This paper,along with the way of interface between natural resources and economy,which is a supply demand system,systematically analyses the characteristics of basic relationship between resources and economic development.The core issue in Chinas sustainable development is how to deal with the relationship between resources and economy.It is held that the key is to set up a new resources supply demand system which must be suitable for market economy.This paper identifies four challenges and five problems which China is facing at the turn of the century,analyzes the rules of Chinas resources and development,and for the first time raises the point that there is an international trade deficit of resources in China.The study concludes that Chinas international trade surplus was achieved by depending on the international trade deficit of resources and exportation of shortage resources.So,China must implement the two way resources utilization strategy.The core strategic thought and some suggestions on public policies.

This paper analyzes the comparative advantages of natural resources for insuring food security of Tibet The results showed that the resources of solar energy,bio diversity and tourism have great comparative advantages in Tibet Water resources and mineral reserves also have great potential but at present it is lacking of economic capacity for exploitation and development Land resources such as cultivated land,rangelands and forest land,which are fundamental bases for food security,have both advantage of large area and disadvantages of low quality in Tibet Future food security of Tibet will be depending upon effective combination of all the advantages of natural resources,integrated management and sustainable use of the natural resources

On the basis of nation wide statistical data of out stream water use surveyed for 1980,1993 and 1997,by considering relevant social and economic conditions,comprehensive and systematic analyses of trends of water use,composition of water use and indexes of water use in the whole country and various river basin(s) are made.In the period from 1980 to 1997,the total water use of the country increased to 556 6 billion cubic meters from 443 7 billion cubic meters,with a yearly increment of 6.64 billion cubic meters and an annual increase rate of 1 34% on the average.The composition of water use significantly changed.In the period,the proportion of agricultural water use decreased from 83.4% to 70.4%,that of industrial water use increased from 10.3% to 20.2%,and that of domestic water use increased from 6.3% to 9.4%.Per capita water use remained stable,around 450 cubic meters.Overall water use efficiency increasingly rose,with a drop of water use per 10,000 yuan GDP(constant price of 1980) from 9,820 cubic meters to 2,410 cubic meters.

A land suitability assessment and land use control decision making support system used as a spatial analysis tool to Fuqing City was developed based on GIS which was an integration of comprehensive index model with parcel compactness model through creating geospatial database for land use distribution and land suitabi lity controlling factors. After multifactor spatial analysis on land suitability has been operated and land use suitabilities under the conditions of objective land uses of interest (especially for pan agricultural landuse such as cultivated land,forestry,orchard) have been simulated,the unique objective land use planning was proposed associated with current land use pattern in Fuqing;and the optimal multi objective land use planning scenario was presented through comprehensive comparison analysis on land use multi utilities. It was concluded that there is no more potential land in Fuqing for arable land,but about 340,100 and 50,000 acres are left for new forest and new orchard which can provide numerical parameters for creation of land use transformation and overall planning.

Heilongjiang Province has experienced a warming trend since 1951,especially since the 1980s,where the warming trend is the most obvious in China.Analysis of the relationship between the changes in paddy planting area and temperature change in Heilongjiang revealed that the stages of change in paddy planting area are corresponding to the stages of temperature change,but the former lags behind the latter by about 4～6 to 2～3years.The rapid increase in paddy planting area and the northward expansion of the paddy fields since the mid 1980s are response to the distinct rising trend of temperature since the 1980s.

The Qinghai Tibet Plateau abounds in vast land resources,but the quality and quantity of land suitable for farming,forestry and animal husbandry is inhomogeneous and the exploitation potentiality of land is also different.So the important countermeasures for rational exploitation of land and sustainable development of agriculture are to raise per unit area production level of the existing cultivated land,strengthen the grassland construction,raise the commodity rate of livestock products,prohibit deforestation and protect natural forests,and energetically develop economic forests and undergrowth resources.

