting capacity of land resources in above-mentioned area, fitting in with the potential productivity at the different standards of living-type.These results show that the supply of plant oil is enough, the food is abundant, but the meat is a little lack for population supporting capacity, which will limit the raise of living standard in some degree. In 1985, the living-type which fits in with population supporting capacity of land resources, is in the stage of warm and well-fed type, and will change into the stage of abundant type in 1990, of comfortable type in 2000 and the stage of rich type in 2020.

About the impact of forest on the river runoff, many experiments in small areas and small river basins have been made at home and abroad. The experimental results show that deforesta-tion makes runoff increase and that, on the contrary, raising forest vegetation ratemakes runoff decrease. However, in large river basins it is not surely the case mentoned above. Therefore, it is not suitable to apply the consequence of the experimnt in small areas to large river basins, In short, the impact of tree planting and grass plating or deforestation on the total amount of water in large basins is rather complicated. In order to know what makes water quantity in a large basin decrease, increase or remain almost unchanged, detailed investigation and observation should be made on the related natural conditions (basin factors) of the basins. Simple expreiments carried out in small areas cannot provide a correct answer.

The preliminary results of a comprehensive geological investigation on the volcanic group are reported in this paper. On the basis of field study and the textual research of some documents, the author queries very much the validity of "the eruption of No. 1 volcano in 1951". A host of facts indicate that there was no presence of lava flow in 1951. The lake in this basin was formed before the volcanic eruption. Thus, it is not a checked-np lake, but a tectonic lake in genesis.

It can be confirmed that intensive uplifting of the Karakoram and West Kunlun Mountains occurred in the period from Late Pliocene epoch to Early Pleistocene, 'This is proved by the differences of Pliocene (Atushi formation) and Early pleistocene (Xiyue Conglomerate formation) stratigraphic features. Both in the interior of the Karakoram and West Kunlun Mts. and on thejnorthern side of the Kunlun Ms., the Atushi formation mainly composed of silts and fine sands is uniform. It means that the upheaval between the Kunlun Mts. and the Tarim Basin was gentle in Pliocene age. But the Xiyue Conglomeration, as a typical Ma-lasse deposit, is characterized by layered boulder conglomerates and coarse sands. It testifies that a great upheaval on the northern side of the Kunlun Mts. occurred in early Pleistocene age due to intensive uplifting. The climate was warm and humid during Pliocene age.A regional tectonic movement occurred between Early and Middle Pleistocene ages. This is proved by a series of folding, faulting and unconformity following the upheaval of the Plateau. Middle Pleistocene moraines have been found on of high peaks, That is the first gla-ciation on the Karakoram and west kunlun Mts. Two glaciations occurred in Pleistocene ape. The size of glaciation is less in the latter stage than in the former stage.Drying tendency .was progressing rapid ly since Late Pleistocene age. Levels of Plite;iu lakes were droping rapidly. The ancient lake of Tianshuihai was disintegrated and withered. Bangong Lake and other lakes changed from exterior drainage to interior drainage. Glaciers retreated. The vegetation changed from semi-desert throur stepps to desert. Loss on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mts. was formed at the same time.

In this study, the natural conditions and natural resources of Yanchi County, NingXia Hui autonomous Region and the relation between the social-economic development and environment have been analyzed. With the application of weighted digraph and pulse processes, the author has studied this county's social-economic and environmental system quantitatively. By forcasting and comparing the states and behaviour of the system after it has empted a variety of development strategies, the author suggests some measures and development strategies for the coordinative development and optimum Tuning of the system.In accordance with native conditions and circumstances, seven models are established. Model 1 is built according to the traditional development pattern. ?The results of the predictions show that the traditional development pattern not only deteriorates the social-economic status of the county steadily, but also destroys the natural environment seriously due to desertification. To counter the factors which lead to noxious cycle of the system, the author takes several relevant improvement measures and adjusts development strategies for improving the state of the system.In order to find out the sensitive adjusting and controlling factors so as to optimize the whole system and coordinate the development, the author adjusts different development strategies from the viewpoints of population, animal husbandry, farming, forestry, rural living energy, sideline, and build models 2-6. By comparing the results of the predictions of the five models, on one hand the sensitive adjusting and controlling factor, namely mal hasbandry, is obtained and on the other hand the interacting and promoting relation among different adjusting strategies is analyzed. Thereafter, model 7 is built for the optimum running of the whole system.The conclusions of this paper show that weighed digraph and pulse processes are suitable tool for modelling complex systems like social-economic and environmental system. The adjusting and controlling strategies given by this paper are constructive for the coordinative development of social-economic and environmental system in Yanchi county.

