Myxocyprinus asiaticus(Bleeker) is a kind of endemic species of fish in China.The fish is only distributed naturally in Changjiang(Yangtze) and Minjiang Rivers,but the stock of the fish distributed in Minjiang River may be disappeared at present.The population of the fish living in Changjiang River has gone down quickly in the past two or three decades.The fish has been designated by the state as the second rank of aquatically protected animals,but its stock in Changjiang River has been less than two Chinese sturgeons,Acipenser sinensis and A.dabrynus,designated by the state as the first rank of aquatically protected animals.The reasons accountable for the decline of the fish resources are due to the low reproduction capacity and the long development time of the fish,overfishing and water pollution.The return of the individuals cultured is one of the main measures to recover the natural resources of Myxocyprinus asiaticus.

Researches on the balance between land use and water resources in the North China Plain have been done recently with an accurate soil water balance model,which take the land use and the precipitation on it into account along with comparisons of the water demand and deficits of different crops.Results show that water demand for all crops on the farmland(8848 thousand ha)is 74 436 billion m3,the corresponding water deficits is 30 937 billion m3;in the irrigated area(6532 thousand ha),the water deficits is 22.873 billion m3.However,the water supply system provided 26.178 billion m3 of water for agriculture in 1995,because of the lower effective utilization,the irrigated area still had 11.616 billion m3 of water deficits.The effective precipitation and irrigation on the plain are evaluated.Observed data show that although there is 82% of water supply for the growth period of winter wheat,key phase water supply(64%)restricts the grain production.To keep the supply water meeting the demand measures of raising water efficiency and optimizing irrigation are recom mended.

Due to unique condition of climate and undeveloped state,in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau had witnessed a slow urbanization process.The development standard of cities and towns had been very low until 1952.Over the 40 years since then,the development of cities and towns in Qinghai Tibet Plateau has made a great progress.The course of urbanization has been accelerated.Since the physical and human environment is unique,the course of development of cities and towns and urbanization is also unique This article elaborates the characteristics of present situation and pro blems of the development of cities and towns and urbanization in Qinghai Tibet Plateau,and analyzes the urbanization dynamic mechanisms of the region.

Studies of the terrace hedgerows in Zhangjiakou District revealed that hedgerows can not only make the terrace ridge consolidated,ameliorate the physical, chemical and moisture properties of soils,but can also intercept runoff and sediments,boost the yield of crops.The economic benefit is so significant that it is worthy of being spread.

Desertification index system plays an important role in desertification research,as indicating both the level of dynamic mechanism of desertification and the contribution to the rehabilitaition of desertified land.Firstly,the problems concerning the selection,acquisition,quantification and checking about index are evaluated according to the criterion of standardization,simplicity and practicability.Then,the approach is made to the relationship between ecological base plane and indicators.Finally,based on the view that the establishment of ecological base plane is fundamental to ideal index system in the desertification monitoring and assessment,three principles to design index system are put foreward,which are respectively zonation,scale and landscape.

Water use efficiency for farmland irrigation in North China Plain is presently only 43.1%,therefore,there exits high water saving potentiality.Through regional diagnosis and technical assessment of the suitability of water saving agriculture,the paper presents an integrated regional development order of suitable water saving technology for the years of 2010 and 2030 respectively.On the basis of the status,different agricultural irrigation technologies concerning development scale and corresponding water saving amount for these two years are calculated and analyzed.

This article briefly introduced the basic concept,theories of ecological footprint and its approaches to measure sustainable development.Based on the results of the report Ecological Footprints of Nations,global,national and regional ecological footprint were compared and analyzed It argued that the ecological footprints of individuals, region/cities, and nations unveil the sources of global ecological crisis and environmental problems,and now the global ecological footprint has severely exceeded the carrying capacity of the earth To achieve a sustainable future,the potential choices are (a)controlling population growth to decrease the ecological footprint of the growing population,(b)rebuilding environmental friendly lifestyle and consumption,(c)recurring to recycling and energy saving technology to improve the efficiency of resource development and utilization,and (d)protecting natural resources and improving their biological productivity.The possibilities and significance of the application of the ecological footprints in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau were also pointed out.

