The Ejin natural oasis landscape lies in the lower reaches of the Heihe river basin in the arid interior regions of northwestern China.With decreasing water resources from the upper reaches of the Heihe river basin,many urgent ecological and environmental issues in the Ejin natural oasis have become more pressing in recent years.Analysis on landscape patterns not only can clarify the characteristics of the natural oasis landscape spatial structures,but also can provide a scientific basis for the study of the landscape degradation,protection and its sustainable development.Using remote sensing techniques,GIS,and landscape pattern analysis software APACK,the landscape patterns of Ejin natural oasis landscape are studied respectively from the aspects of area statistics,indices at landscape level,indices at classes level and indices between attribute classes based on Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus data in 2001.Moreover,correlation analysis between different landscape indices is carried out with the integration of Ejin natural oasis landscape indices in 1987,1994 and 2001.Results show that: 1) typical"matrixcorri dor patch" landscape structure was shown in Ejin natural oasis landscape; 2) it was not steady for Ejin natural oasis landscape with high fragmentation,low landscape diversity,and coarse land scape texture; and 3) it was not independent of each other between different landscape indices,and the relations between some of the indices was obviously correlated with each other.Furthermore,the authors suggest that it should be careful to select some of the landscape indices during landscape patterns analysis.

Establishing nature reserve is one of the most effective measures for protecting bio diversity and endangered species.However,the purpose of establishing nature reserve with degenerated natural species usually failed to reach due to irrational spatial arrangement of the reserves.The case study of Wolong Nature Reserve presented in this study indicates some practical methods on design of functional units of a nature reserve.Before landscape element design is carried out,it is necessary to conduct landscape suitability evaluations,based on which core patches,buffer areas and corridors can be designed.(a)Design of core patches will consider both landscape suitability and patch size that can accommodate certain number species.(b)While designing buffer areas,it is better to enable the buffer areas cover all the core patches as well as the affecting distance to certain species.(c)Two cases should be clearified: the existing corridors which have to be protected strictly;and the potential corridors that can become a practical corridor for gene exchange between different habitats by rehabilitating vegetation.

The implementation of the national strategy has put forward new practical demand and scientific problems for the study of tourism resources. From the aspects of new strategy, new demand, new technology, new methods, new motive force,etc., this paper interprets the new characteristics of the times of tourism resources science under the background of national strategy. It is emphasized that we should take root in the major needs of the national strategy and tourism development, establish a new concept of tourism resources, make comprehensive use of new theoretical thinking and technical methods,and promote the transformation and innovation of the scientific research on tourism resources. It also proposes that tourism resources science in the New Era should draw lessons and integrate relevant theories, establish the basic theory of tourism resources in the respects of resource background, resource utilization, spatial pattern and system coordination, and take tourism attractions theory and tourism human-environment interactions theory as the theoretical core. From the dimensions of tourism resource elements and space and development, the research framework of the "three-dimensional integration" of tourism resources is constructed, and by focusing on national strategies on ecological civilization, cultural power, territorial space, new-type urbanization, rural vitalization, the Belt and Road Initiative, innovation-driven development, healthy China, regional development,etc., relevant scientific issues are condensed, the in-depth local practice and academic exploration of tourism resources research are conducted, tourism resource theory and application innovation are promoted, and a scientific system of tourism resources with Chinese characteristics is constructed.

 Based on analysis of the inborn condition of soil water resource and soil water cycle and balance in Loess Plateau，soil hydrological efficiency in artificial forest system， soil desiccation—the formation of soil arid layer and the problem of afforestation were discussed in this paper．

Geothermal energy is renewable energy with the characteristics of low-carbon and recyclable. China has rich geothermal resources, mainly medium-low temperature geothermal resources. The high temperature geothermal resources, mainly constrained by the geological characteristics of China and their locations in the global geological structure, concentrate in two areas, one in southern Tibet-West Sichuan-West Yunnan, the other in Taiwan. However, the geothermal industry in China is still in the initial stage. The resource development and utilization level is quite low, mainly direct utilization, and the geothermal power generation industry is far behind. Aiming at the existing problems of development and utilization of geothermal resources in China, five suggestions are given: to establish a national platform of key technology research and development on geothermal industry; to launch the demonstration project of hot dry rock exploration and utilization as soon as possible; to formulate preferential policies to promote the rapid development of geothermal industry; to promote geothermal water recharge technology; to work out nationwide laws and regulations of geothermal resource management as soon as possible.