The development of modern ecology is ten :atively classified into 5 stages as follows:1. The establishment of ecology stage (1866-1903)This stage refers to the period from the definition of ecology by E. Hackel (1966) to the seporation of autoecology and synecology by C. Schroter (1903). The importance of two books of Warming and Schimper is emphasized.2. The parallel development of plant ecology and animal ecology stage (1904-1958)——The study of plant community stageEmphasis is laid on the study of plant community by 4 main Schools, i.e., Anglo-American School, Zurich-Monpellier School, Upssala School, and Soviet Union School.3. The Ecosystem Stage (1959-1974)The International Biological Programme (1964-1974) is described as the meinstream of ecological study. New developments in other fields are mentioned as well.4. The ecological sciences stage (1975--1983)Ecology has been developed into a network of ecological sciences which can be classified by 5 different criteria. Many new interdisciplinary fielde have been developed.5. The Conceiving of "New ecology" stage (1984-)The traditional ecological principls. like Darwin's "struggle of existance",are challenged. New discoveries and ideas are burgeoning in different fields of ecology.

There are 446 modern glaciers on Mt. Muztagata and Mt. Kongur and the total area is about 898.08 km². Ice caps, Turkistan valley glaciers, and canyon-valley glaciers are the main and special types in this area. The altitudes of snowlines are generally between 4800 and 5200 m. above sea level. The estimated annual temperature there ranges from - 10℃ to - 14℃ and the precipitation from 477 to 679 mm.Because of the effects of continental climate, the modern glaciers possess the characteristics of the glacier of continental type. These are shown in the physical features such as ice formation, the temperature of ice layers, glacial movement and ablation, etc.As for the variation of advance or retreat of glaciers in recent years, the glaciers have been retreating since the mid-19th century. In the mid-70s of this century, most of them were in a stable state, some advanced, and only a few of them still retreated. In the period of investigation in 1987, it was found that most of them turned to be retreating with a small magnitude, a few still remainded in a stable state, and several advanced.

In this article, an attempt is made to apply the catastrophe theory to soil erosion study. Xin Gou county is chosen as an example. There soil erosion evolution is depicted and its characteristics are explained with the theory of catastrophe. For quantitative study, a cusp catastrophe model is used to simulate the evolution process of soil erosion.On the basis of the model, some characteristics of soil erosion can be pointed out. They are catastrophe, binodality, hysteresis and divergence. A classification is made according to differnt erosion states, namely unstable erosion state, stable erosion state and the state with potential catastrophic danger. From this point of view of catastrophe theory, under the conditions of limeted labour and funds, the soil conservation measures should be focused in the areas where the soil erosion degree belongs to the light and medium categories.

On the basis of the natural superiority of Hainan Island, this paper using the agroecological method of climatic potential productivity which FAO introduced in "the Relation between Production and Water":calculated the climatic potential productivity of rice. And on the basis of the present situation of the production of. rice and the population of Hainan Island, it using the GM(1, 1) forecast mold in the grey system:calculated and investigated the problem of population bearing capacity of the production of rice at present and in the future. It tries to reveal the present situation, problems, and prospects of development of the production of rice to provide a scientific basis for production, consumption, and purchase of rice in the Island.