The Qaidam Basin,which is situated in Northwest China,is a closed arid inland basin with plentiful of natural resources.Water resources play a key role both in local economic development and eco environmental protection.The decision makers must determine what water resources development policies should be pursued when large scale development is launched.A decision support system was designed to address water resources planning and management.The system consists of three components:database,model base and graphical user interface.The model base integrates models of population,macroeconomics,water resources system,ecology and multi objective programming,thereby permitting interactive evaluation of different future scenarios through graphical user interface.The models are coupled by means of data transfers via the database and allow the consequences of water resources development policies on society,economics and environment to be estimated in terms of food production,gross domestic production(GDP)and waste water discharge.The database,besides transferr ing data for model operation,provides background information,such as river system,transportation system,arable land distribution and other spatial information etc.in forms of maps or/and tables.Simulation and modeling results show that the system can successfully assist government officials in determining water resources development policies for the basin.

Establishing nature reserve is one of the most effective measures for protecting bio diversity and endangered species.However,the purpose of establishing nature reserve with degenerated natural species usually failed to reach due to irrational spatial arrangement of the reserves.The case study of Wolong Nature Reserve presented in this study indicates some practical methods on design of functional units of a nature reserve.Before landscape element design is carried out,it is necessary to conduct landscape suitability evaluations,based on which core patches,buffer areas and corridors can be designed.(a)Design of core patches will consider both landscape suitability and patch size that can accommodate certain number species.(b)While designing buffer areas,it is better to enable the buffer areas cover all the core patches as well as the affecting distance to certain species.(c)Two cases should be clearified: the existing corridors which have to be protected strictly;and the potential corridors that can become a practical corridor for gene exchange between different habitats by rehabilitating vegetation.

Beijing Tianjin Hebei(BTH)region is one of the industrial bases in China.The developments of most industrial sectors,characterized by heavy industry,are dependent on local natural resources,including water resources.However,with the expansion of industrial scale,the foundation of resources for industrial development is not desired,especially the contradiction between industrial growth and water supply is becoming serious.In order to mitigate this contradiction ,it is necessary to readjust the industrial structure and allocation in BTH.Some heavy industrial sectors,such as metallurgical industry,chemical industry,and so on ,should be limited in development scales and allocation sites.The industrial structure of metropolitan areas should be updated based on the effective water utilization.Moreover,some enterprises or sectors should be moved or allocated in coastal zone.It is also important to develop saving water techniques.

In this paper,basic work means a kind of process in which the scientific data,materials and relative information are collected,sorted out,saved,flowed and used.It should pledge the reliability of data,materials and information in this process.It is also including the studies to seek its law and achieve its worth.This kind of work is a part of basic researches.In pace with rapid development of information technology (IT),studying methods for geo science are being continually renewed,studying cycle is being shorted,studying regions are being expended.It is the same situation for the basic researches of the Tibet Plateau.But the basic work including construction of scientific database is still relatively inadequate .This paper sets forth the connotation,significance and developing tendency for basic work.The current situation for basic work in the basic researches of Tibet Plateau is analyzed and the construction of scientific database in recently two years is described.It then points out that relevant departments of the State and leaders connected with Tibetan projects should pay attention to basic work.Data acquisition,processing,digitalization and integration should be strengthened in studying projects.

On the basis of the combination of Genetic Algorithm and BP Neural Network,the estimation of maize yield in Lishu County,Jilin Province was predicted in this paper.The new method was compared with BP Neural Network and Gray Model Theory as well.The results indicate that the prediction values approximate to the real maize yield and are more accurate than BP network and gray model theory.

Considering the parameters of remote sensing information and plant eco physiological characteristics,the crop yield estimation model was set up based on remote sensing information and plant photosynthesis model.Among them,Absorbed Photosynthetic Active Radiation(APAR),Crop Photosynthetic Assimilation Potential(CPAP) reflecting crop photosynthetic time,and photosynthetic rate were calculated by remote sensing information and meteorological data.In the typical regional research area,the model has been applied to study regional crop yield distributions and the result shows the model has better precision.

Based on the contrasting analysis of environment and natural resources' value,the author distinguishes two sets of concepts,i.e.environment and natural resources,and environment rights and natural resources rights.Then the author demonstrates that regulating object,basic content and central issues of environment law and natural resources law are not the same.So the system of environment law and that of natural resources law are independent.Because environment and natural resources are nearly interrelated,environment rights and natural resources rights are relatively independent,so the system of environment law and that of natural resources law are not absolutely independent.The author makes a further study on theory and realistic basis of oneness of environment law and natural resources law,the name,conception and system's readjustment of combined department law.