Coordinating farmland resources in the emigration region and the employment resources in resettlement area in the poverty alleviation resettlement (PAR) program can contribute to the sustainable development of resettlers' livelihoods. The Heckman model was used to explore the influence of non-agricultural employment areas on farmland abandonment and examines the moderating effect of non-agricultural employment quality by using data from 1258 micro-scale resettlers of the PAR program in Shaanxi province. The results show that: (1) Different employment areas have a significant and positive impact on the behavior and scale of farmland abandonment, but the marginal effect of labor transfer out of the county (LTO) on their farmland abandonment behavior and scale of relocated households is higher than that of labor transfer within the county (LTI). (2) The quality of non-agricultural employment strengthens the impact of LTO and LTI on the scale of farmland abandonment, and non-agricultural employment areas have a stronger effect on farmland abandonment than the quality of non-agricultural employment. (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that the LTO of male labor members and older generations labor members have a greater effect on the behavior and scale of farmland abandonment. Based on this, targeted suggestions for improving the efficiency of farmland use and curbing farmland abandonment are put forward, including promoting county economic growth, coordinating the follow-up employment support and the re-allocation of farmland resources in the emigration region, implementing land consolidation, and improving agricultural social service system.

Regional type of water-saving social construction, involving all aspects of water conservancy development and social economic development, is a key of the current and future construction of water-saving society, therefore, it needs to be further explored in theory and practice. However, the focus and the objective of the construction of water-saving society are not clear. To clarify the focus and aim, the model for evaluating of the regional type of water-saving society was established by combining the entropy weight method and fuzzy synthetic evaluation method. Water-saving society regional type evaluation system was constructed from the aspects of water resources, social economy and water-saving potential which include 12 indicators. The entropy weight method was used to calculate the weight vector of regional type evaluation indices, and the different evaluation values of these three aspects were calculated with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The regional types of water-saving society were obtained. Considering the natural conditions and social economic conditions, Shaanxi Province is divided into Guanzhong region, northern Shaanxi and southern Shaanxi. These three regions have great differences in natural geography, water resources, social and economic development level. According to the entropy method, the five main indicators with greater weights among the 12 indicators were years of average rainfall (ω = 0.242), water resources utilization (ω= 0.339), per capita income (ω= 0.291), recycling rate of industrial water (ω= 0.262) and agricultural water-saving evaluation (ω= 0.289). The regional division result indicated that Guanzhong is a region of “moderate water shortage-moderately developed-less potential”, northern Shaanxi is a region of “severe water shortage-more developed-great potential”, and southern Shaanxi is a region of “slight water deficiency-less developed-great potential”. Suggestions for different regions were given according to the characteristics of the regions. The main task of Guanzhong region is controlling water quantity, strengthening water pollution control construction, constructing water diversion project and improving industrial and agricultural water-saving technology. Northern Shaanxi should focus primarily on multiple water resource use, water saving in industry and agriculture, water resources protection and pollution control. The main work for Southern Shaanxi is increasing investment on water-saving construction, protecting water resources and improving water resources utilization efficiency.

It has been increasingly recognized that rural life space is playing an important role in the implementation of rural revitalization strategy in China. The imbalance between urban and rural development and insufficient rural development are the prominent manifestations of the main contradictions in society in the new era, and the urban-rural integration development and the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy have intensified the transformation of rural life space. The current rural life space research lacks attention to multiple spaces and mixed subjects, which is not conducive to restoring the transformation characteristics and internal mechanisms of rural life space, and it is difficult to put forward corresponding countermeasures for rural spatial governance. This study aims to propose a research framework for rural life space transformation based on the conceptual model, followed by the transformation characteristics and influencing mechanism of rural life space. The results are as follows: (1) Rural life space is a spatial complexity composed of rural residents' activity space, including housing, working, consuming, and leisure spaces. Based on the three-fold model, rural life space can be divided into three subspaces: physical life space at the macro level, social life space at the meso level, and daily activities space at the micro level. In this respect, the three-fold model features rural life space as multi-level, multilateral, multi-agent spaces. (2) Under the effect of exogenous drivers such as globalization, urbanization, industrialization and marketization and their endogenous response factors of rural areas, government policies, capital, technology, population, culture and other factors are mobilizing drastically between urban and rural areas, giving rise to the transformation of rural life space. Furthermore, we introduced the transformation degree to analyze the coordination relations between physical life space, social life space, and daily activities space, which orients to uncovering the process and spatial pattern of rural life space transformation. (3) For the rural life space transformation mechanism, we propose three aspects, including multi-level spatial conduction, the interaction effects between multilateral spaces, and the hybrid effects from rural agents. The study on the transformation of rural life space with multiple spatial cognition as the starting point will help enrich the theoretical perspective of rural geography in China, and provide scientific reference for the urban-rural integration and rural revitalization.

