The author chooses Caishi Scenic Spot of Anhui Province as the object of the research, and sets up a model on ecological influence of tourist activities upon the scenic spots soil and cover plant, then analyzes their influence upon the altitude, abundancy and density of the cover plant species and the physicochemical properties of soil. At the same time the author introduces the concept of scenic spots tourism eco environmental carrying capacity, based on which,countermeasures for eco envi ronmental management of the spot are identified.

A biologically based model of both practical and theoretical significa nce was developed to simulate rice growth.On conditions with suitable water and fertilizers,the crop growth processes were simulated by considering solar radiat ion and temperature.Its spatial scale is leaf level,and temporal scale is hourly .The model can simulate instantaneous canopy photosynthesis.The model was valida ted using data from geographically sowing experiment.It is showed that the model can interpret 92 5%-95 8% of the changes of dry matter accumulation with d evelopmental stage and sowing date in different climatic areas.Using regular met eorological data,including solar radiation,we studied ecological acclimation of hybrid rice numerically in the north,middle,and south subtropical zones and Yunn an Guizhou Plateau.The result shows that Yunnan Guizhou Plateau is a high dry matter production area for middle rice,because of higher radiation,lower tempera ture and longer growth period.In the south of China,the early and middle rice is low productive,because of higher temperature and shorter growth period,but it i s a high productive area in late rice.Also in Changjiang River Valley,the suitab le sowed late rice has higher productivity provided the high temperature in summ er and low temperature in autumn in its middle and late period of growth can be avoided.

It is of vital importance to accurately mastering county level landuse status and its changes.In the light of “Technological System for Dynamic Monitoring Landuse in Jiqoqu County of Baotou”,a key project of the Ninth Five Year Plan period,the integration theory and implementation methods of Remote Sensing,Global Positioning System and Geographical Information System that are used in dynamic monitoring county level landuse are introduced.Results indicated that 96 2%of the changed target areas were found by RS.The data acquiring methods,“pseudo 54” algorithm and “2D abnormal data” processing method can effectively prompt the efficiency of both field and laboratory work,and improve data precision.Contrasted with traditional investigation method of landuse changes,the entire system brings a qualitative economic benefit by over 20 times.Finally,questions concerning the establishment of RS interpretation model and TGIS are discussed.

Land sandy desertification is one of the most serious environmental and so cial economic problems in Northern China.The processes of desertification mainly have being controlled by the interaction of human activities and fragile eco environment,which means the pattern and intension of landuse are major factors for development or reverse of desertification.Since the increase of human impact on landuse which had been forced by the increasing pressure of population,the farming pastoral transitional zone in Northern China has been moving towards north,resulting in changes in landuse structure from grazing to cropping to a large extent and destruction of natural vegetation cover.Consequently,wind erosion induced desertification process got accelerated.According to statistics of desertified land areas with different landuse purposes,human activities related sandy desertification were grouped as over cultivation(25%),over grassing(28%),excess firewood gathering(32%) and mis used water resources(8%).During the last 5 decades,sandy desertified land has expanded continually in Northern China,where total area has exceeded 350,000km2 by the mid 1990s.Based on remote sensing monitoring,we found that the growth rate of desertified land has being increased decade by decade,such as the annual average spread area had increased from 1,560km2 between the 1950s to the mid 1970s,to 2,100km2 between the mid 1970s to the late 1980s,to 2,460km2 in the last decade.But some successful models in combating desertification have proved that where the reasonable landuse practice has been adopted over certain years,the sandy desertified land has would get reversed and can be used again for more effective farming or graszing.

The paper briefly sums up two kinds of ecotourism ideas on which theoperational definition of ecotourism is built up. Based on the four definitive aspects of tourism destinations, the authors hold that ecotourism destination planning is the community tourism planning of micro scale. Such micro scale planning stresses the design and development patterns of tourism attractions rather than the macro deve lopment strategies and the moderate scale cluster effects. The development and protection of tourism attractions is the absolute core of ecotourism destinations. In the thesis, the authors also put forwards the operational flowing framework of ecotourism destination planning from its planning goals. At last, the paper discusses the implementing strategies that can make ecotourism sustainable. Landscape design, function zoning and corporate identity design is especially important to the successful ma nagement of the ecotourism destinations.