Since constant dry up of the Yellow River in the 1970s,the situation has become more and more serious up to now.The dry up has happened not only in the lower reaches but also in its headwaters.The major reason accountable for this the sharp increase in the amount of water diverted from the Yellow River for consumption in the basin abrupt decrease in the amount of water arriving to the lower reaches,especially the rise of water consumption in the lower reaches since the 1970s. Second ly,soil loss in the middle reaches is absolutely serious,so the amount of water used to carrying sediment is great as well as the adjustable abilities of the projects in the middle reaches are insufficient.Fundamentally,human activities are the very cause for the dry up,a result of abuse of both water and land resources of the Yellow River basin.The normal fluctuation of precipitation has no great and direct impact on the dry up.And soil and water conservation in the upper and the middle reaches can alleviate it.In order to hold back it,we must control development of irrigated area,adjust the crop distribution,reduce water wasted,add amount of water for ecological consumption,so as to improve eco environment,and prevent sediment entering Yellow River.Although interbasin water transfer is one of the important measures to solve water shortage issue in cities of northern China,yet it should be carefully planned to give the matter further thought and discussion.

The utilization ratio of non renewable resources is an important measurement for sustainable development.The indicator used to measure the utilization ratio of non renewable resources is built,i.e.,non renewable resource consumption in industrial economy/value of industrial output.Taking weight and emergy as measuring unit,the value of this indicator in China was calculated.

In order to analyze quantitatively and evaluate classifiably agro ecoclimatic resources,based on average data of multiple years from 165 meteorological stations of Northwest China(Gansu,Ningxia and Qinghai),resource indices Cr,efficiency indices Ce and utility coefficient K were calculated by applying the dynamic models of agro ecoclimatic suitability degree.Then,based on month to month average data of multiple years of efficiency indices Ce,twelve types of agro ecoclimatic resources were identified through the analysis of fuzzy cluster.The results indicated that latent potentialities,matching condition and utility degree of agro ecoclimatic resources have obvious characteristics of spatial differentiation.On the basis of the calculation results,the suggestions about exploitation and utilization of the agro ecoclimatic resources in Northwest China(Gansu,Ningxia and Qinghai)are put forward.

The ore dissipation and dilution affects the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and issues concerning sustainable development. Serious ore dissipation and dilution in mining in China causes several problems such as speeding up depletion of mineral resources, shortening life of mines, aggravating contradiction between supply and demand, and so on. The paper analyzes several main factors for ore dissipation and dilution caused in mining in China, puts forth the solutions, and points out the application of low dissipation and dilution mode is a feasible and effective way to make mining enterprises competitive and profitable.

Taking the hilly areas of central Sichuan basin as the scope of investigation, this study discusses and studies the quantity structure and the distribution features of the rice ridge and terrace slope resources in light with the landforms, the slope gradients and the rock properties.

Qinghai Province is one of the largest 5 stockbreeding districts in China,there are 3161×104 ha of grassland that can be used in the province.Under long term traditional nomadic system,grasslands have been poorly and inadequately protected and managed.To increase animal number,over grazing has become a common phenomenon,leading to serious degeneration of grassland,deterioration of eco environ ment,frequent occurrence of natural disaster,and the lower economical benefit.Actualizing the strategy of sustainable development of animal husbandry on this kind of basis,the policy of prospering animal husbandry taking advantages of science,technology and education was needed.It is also necessary to intensify the production bases of animal husbandry,gain ecologic and economic benefits simultaneously,promote industrialization of animal husbandry and develop commercialized production.In order to realize sustainable development of animal husbandry,the following measures should be taken,including introduction of high efficiency,intensive production system of animal husbandry,developing animal products with plateau features and market competitiveness,bring eco environment under control and the grassland resource protected on the basis that animal husbandry becomes a high benefit production system.