Estimating the forest carbon sinks and exploring the spatial characteristics of the carbon sinks are important basis for making differential policy of carbon sink. According to forest resources inventory in 31 provinces (cities and districts) of the mainland of China in the years of 1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008 and 2013, the amount of carbon sequestration was calculated and summarized with the method of forest stock volume expansion. The direction and the strength of the spatial correlation of the total amounts of provincial carbon sink were detected and compared, and the spatial econometric model was used to evaluate and analyze the spillover effects of the carbon sink and the factors affecting the carbon sink. The results show that the overall forest carbon sequestration in each area of the country is increasing during 1988-2013. There are regional differences in the amount of carbon sinks, that Tibet, Heilongjiang and other regions are rich in carbon sink, and Beijing and Shanghai have fast growth of carbon sink. The trend of Moran’s I index shows the inverted “S”, suggesting the spatial relevance of provincial forest carbon sequestration. The forest carbon sinks has obvious spatial spillover effect, and it is affected by forest resources logging, forest disaster and precipitation. Based on the results, this paper argues that the development of forest ecological function in China should be taken into consideration of the geographical location, and we should make differential and harmonious policy for the forest carbon sink development in different provinces.

The food supply in China has been adequate and stable for a long time and China has made remarkable achievements in food security which is proved to be true. However, this situation has been challenged by population growth and environmental degradation in recent years. On the one hand, the large population in China is still growing, which makes enormous demands on food supplies. On the other hand, grain production is constrained by resources and the environment, and importing foreign food excessively will squeeze domestic agricultural production. Therefore, the best way to ensure food security in China is to reduce food waste. As an important part of the consumption, households account for a large proportion of food waste production sector, which deserves our attention. What is the current situation of household food waste in China and what factors will affect household food waste in China are worth considering. From the perspective of food conversion, the food waste rate in this paper is defined as the proportion of family food consumption that is not normally converted to body mass index of family members. This paper uses data from China nutrition and health survey (CHNS) and applies stochastic frontier model to estimate household food waste rate from the perspective of food conversion and discusses the impact of heterogeneous family characteristics (such as household size, household structure, household income, storage condition, regional factors, the characteristics of the head of the household and the characteristics of the main female member) on food waste. The result shows that: the average household food waste rate is about 11.28%; such a family is likely to waste more, which has a small size, more children or the elderly, a higher per capita annual income, less-educated head of household, female with higher-education or have jobs, a bad grasp of dietary knowledge, and the family lives in Southern China. Therefore, it is of great importance to encourage the production of small packaging food and small cooking utensils, instruct household members to purchase food according to the actual needs, strengthen the efforts of the government, and raise the awareness of school children and their parents about food security so as to reduce food waste.

It is of significance to study the effect of land use change on ec osystem service values.This paper aimed to provide decision support for sustain able use of resources and protection of eco-environment by assessing land use change and its consequent changes in ecosystem service values of Jilin Province .We obtained land use data by interpreting remote sensing images.Based on dyna mic data of land use in Jinlin,this paper analyzed changes in land use and ecos ystem service values using the ecosystem service value coefficients put forward by Costanza et al.In addition,coefficients of sensitivity were introduced to test the rationality of ecological value coefficients.Results show that from1 980to2000,area of rangeland,water bodies and wetlands decreased and oth er categories of land use increased.Due to comparatively small valuation coeffi cients(VC)of cultivated land and comparatively big VC of wetland and water bod ies,the increment in cultivated land could not offset the total decrement in regional ecosystem service values because of decrease in area of wetlands and wa ter bodies.Meanwhile,city sprawl has also led to loss of ecological values.T he total ecosystem service values of the study area reduced dramatically,from U SD12365.14×10 6 to USD10700.38×10 6 in period1980-2000.There was a13.46%net decline in annual va lue of ecosystem services in study area(i.e.USD1664.76×10 6 net decline in total ecosystem service values)and a0.72%decline per ye ar.In recent five years,the degradation of woodland,wetland and rangeland sl owed down because of enhancement of eco-environment protection.There was an 0.54%decline per year in ecosystem service values from1995to2000,w hile there was an0.78decline per year from1980to1995,which shows t hat the decline in ecosystem service values has been lessened in recent five ye ars.