Simulated annealing algorithm is a new optimization algorithm,the paper sets forward simulated annealing algorithm to determine the most effectual scheme under the restricted conditions of funds,varieties and quantities of seedlings.The mathematical models and concrete methods are offered and discussed.The authors have applied the program design mentioned above to 97 subcompartments and have got the satisfactory results.

The photo temperature mode built up for Tarim Basin can predict sunshine duration and winter(January)and summer(July)average temperature of each net point in no data area of the region.Based upon which,different design values of the probability of the above mentioned elements of the various meteorological stations in the Basin were predicted by using extreme value distribution and normal distribution probabilistic mode derived from applied statistics.It is thus for the first time that the sunshine duration and temperature distribution law of the Tarim Basin got revealed.This mode provides effective scientific basis for the overall planning of the petroleum industry,major engineering projection and rational allocation of agriculture of the Tarim Basin.

Results of simulating Experiment on Normal Integral Model of different forest and grass coverage degrees,show that forest and grass measures of small watershed are effective in reducing runoff and sediments.They can attain initially the lowest value of 60 percent and the best value of 78 percent in conserving soil and water by taking forest and grass measures for small watershed management, giving the critical value of 65 percent of runoff and infiltration ratio for small watershed.

This paper defines soil degradation ,examines the situation of soil degradation in the world and China,overviews the advances in soil degradation research,and indicates the general direction of research on soil degradation science.

Based on the study of technological parameters of coal fly ash in laboratories,the influencing regularity of different ingredients and forms of coal fly ash on its resourceful property was disclosed.The optimum experiment for geting rid of carbon harmfulness to resourceful property of coal fly ash was initially finished.The coopera ting rate of decarbonized coal fly ash concrete was researched and used to fulfil the pavement repair work.The result shows that decarbonized coal fly ash can obviously improve the working property of the concrete.Both practical road conveyance and technological function can satisfy the demands of pavement engineering.Both the economic and environmental benefit is enormous.

The water and wind crisscrossed erosion zone on the Loess Plateau is the most serious soil eroded area and the majorsource place of the coarse sediments in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.Meanwhile,the large scale coal resources exploitation in Shanxi Shaanxi Inner Mongolia energy base has resulted in some new environmental problems.In view of the urgent requirements for coal reserve exploitation and comprehensive management of the eco environment,the present paper,taking Liudaogou small watershed in water and wind crisscrossed erosion zone as an example, analyses the temporal and spatial distribution law and the characteristics of soil erosion.Raises that in order to gain excellent social and economic benefits,it is necessary to develop a comprehensive control model of agricultural complex ecosystem capable of control erosion,dune fixation as well as possessing high efficient eco economic benefits by taking water and wind erosion control as the focus,improvement of eco economic benefits and sustainable development as the objective,and optimization of farmland structure,effective use of farmland as well as vegetation rehabilitation as the key.

Plant genetic resources are being changed from a formerly public ware to a scarce ware,because developments in biotechnology are increasing the demand for plant genetic resources and the decline in diversity of species and varieties is reducing their supply.Efficient market forming processes based on the concept of “genetically coded information” and with the compensation and participation models will have a positive effect on sustainable use of global plant genetic resources.On the basis of improving the current international multilateral systems,“clearing house” and “biodiversity cooperatives” should be the political choices of institutional innovation for conservation and use of plant genetic resources.

In accordance with rapidly developed cellar irrigated agriculture on Loess Plateau,three cellar disposition models,i.e.cellars on hill tops,“grape bunch" pattern of cellars along the road and cellars distributed in field,yard and concave land,were put forward.In order to increase utilization efficiency of rain water resource collected by cellars,four high efficient utilization techniques,namely,automatic pressure micro irrigation,pump driven external pressure micro irrigation,pit irrigation and water manure cave irrigation were recommended.

Because of drought,population growth,contamination of surface water and groundwater,people have become interested in exploration and utilization of rainwater resource.And then extensive studies were carried out and greet potential displayed initially.The authors analyzed and summarized the recent development of rainwater catchment and utilization,covering the following aspects: the techniques of rainwater harvesting,storage and utilization,influence of rainwater utilization on regional environment,evaluation of rainwater resource and estimation of benefits from rainwater utilization.At the same time,the pressing problems that must be resolved at present were put forward.