Oncomelania hupensis killing experiments with 32 medicinal plants were carried out by taking superiorities of Chinas Oncomelania hupensis killing plant resources.Five of them selected from the 32 plants are proved to be most effective,rich in resources and less pollutive to environment.Plant granules and powder are developed for killing O.hupensis.Results show that the granules can gain powerful O.hupensis killing effect.The mortality of O.hupensis 24h after taking the plant granules is 84.8%～100%.The effect is evidently much better than those of the other methods.The discussed plant granules can kill the O.hupensis 12～24h earlier than Niclosamidum(1×10-3g/l).In comparison with other methods,the granular method can be used more widely and conveniently,and it may be a new one for killing O.hupensis in terms of plant resources utilization.

Municipal Domestic Solid Waste problem is a global concern.It puts great challenges to cities all over the world.China's cities are facing the same problem.Both the central and local government attaches great importance to it.Waste problem is attracting great social awareness as well.Solutions to and management structure of the current solid waste problems are not compatible with the situation and must be adjusted.Referring to overseas experience,this thesis proposes adjustment scheme for solution to domestic solid wastes in China's cities.

The Northern Xizang Plateau covering an area of 600,000km₂ with an altitude higher than 4,000 m.a.s.l.is climatically cold and dry.So,there is no resident in most part of this physical region where the most severe eco environment is found in Qinghai Xizang Plateau.It is the largest pasture in Xizang as 55% of the total area of Northern Xizang Plateau is utilizable grassland.Of which the dominant alpine steppe and desert steppe consisting chiefly of Stipa purpurea and Carex moorcroftii are suitable for Tibetan sheep,but the output of fresh grass is less than 800kg/ha and the grazing season is limited to Jun Sep.In addition,the soils of the grassland contain much sand and gravel,very weak in resisting against erosion.So the grassland ecosystem is very fragile.Now,1/3 of the grasslands has been threatened to erosion or desertification and 4% has been degraded due to overgrazing.So the important principle for exploiting grasslands in Northern Xizang Plateau is to protect grasslands by maintaining ecological stability.Such as the alpine desert steppe with the lowest suitability for grazing and the desertified alpine steppe must be prohibited from being grazed or closed off for protection,the grazing intensity of most part of the alpine steppe should be under control or permit moderate grazing in order to guarantee sustainable utilization and get good economic ecological benefits.

Beach landscape and historical remains are the leading tourist resources in coastal areas of Liaoning Province.This paper evaluates comprehensively tourist resources in coastal areas of Liaoning Province by AHP and presents a frame work for tourist resources development in coastal zone of the Province.

The trasferrence of nutrient elements caused by three different harvesting systems of complete tree harvesting,whole tree harvesting and conventional harves ting under the third rotational stand of Chinese fir were compared in this paper.The result indicated that the loss of nutrient elements due to complete tree and whole tree harvesting was 1 99 and 1 64 times that of due to conventional harvesting,respectively.Slash burning resulted in great loss of N and P2O5 in forest ecosystem.The loss of N and P2O5 from stands due to adopting conventional silvicultural system (harvesting and following burning) was both higher than that of whole tree and complete tree harvesting without burning.Thus,shortening rotation length may cause serious deficiency of site N and P2O5 on site.Complete tree and whole tree harvesting can cause substantial base ion removal from the stand and resulted in seriously soil acidification.

Based upon the review and syntheses of the existing appraisal systems of beach tourism resources at home and abroad,a new appraisal system has been established,which can fit the specific situations of China.The proposed system selects 80 parameters which can be grouped into 2 types:tourism resources and infrastructure conditions.The former includes 5 subtypes of geomorphology,hydrology,climatology/meteorology,biology and humanities,and the latter includes 3 subtypes of security,sanitation,infrastructures and their management.A new framework for comprehensive comparison and display of beach qualities has also been proposed for 12 famous beaches in China,which can be used in both beach quality comparison and providing objective,detailed and scientific information about beaches to tourists and public.