This paper analyzes the status of abundance of water resource and adequacy of its monthly distribution in China through the yearly precipitation and monthly temperatures of January and July of several Chinese cities in comparison with those of various regions in the northern hemisphere of the world. Next it explains the right meaning of water resource of a region or a watershed and presents formulas for estimating the available quantities of local and alien water resources by discriminating between that available in nature and that economically utilizable to mankind. The utilizable water resource of a region is analyzed into three items: the local effective rainfall, the deep artesian water, and the feasibly introduced water from alien districts. Finally, it presents the four available means of accruement of water resource in China from analysis of the relations existing between the utilized quantities of water resource and the agricultural climate of the district as expressed in temperature, duration of sunshine and precipitation during the non-frost period.

The Bangongcuo Lake is situated in westera xizang at 33°40' N and 79°E approximately. The lacustrine deposit profile studied lies 30 km to the east of the Bangongcuo Lake. On the basis of the results of pollen analysis and C14 dating, the author have discussed the paleovege-tation and the paleoclimate in the later period of Late Pleistocene in the ancient lake basin. During the period 40000-24000 years B. P., the changes of pleovegetation underwent a process from semi-desert to steppe and then to desert successively. Plant here include Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, and Ephedra. In the mountain; nesr the lake, there were a few arbors, such as Pinaceae and Betulaceae. The paleoclimate was wetter and warmer than it is at present. During the period 36000-28000 years B. P° the humidity and the temperature were relatively high. This paper has also discussed the changes of physical environment in relation to the uplift of the plateau since the later period of Late Pleistocene.

Three problems are discussed in this paper.(1) The primary cause of destruction of the natural resources and ecologic environment on the Loess Plateau is the population pressure.(2) The management and exploitation of the Loess Plateau are necessary and effective, but it is difficult to completely solve the population pressure problem within a few decades.(3) The population migration to the coastal and the Yangtze River Corridor's economic developmental areas may be an important was to relieve the population pressure in the Loess Plateau negion.

In this paper, informations of meadow yield of Ningxia region are utilized to analyse the relation between yield and climatic factors. Results show that moisture factor is the main factor for yield ehange. Checking against actual conditions for this region, the empirical coefficient (k = 0.9) for calculating dry weight of Alfalfa is replaced by k = 1.2. Then the maximum gields of both the meadown under fullirrigtion condition and the meadow under natural rain-fead condition are calculated. The results of this study may provide some scientific basic information for planning and construction of animal husbandry production bases in this region.

Several problems in the study of the population supporting capacity of land resources are discussed in this paper. The problems are the understanding of definition, the calculating of land productivity and crop yield, the evaluating of land resources, and the adjusting of land use structure.How to define and understand the population supporting capacity of land resources is the key in the study. A specified land evaluation for the study is the necessary foundation for the land productivity calculating and the land use structure adjusting. The predicted crop yield based on economic statistics can not represent land productivity. There are also some problems in crop yield calculated by the method of AEZ.

The Karakoram and West Kunlun Mountains in the northwestern part of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are a transitional area between the alpine desert and the montane desert.On the bases of recent observations and investigations the structure type of the altitudinal belts, the regional differentiation, and environmental problems in the study area are dealt with in this paper.Characterized by the continental arid type of climate, the altitudinal belts of the Karakoram and West Kunlun Mts. consist chiefly of varions desert and steppe belts. According to the combination pattern of the altitudinal belts, the following four structure-type groups and seven structure types of the altitudinal belts may be identified in the study area:Ⅰ. The arid structure-type group. This structure-type group inclludes three structure types as follows: (1) the xero-mesophilic pattern consisting of the montane forest-steppe belt and the alpine meadow belt; (2) the meso-xerophilic pattern consisting of the montane steppe belt and the alpine meadow belt and (3) the xerophilic pattern possessing the montane steppe belt only.Ⅱ. The extremely arid structure-type group. It includes one structure type. That is the super-xerophilic pattern consisting of the following altitudinal belts: the montane desert belt, the alpine desert belt, the subnival pelt and the nival belt.Ⅲ. The alpine arid structure-type group. It includes two structure types as follows: (1) the super f rigo-xerophilic pattern consisting of the alpine desert belt, the subnival belt, and the nival belt; and (2) the frigo-xerophilic pattern consisting of the alpine desert steppe belt and the alpine desert belt.Ⅳ. The alpine semi-arid structure-type group. It includes one structure type. That is the frigo-meso-xerophilic pattern consisting of the following altitudinal belts: the alpine steppe belt the alpine meadow belt, the subnival belt, and the nival belt.Corresponding to the areal differentiation of the physical geography of the region, the above mentioned four structure-type groups and seven combination patterns of the altitudinal belts vary obviously with the flanks of the Karakoram and West Kunlun Mts. Tte combination of the altitudinal belts and the elevation of each altitudinal belt on the western section are different to a considerable degree from those on the eastern section. The moisture-bearing air masses coming from the west play a significant role in the regional differentiation of the altitudinal belts. They make the desiccation of the southeast more severe than that of the northwest. The broad valleys, basins and plateaus between the Karakorum and the Kunlun Mts. are climatically extremely arid. In these areas the montane desert and the alpine desert are dominant.Owing to the important function of the montane forests in water retention and soil conservation in the arid region, the overlogging and misuse of the forests should be replaced by rational utilization and regeneration. It is suggested that the local government should select proper areas where growing the montane coniferoue forests occur in the West Kunlun Wts. as nature reserves so as to protect a number of endemic and rare species of plants. It is also necessary to establish nature reserves for the conservation of the natural landscape and the wildlife of the Qiangtang Plateau.