A photo temperature numerical model related to winter wheat producti vity was established, which included development stage,photosynthesis,respirati on,partitio ning of carbohydrate and consenescence of winter wheat.The simulation result of the winter wheat photo temperature productivity in Huang Huai Hai Region by using the model indicated that:(a)The productivity changed from 9 000kg/ha to 1 0 950kg/ha in the region,and the highest value was found in Shijiazhuang Area of Hebei Province and Jiaodong Area of Shandong Province. (b)The winter wheat phot o temperature producti vity was interrelated well with the solar radiation accumulated from 10 days be fore heading to maturity. (c)Analysis of the photo temperature productivity by using the power spectrum found that the change of the productivity in Beijing Area has 4 year and 9-10 year cycles.

An effective method for developing a set of tree biomass models and their application in regional forest biomass inventory is presented by using the sample data of Chinese fir, Masson pine, and broad leaved tree species. This has not only provided solutions to the two major problems of incompatibility of the total biomass estimator with biomass estimators of stem, branch, leaf, etc. and that of biomass estimator with volume estimator in forest inventory, but also made the model precision much higher and applicability much better than the currently used two way tree biomass models.

Based on the data of spontaneous urban vegetation,the human impacts on urban flora have been discussed in this paper. The conclusions are: (a)As a result of human activity,the urban flora with regard to its spectrum of dominant families is different from that of natural vegetation,but shows rather similar characters among different cities.(b)The ecological characters of the urban flora are strongly influenced by the urban climate and soil. (c)The expand of urban land use and its influence on urban habitats as well as some measures for greenery patches management are threatening the existence of some species in the urban area.

Characteristics of concentration, distribution and bio accumulation of 15 nutrient elements in plants and soils of artificial forests in experimental plots of Qianyanzhou were studied. Results indicated that three elements of N, P,and Ca are deficient in soils of two artificial forest plots, but no inadequancies of trace nutrient elements are found. Nutrient content of grass layers is higher than that of tree layers. Biological absorption coefficients of P, Ca, and N are the highest for both plots of the artificial forests. Whereas bioabsorption coefficient of Ti is the lowest and the remaining nutrient elements belong to weak accumulation or moderate uplake type.

The paper gives a general survey of the forest resources and their distribution patterns of six counties in three river valleys (Nujiang ,Lancangjiang and Jinshajiang) of Changdu Prefecture of Tibet by means of comprehensive analysis of the problems existed in the exploitation and utilization of forest resources in this area,the authors focus their attention on forest protection practices and integrated exploitation and put forward tentative ideas on how to rationally exploit and manage forest resources as well.

Based on the analysis of the present land use structure and existing problem related to such land use patterns in Guanzhong Region,Shaanxi Province,this paper applies gray linear programming model (GLP) to the optimization of land use structure in the Region.Several typical solutions for the future land use structure have been simulated out by the model,through the selection of a set of factors deciding land use structure,and through the calculation of parameters of land supply,land use requirements and limitations,and various land use demands.The optimized scheme of future land use structure for the Region has been decided at the end with the analytic hierarchical programming method (AHP) in which both comprehensive benefits and feasibility are considered.

This paper deals with the serious environmental problems and relationship between environment and economic development in Middle and West China. In order to solve these problems and build up coordination relationship between environment and economy, legal system should be adopted to control pollution,adjust economic structure,use natural resources intensively and fasten the development of tourism industry.

By studying the evaluation and index of sustainable forest development throughout the world and connecting the development status of the ecological fo rest engineering of China, this paper uses the knowledge of soft system method(S SM),method of synthesis integration(SIM), general induce method of determined s tudy and enginee ring system to form the soft system method of induce integration(SSMII)and usi ng this as the soft supporting for constructing evaluation index system The paper combines the expertise with the experimental data to construct the ev aluation system of the ecological engineering of China

The reasonable utilization and coordinated management of transboundary water resources has become a major theme in regional economic development,international resources and markets sharing and ecological conservation in the world,and will be a key factor to the sustainable regional development and offer solutions to the disputes between regions and countries.So it has been widely concerned by the international communities.This paper examines the impacts of such aspects as changes along national boundaries,international regional cooperation and economic integration,climate change,population growth and sustainable development,etc.,upon the utilization and management of transregional fresh water resources.