Based on analysis on current status,characteristics and developing tendency of forestry resources in Qinghai Tibet Plateau,we can conclude that there are abundant forestry resources with high value of utilization in the region,but they poorly distributed with low quality.Integrated resources exploitation and management along with protection are efficient way for the region to keep sustainable development

This paper analyses the agricultural regional resources superiorities from the practice of agricultural production on the Loess Plateau, and probes into regional resources superiority exploitation and utilization and industrialization.The conclusions are drawn as follows:(a)There is little pollution of the environment on the hilly land and gully of Loess Plateau, so making full use of the regional resources superiority and building agriculture source of “green food" should be chosen so as to realize well off; (b)Medicago sativa has widespread ecological adaptability and steady pro ductive forces in the arid areas of Loess Plateau, and is also a high quality forage grass containing plentiful of protein.So the enlargement of Medicago sativa sown area and establishment of alfalfa pratacultural basis serve as the foundation for developing beneficial agriculture on the Loess Plateau.

Soil total potassium,readily available potassium and slow release potassium were determined by analyzing 1130 soil samples taken recently and were compared with the determinations of the National Second Soil Survey during 1985.Results showed that soil available potassium content was 102 6mg/kg,an annual average decrease by 3 04mg/kg;the average content of slow release potassium was 863mg/kg,ranging from 177 5mg/kg to 2553mg/kg; the average content of total potassium was 17 2g/kg,decrease by 10 4%,ranging from 16 9% for Shajiang black soil to 0 5% for cinnamon soil.

Based on definition of the value of water,this paper explicates the water price model of dynamic total cost;and analyses the reasons why the sustainable utilization of water resources at all levels can be realized;finally,some questions about the applications of the model are discussed.

This article considers that modern industries with specific characteristics should be deliberately developed in the comparatively advantageous key regions of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.It mainly analyzes the general outline and strategic objectives for the industrial development in the key regions of the Plateau and points out the general directions of the industrial development and the framework of regional industrial allocation.In accordance to coordinate the relationships between different kinds of industries,it is held that the following industries should be developed in the key regions.Those include metallurgical industries dominated by iron and steel,iron alloy,non ferrous and gold;chemical industries of salt lake resources,oil and natural gas;and building material industries for meeting the internal requirements in the Plateau;and some manufacturing industries with certain foundations such as machine electronics and light and textile industries,and Tibetan handicrafts industry.

There are multi nationalities on the Qinghai Xizang Plateau.The way of their existence and the stockbreeding oriented resources utilization mode constitute a major feature of plateau agricultural development.This article makes perspective analyses of the functional features of the Qinghai Xizang Plateau, and finds that four kinds of alternative production patterns of Combining Farming with Stockbreeding, namely, central farming areas, peripheral farming areas, central stockbreeding areas, and peripheral stockbreeding areas have been formed on the Plateau.It is believed that only measures are taken to promote the organic combination of farming with stockbreeding, can the modenazational process in sustainable agricultural development of the Qinghai Xizang Plateau be quickened,so as to ensure food security of all nationalities on the plateau.

The grain yield of dryland crops had been increased extensively on loess tableland after adopting new agricultural technologies which were introduced during the Seventh and Eighth Five Year Plan periods.But during the Ninth Five Year Plan,the grain yield still fluctuated around the previous level.So both government and farmers are very concerned about the potential yield increase,especially yield of winter wheat,and how to do.Based on data obtained from long term yield potential and fertility experiments in situ,the model for calculating sunlight temperature water fertility yield of dryland winter wheat was established,and the potential yield increase was also analyzed from four yield levels.They are sunlight temperature yield productivity,sunlight temperature water yield potential,sunlight temperature water fertility yield and the present yield on experimental plot.The results indicated that the present yield of winter wheat on loess tableland region only reached 41.6% of the sunlight temperature yield productivity,49 3% of the sunlight temperature water yield potential and 78.6% of the sunlight temperature water fertility yield.At last we believe that the yield of winter wheat on loess tableland region can continuously increase and reach a new higher level by means of reasonably increasing soil fertility and better field management.