The West Kunlun Mountains are located in the northwestern part of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau with complex topographic and climatic conditions, high peaks and deep valleys. All these make the spectra of vertical soil zones very complicated. The spectra can be divided into five categories: super-arid, arid, semiarid, frigid arid, frigid semiarid. In the semiarid spectrum on the Kunlun Muntain range, there is only spruce. In the arid and semiarid spectra in the southern part of the Tarim basin, there are widely distributed meadow grassland and grassland.Significant difference in spectra has been found between the marginal mountains and the interior mountains and between the low hills and the plateau surface above 5,000 meters

The Yarkant River which originates from the Karakoram Mountains is the third Largest river in Xinjiang. The outburst floods often occurring in this river in recent years create hazards to human population, however, the problem about what makes the flood occur has not been solved yet.The purpose of this paper is to explore the major problems concerning the outburst floods.The first problem is to analyze the characteristics of these floods according to their basic features, their distribution in space and time, their situation of evolution, and the statistics of the flood peak and its magnitude.The second problem is that by comparing and analyzing the local meteorological information, the geomorphic condition and the features of these outburst floods, the idea is advanced that these outuburst floods are caused by discharge of the blocked lakes, not by torrential rains. They are different from the normal floods of glacial origin.The third problem is that with the help of air photograph taken in 1976 and the expedition for examining the traces of the floods in the Shaksgam valley, it is bound that the source of the floods is the Kyagar Thso lake blocked lake and Teram Kangri glacier located at the upper end of the Shaksgam vallay.A final problem is to point out that extent of the blocked lake is being reduced because the Kyagar glacier is declining, and to suggeste how to prevent this kind of floods.

The mountain areas in the Kezilesu, Kashi, and Hotan regions of Xinjiang which belong to the West Kunlun Mountains occupy 90 percent, 57 percent, and 42 percent of their respective total areas. The surroundings are very gool for developing animal husbandry. The rational utilization according to the natural ecolJgical conditions of the different vertical zones of the mountains can give full play to the productive effect of land resources.At present, the land use in the valleys is most intensive. Thereafter, unified planning of the mountains is important for preventing land, from deterioration due to overgrazing. The distribution of loess of the Kunlun Mountains has obvious relations to the attributes of the land resources and productivity.

Determining the optimal rotational felling period, for both natural and artificial forests, was and still is one of the most important problem in forest management. But the questions such as how to determine it, what principles to base on, or what models to use, etc. are still problems.In this paper, the author tried to explore the principles, acording to which the optimal rotational felling period can be determined. Here five basic principles-productive, economic, ecological, social and systematic-were proposed.Since the function of forest is multi-effect, not single, so generally speaking, the rotational felling period is a multiobjective programme:According to this general model, different mathematical models can be deduced from different streesed point.Finally, some simple mathematical models were discussed.