The development of resources dependent cities and towns depend strongly on the natural resources,so its characteristics and laws of development are different from that of the others.The scholars in the Western countries have studied thoroughly these characteristics and laws.Referring to the papers published in the international authentic geographical periodicals in English,the authors summarize and induce the main research content and progress on the resources dependent cities and towns in the West.The general research condition was also appraised.

The status of the green feed in China and the basic model of Chinese green feed production have been analysed.From the research of the cultivating techniques of forage rye,forage rye processing techniques and the forage rye production system eva luation,it offered an idea for the industrialization of green feed production in China.

By summarizing and analyzing the progress in studies on modern technical means of information capture,geographical information system,mathematical models and Geo informatic Tupu,a system method for studying global environmental change is probed from the angle of geo information science.

With a large area, various types and complex landscape structure, wetlands in the Liaohe and Huanghe Deltas have substantially benefitted the regional economic development. Based on the classification system of wetlands, the present situation and distribution characteristics are studied through RS and GIS techniques. At present, there are 314,857 ha of wetlands in Liaohe Delta,accounting for 79.5% of the total urban area; among which there are 159,919 ha of natural wetlands and 154,838 ha of artificial wetlands, accounting for 50.8% and 49.2% of the total wetland area, respectively. In Huanghe Delta,the total wetland area is 333,427 ha,being 42.7% of the total urban area; and there are a natural wetland area of 229,329 ha,and artificial wetland area of 104,098 ha,accounting for 68.78% and 31.6% of the total wetland area, respectively. Because of the regional resources exploitation for many years, wetlands have changed a great deal both in area and structure. Some strategies concerning protection of ecological function of wetlands and solution to the problems of the sustainable development between resources exploitation and wetland protection are put forward in this paper.

Developing indicator system of sustainability for land resources is one of the superiority fields of study of science and technology put forward in Agenda 21st for each country.The Ministry of Land and Resources has started to deal with this project.The paper probes into the theory and methodology for developing the indicator system of sustainable land use in China.It firstly reviews the domestic and overseas evolvement in the study on sustainable land use,then analyzes and summarizes the current conditions and experience about indicator system for sustainable land use in foreign countries.It points out that three aspects must be taken into consideration to researches of the indicator system for sustainable land use.They are:1)to divide land use regions and establish territorial indicator system for sustainable land use;2)to classify main land use systems and set up their indicators and threshold for sustainable land use;3)to select indicator system and threshold of sustainable land use in typical areas for case study.Only to integrate the three aspects organically can the scientific meaning,systemalization and practicability be assured.

 This summary and review dealt with the history of forest hydrology and catchment research． Most results of the catchment experiments showed that forest clearing would increase the water yield but the impacts of the forest vegetation on water yield were complex，which depen ded on many factors such as topography climate， soil catchment area forest type， management and so on． It is impossible to extrapolate the result from one area to another or from one scale to another because there are many differences between them．A developing trend to study are the combination of data from a number of catchments that have different characteristics and the application of new measurring technics and approaches．

The source areas of the Changjiang,Huanghe and Lancangjiang are referred to the Sa-njiang Source in this study.For the purpose of protecting water resources,we need not only to know anthropogenic water quality degeneration,but also to study water chemistry and its corre-sponding variations,in geographical domain and time,which are formed by the related river water bodies circulation through the natural environments.This paper,based on investigations of the hydrologic characteristics in the source areas of the Sanjiang,focuses on studies of the chemical properties of the water there.Most of the rivers are dominated with HCO 3 ˉin anion and Ca 2+ in cation,with orders in milligram equivalent per-centage of HCO 3 ˉ>Clˉ>SO 42+ in anion and Ca 2+ >Na + +K + >Mg 2+ in cation.However,different orders occur in the Togtun River,Qumar River and Zanag Qu,namely,Clˉ>HCO 3 ˉ>SO 42+ in anion and Na + +K + >Ca 2+ +Mg 2+ in cation.According to conventional hydro-geological methods,three types of river water can be classified by taking the major aqueous anions and cations milligram equiva-lents as criteria,i.e.,bicarbonate,sulfate and chloride.Tests show that most samples belong to bicarbonate and chloride types.According to the sampling test,the total mineralization of river water varies between178.45and1838.29mg /L,total hardness varies between3.01and11.76me /L,and total alkality,between1.17and9.25me /L.This paper also analyses the trace elements of river water in the source areas of the San-jiang and makes an assessment of the water quality of the region.