According to the basic rules on the equitable and suitable utilization of water resources of international rivers,the basic approaches to the problem solution of the competing uses among the riparian states,and the three basic models of water resources allocation,along with the analyses of the trend and the contradictions of the water resources competing uses in Lancang Mekong River Basin,as well as the extent of existing cooperation among the riparian states,the present management mechanisms of the river basin,lack of overall river basin development planning,etc.,it is considered that the overall allocation of the water resources throughout the basin is a suitable and practical model of the Lancang Mekong River.

This paper analyzes the history and situation of industrial development in the Qinghai Tibet plateau.In light with industrial transformation and growth of the plateau,the author puts forward that the plateau should take advantages of natural resources and establish industrial development strategy in the new century.Meanwhile,the paper also indicates the transformation and development directions for the leading industries.The main contents include to set up large agro industrial system with“principal grain crops”as the core,construct developing bases of hydraulic power and mineral resources,foster the new pillar industries with tourism industry,and speeds up the pace of constructing infrastructure and central towns and cities in the Qinghai Tibet plateau.Of which,the basic construction of resources exploitation is the main developing direction in the key regions.These key regions include the He Huang valley,the Qaidam Basin,river valleys in southern Qinghai Tibet plateau and the contiguous area Sichuan Yunnan Tibet.

Nutrient cycle of rubber tea chicken eco agricultural model—a typical tro pical agro forestry system in Wenchang municipality of Hainan Province was studied with quantitative experiment and qualitative analysis compared with rubber and rubber tea systems.Results showed that the cycling and outputting nutrient of chicken gardens were the highest and the nutrient cycle was most active.Its ratio of external N and P input decreased than the other two systems and the internal cycling nutrient increased,so,the rubber tea chicken agro forestry system has rational nutrient cycle structure.

The climatic impacts on wheat yield and their transitivity are very obvious in Henan Province which is crossed by the transitional zone between the subtropical and temperate zone.This paper extracts the weather yield data from yield time series using the orthogonal polynomial method and analyses the impacts of climatic change on wheat yields by the integral regression method.On the basis of the above work,according to the regional distribution of the total affecting coefficients and their ranges of precipitation,temperature and sunshine duration,firstly it divides Henan Province into 4 affecting regions of precipitation,4 affecting regions of temperature and 5 affecting regions of sunshine duration respectively; secondly,using the method of running integral regression,it analyses the changes of climatic impacts on the wheat yields in the subtropical and temperate zones respectively; and finally,it discusses the possible impacts of the future climate changes on the wheat yields and adaptability.

Based on observations on field soil water,the growth and yields of winter wheat under sub irrigation condition,this paper studies the soil water dynamics of winter wheat field and water saving mechanisms.The analytical results showed that the field soil water dynamics of winter wheat field under sub irrigation condition had close correlations with irrigation,the growth of winter wheat and weather conditions.The results also showed that the consumption of irrigation water under sub irrigation condition was obviously reduced,and the sub irrigation was propitious to winter wheat growth and yield formation.During the whole growth period of winter wheat,the water consumed by sub irrigation was reduced by 44.4mm,a decrease of 1200 m3/ha of irrigation water than that by spray irrigation.The final yield increased by 714 kg/ha under sub irrigation condition.The WUE was 21.11kg/(ha·mm),which was 4.49 kg/(ha·mm) more than that under spray irrigation condition.The water saving mechanisms of sub irrigation for winter wheat are:(a)The humidity of soil surface (0～20cm) under sub irrigation is much less than that under spray irrigation during the whole growth period.So the non effective physical evaporation of soil water is greatly decreased under sub irrigation condition.(b)Under sub irrigation condition,because the soil surface (0～20cm) is drier,the wheat root systems are forced to extend to deep level to sop up water from medium soil levels (20～120cm),which have abundant soil water supplied by sub irrigation.As a result,the water utilization efficiency from the medium soil levels is increased.