Agricultural activities in arid zones,especially the exploitation of desert oases,have changed the energy exchange of the earth atmospheric system.Recent researches about climate of desert oases and breakwind,analysis of the climate data and the fieldwork indicated that the exploitation of desert oases in arid zones of western China in the recent 43 years have changed the local climatic environment,and made it developing in favor of human and agriculture.There are two kinds of feedback effects that are poles apart between the exploitation of desert oases and the change of local environment:environment getting well→development of oases→environment getting better→redevelopment of oases;environmental deterioration→degradation of oases→environment getting even worse→re degradation of oases,even disappearing.The change of macro environment and whether resources are rationally utilized or the laws of nature followed determine the function of the two kinds of feedback effects.

This paper evaluates the alligator resource according to the values on economy,ecology and scientific research.From the analysis of the number of alli gators in the wild and breeding,the current situation and problems existed in th e exploition and utilization of alligators are examied.The developmental counter measures on the resource exploition and utilization of Alligator sinensis are al so put forward.

The member countries of European Union(EU) have reached an agreement to the common standard in environmental protection,having gone through a series of discussions and negotiations.The agreement was meant to remove the trade barriers,centered on environmental protection and extended to cover the issues of resources conservation.Now the EU has become the regional political authority extending beyond the national borders.And EU Environmental Protection Agency functions as an umbrella,playing a comprehensive role in handling the issues of environmental protection,resources conservation,and biodiversity as well as issues of industry and agriculture.In the last 40 years,EU has gone through a process from individual responsibility to the common laws and actions observed by all its member countries,from focusing on the industrial pollution control to the all round efforts at reservation of the earths ecological system,and from emphasizing on pollution control to preventing pollution at the beginning.These experience has great value for China's sustainable development strategy.

The Proposed Model,forest gap model NEWCOP(Northeast China Woods Competition Occupation Processor),has been proved to be able to simulate distribution,growth and succession of forests in Xiao Hinggan Mountains.It also can be app lied to simulate the dynamics of standing forest in Xiao Hinggan Mountains.Simulating forest with GISS 2xCO² and GFDL 2xCO² climate change scenarios indicated that forests in Xiao Hinggan Mountains are sensitive to climate change.There are very different responses of standing forest to different climate change scenarios,but the basic trend is similar:more and more deciduous trees may replace standing Korean pine.

The methodology for the foundation of regional towns' land standard p rice system to identify was discussed in this paper by taking Liuhe county of J iangsu Province as a case study. The result shows that it is an effective way to identify regional towns' land standard price system by means of classifying the towns' land first, and then comparing and synthesizing the land price estimate d by land deferential profit and market exchange according to towns' land classi fication.

Based on the evaluation the eco environmental quality of Chinas land resources with Digital Environmental Model(DEM), the comprehensive evaluation map of the eco environmental quality of Chinas land resources was generated, and the degree area constitution and distribution conditions of the eco environmental quality of Chinas land resources were analyzed . The conclusions are that the land resources with best eco environmental quality are distributed in southeast coastal area of China and Sichuan Basin, and the land resources with eco environment most suitable for human survival only account for less than one third of the total land area in China, or more than 80% population of Chinas population was supported by only one third of her land resources.

By analyzing 27 models for biological diversity that have been published since 1949,it is found out that most of the models are not theoretically complete.For instance,the widely used Shannon model has at least 4 drawbacks:(a)it does not give a consideration of the differences of biomass among various species;(b)individuals of every species or the number of ecotopes of every ecotope type must be more than 100 if the Shannon model is used;(c)the parameter of area is not implied in the Shannon model; and (d)Shannon model can not express the ‘richness' property of diversity.Therefor,we introduced the theoretically complete models for biodiversity,in which some parameters are modified in order to satisfy the requirement of operating these models in different situations and of studying the similarity of the biodiversity.

This paper applies Canonical Correlation Analysis to identify the driving forces of land use structure in 1992 in Yulin Prefecture.Through operations of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and specific analysis of the results,the contribution of each driving force to land use structure can be identified quantitatively.At the same time,tests were carried out through the canonical correlation coefficient and redundancy analysis.

A large terminal lake Zhuyeze once existed in Shiyang River Drainage Basin in prehistoric period.Since Western Han Dynasty (about 2010 years ago),the landcover of this area has changed greatly because of human activities.The irrigated farmlands replaced the natural oases and increased gradually,while the water was increasingly used for agricultural purpose.Zhuyeze shrank into many small lakes that dried up gradually.In this article the area of the “close lake”under modern natural conditions is calculated following water budget principle by deciding water income and outcome,supposed that the water resource in the drainage basin was not utilized by human being.The area of the modern terminal lake under natural conditions should be about 580km².