The Maimacuo nature reserve is situated in the northwestern part of the Qiangtang Plateau in Tibet, extending from 80°40' to 83°30'E and from 33°30' to 34°40'N with an area of about 25 thousand km2. In administrative division the reserve is part of both Ritu county and Gaize county.The basic character of the topography in the reserve is that the high mountain alternates wi h the lake basin. The climate is cold and dry. The annual temperature approximates to0℃——1℃, and the mean temperature is - l4℃ in the coldest month (January) and 10℃ inthe warmest month (July). The frost-free period lasts from 20 to 40 days every year and the annual pricitation is 150-200 mm.The basic vegetation type is the high-cold steppe. The plants grow well and have 6 main formations as follows. Form. Stipa purpurea, Form. Stipa subsessififlora var. basiplumosa, Form, Carcx moorcroftii, Form. Artemisia nanschanica, Form. Artemisia strackeyi, and Form. Oxy-tropis microphylla.The reserve is rich in wild animals. There are rare or nearly extinct wild animals among them, such as Poephagus mutus, Pantnolops hodgsoni, Asinus kiang, Ovis ammon, Pan-thera uncia, etc. These wild animals are seldom seen in Tibet.Seeing that the primeval high-cold steppe ecosystem remains in this region and has important scientific value, the author suggests that the Maimacuo nature reserve be protected as, the representative ecosystem of Tibet.

The key problem of the regional growth dynamics is the economic growth.As economi-sts did not fully realize the impact of resources shortage on regional economic growth in the1950s and the1960s,the classical theory of regional growth did not consider the binding force and carrying capacity of environment and resource accordingly.They considerd that capital and labor resource are the most fundamental and important economic factors.A dynamic model of regional growth bound by the regional resources and investment environment ,Rabenau-Lin’s model,is set up in this paper.According to the dynamic models,two important regional growth principles are identified as following:Firstly,in the regional growth,the improvement of inve-stment environment should be the first growth factor,and the improvement of capital growth index should be the second growth factor,the improvement of labor growth index should be the third growth factor.Secondly,if the regional average interest rate is lower than the average level out of the region,to guarantee the stability of regional growth,the growth index number of capital should be less than1.

Potentials of water resources development and utilization in arid zone of Northwest China were studied in this paper.On the basis of analysis of approaches to water conservation in agricultural,industrial and urban domestic uses in arid zone in Northwest China,the potential of water conservation in2020target year,and,according to the situation of industrial and domestic water uses,wastewater reuse in the future were quantitatively estimated.By considering available water resources as the potential and actual capacity of regulating water resources by hydraulic engineering works as constraint,the water quantity that could be supplied from surface water and groundwater was calculated and predicted.The result of quantitative analysis showed that,for the sake of maintaining the ecological system and protecting the environment of the arid zone in Northwest China on the whole,and improving partial areas,it would be necessary for the West Route South-to-North Water Transfer Project to divert water to the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River for the economic development and the ecological restoration in the Hexi Corridor by means of replacing the original water uses with water transferred in a long-term plan.

The carrying capacity of water resources in key areas of the inland arid zone in Northwest China was quantitatively estimated based on the analysis of productivity of water resources.In accordance with the characteristics of the fragile ecological system in the inland arid zone,the main content,characteristics and influencing factors of carrying capacity of water resources were firstly discussed,then the index system,flow chart of calculation and boundary conditions of carrying capacity of water resources were proposed,and finally the productivity of the water resources was analyzed and calculated.The study result indicated that on condition that shortages of farm produce of the central Shaanxi plain and Qaidam Basin are compensated by surplus of farm produce of Xinjiang,Hexi and Ningxia and shortages of industrial products of Hexi and Ningxia are compensated by surplus of industrial products of Xinjiang,the central Shaanxi plain and Qaidam Basin,in the target year2020,an expected population of63.84million can be supported in the key areas of Northwest China,and a wealthy living condition of per capita400kg grain and RMB20000yuan income can be ensured.