１国土资源的基础地位和重要作用自然资源包括土地资源、矿产资源、海洋资源、水资源、森林资源、草原资源、生物资源、气候资源、能源资源及自然景观旅游资源等十多种。社会生产离不开资源 ,无论生产创造的财富属于哪一个门类 ,其起始点都必定是自然资源。资源是兴邦安民的重要条件 ,是国计民生的根本依托 ,是国家安全的战略保障 ,是人类社会可持续生存与发展的基础。去年国务院新组建国土资源部 ,负责土地、矿产、海洋等自然资源的规划、管理、保护与合理利用。温家宝副总理说 :“我们已经把自然资源中的大部分 ,从陆地到海洋 ,从土地到矿产 ,实行了集中统一的管理。这标志着我们的资源管理进入一个新阶段。作为国家资源管理

This paper commented the connotation of renewal of rural community,explained three stages of the idea on renewal of rural community in the progress from the traditional development to sustainable development,proposed that the implementation of sustainable development strategy is the powerful driving forces of renewal of rural community.The author proposed four basic principles about renewal of rural community,and summed up models of two types (hard renewal and soft renewal)as well four kinds (internal renewal and location renewal,sense renewal and act re newal).The author still emphasized the priorities in renewal of rural community at present,including protection of landscape in rural community and the setting up of emigrant settlement.Finally,the paper proposed the legislation of renewal of rural community,including legislative principle,administrative target,goal and content of legislation,and legislative pattern and framework.

The Qinghai Tibet Plateau is one of the special geographical territories in western China.Whether population,resources,environment and economy are mutually coordinated is highly responsible for the sustainable and healthy development either in the Plateau or in western China or even all over China. This article briefly analyses the concept of sustainable development and its significance and considers that the sustainable development model is an inevitable choice both in reality and for the future of the Plateau. The quantitative analysis based on the intermodulation relationships between population,resources,environment and economy of the Plateau,leads to the conclusion that rapid population growth and its lower quality constitutes the most fundamental barrier to the sustainable development of the Plateau;the rich endowed resources but increasing pressure from population growth are the potential menace to restrict the sustainable development of the Plateau;the dismatch between population,resources and economy and inadequate carrying capacity constitute the great burden of the Plateau;irrational resources exploitation severely threatens the vulnerable eco environmet in the Plateau,which is an incubative crisis of the Plateau.Finally,the article puts forward some essential measures for the realization of sustainable deve lopment of the Plateau such as moderately controlling population growth,rationally utilizing natural resources,optimizing economic structures,actively protecting ecology and environment of the Plateau.

The concepts of mineral resources economics,mineral economics and mining economics are introduced at first,then their relationship is explained. Based on analyzing characteristics and demands of mineral resources at home and abroad,the authors discuss the essential questions of mineral resources economics of the 21st century,and put up scientific issues concerning exploration and prospecting of mineral resources in China.

The development and application of information technology has greatly promoted progress in society,economy,and science.Today,as mankind is approaching to the 21st century,the research and application of information technology has become more and more important in various fields.It has long been commonly recognized that this technology should be applied to the resources science,and great achievements have been made already.This article gives a brief introduction to the resources information science and technology including its emergence,theoretical base,and application in resources research; and points out resources information science of the 21st century should make comprehensive studies which are closely related with its application.Not only the available resources information technology should be developed,but also the international concerned hot issues be emphasized in advance.Only in this way,can the resources science research be modernized at high speed.

Viewing from the ethics and economy,the paper expounds the values of sustainable utilization of resources, analyzes two intrinsic contradictions (lack of po wer constraint in resources allocation between generations and “free ride”in input of sustainable utilization of resources)for executing the sustainable utilization of resources,and discusses the incentive mechanisms and ethics constraints of sustainable utilization of resources by the methods of theory of games and theory of social contract.There are two kinds of incentive mechanisms: explicit(e.g.incentive wage) and implicit (e.g.promotion).In distinct situations,we need different incentive mechanisms to execute sustainable utilization of resources.

Rapid development of protected areas has raised a very important question on how to manage them in an effective and sustainable manner.This is a common issue confronting policies of various governments around the world.The biosphere reserve concept provides a trajectory to the solution of this issue.Chinas nature reserves were established under conditions of huge population pressure and resources demand,and guidence by policies of rescue and protection.With this background,the problems that the responsibility in administration system is not well clarified and the nature reserve management conflicts with economic development have occurred and hindered the further development of the nature reserves.To solve the problem, a comprehensive policy reform is needed.