Hydropower development and outward transmission in Tibet play a vital role in optimization of energy resource configuration and reduction of CO₂ emission in China. The low-carbon effects of hydropower development in Tibet were assessed, and fossil fuel consumption reduction and CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were analyzed based on net coal consumption rate, CO₂ emission coefficient and its dynamic change of fossil-fired power generation in different power grids. The results show that: 1) The fossil fuel consumption reduction and the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet have significant variations. During the period from 2006 to 2012, the fossil fuel consumption reduction and the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were the most in 2011. 2) The fossil fuel consumption reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were different significantly with different net coal consumption rates of fossil-fired power generation. The fossil fuel consumption reduction achieved by hydropower development according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in Central China power grid (CCPG) was the most, the fossil fuel consumption reduction according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in Northwest China power grid (NCPG) and Tibet power grid (TPG) took the second and the third place respectively, and the fossil fuel consumption reduction according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in national power grid (NPG) was the least. 3) According to different CO₂ emission levels of fossil-fired power generation, the CO₂ reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were also different. Among them, the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in TPG was the most, the CO₂ reduction of hydropower development according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG and CCPG took the second and the third place respectively. 4) The fossil fuel consumption reduction potential and the CO₂ reduction potential achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were outstanding. According to net coal consumption rates of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG, CCPG, TPG and NPG, the fossil fuel consumption reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet in 2030 would be more than 75% of total fossil fuel consumption (1.379×10⁸ tec) of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG in 2012. Among the CO₂ reduction potentials according to different CO₂ emission levels, the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in CCPG would be the least, but more than the carbon dioxide emissions of fossil fuel consumption in Argentina, Pakistan, Vietnam and other countries in 2013.

The welfare served by croplands has been underestimated.Besides supplying food and providing straw,croplands support many other functions and services such as nutrients transforming,pollination,biological control,supplying beautiful scenery,recreation,and so on.In this study,we examined the gas regulation services supported by rice paddy ecosystems,based on the results of field experiments in Wusi Farm of Shanghai in 2002.And the values of gas regulation by paddy rice ecosystems with different N-fertilization treatments were also estimated with ecological economics methods.The results indicated that two kinds of gas regulation were provided by paddy fields:one was O2 emission,and the other was Greenhouse Gases(GHGs) regulation(including CO2 uptake,CH4 and N2O emission).First,in the cultivation period,O2 emission of rice paddy ecosystems ranged from 1.65×104kg·hm-2 to 3.85×104kg·hm-2 along with increment of N fertilizer application,and the values ranged from 6.22×103yuan·hm-2 to 11.87×103yuan·hm-2 in the same trend.Second,rice paddy ecosystems emitted GHGs,but also fixed CO2 from atmosphere.In CO2 equivalent,the quantities of GHGs regulation ranged from -997kgCO2-C·hm-2 to 2 787kgCO2-C·hm-2,and the values ranged from -751yuan·hm-2 to 2 098yuan·hm-2.Third,the integrated values of gas regulation by rice paddy ecosystems ranged from 5 467yuan·hm-2 to 1.28×104yuan·hm-2.In this study,we are trying to provide a fair method to evaluate the values of croplands,to support an effective way to recognize the welfare served by croplands,especially by paddy fields and to promote the sustainability of cropland ecosystems and yet the sustainability of human kinds.

China has increasingly become an important importer of livestock products in the world. While effectively alleviating the pressure of domestic high-quality animal protein supply, it has also brought significant resource and environmental effects. In this study, virtual water and embodied carbon were used to measure the resource effect and environmental effect of the international trade of livestock products. Based on the IO model, the IO-LCA model system was constructed to measure the physiological and energy carbon emissions. The results show that: (1) With the increase in the import scale of livestock products and the decline in the level of self-sufficiency, the scale of virtual water net import scale trade increased from 28.75×10⁸ m³ in 2002 to 1069.40×10⁸ m³ in 2020, and the scale of embodied carbon exports increased from -17.33×10⁴ to 1947.89×10⁴ t. (2) The trade pattern of virtual water and embodied carbon is characterized by diversification, dispersion and regional agglomeration. South America, Oceania and Europe are the most important trading partners, of which, South America provides 48.25% of virtual water to China, and 40.17% of the implied carbon trade sources. (3) The increase in the import of livestock products has effectively eased the pressure on domestic livestock resources and the environment, and the resource contribution rate and environmental contribution rate have increased from 0.71% and -0.16% to 16.86% and 14.68% respectively. The import trade of livestock products has brought significant resource and environmental effects, which undoubtedly has a positive impact on China's ecological civilization strategy of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. However, the contribution of resources and the environment and the stable production and supply of livestock products need to be treated dialectically. It is possible neither to abandon the independent supply capacity and simply pursue ecological effects, nor to neglect ecological problems and consider supply alone. Under the global concern about carbon fairness, future international trade will discuss more about the transnational transfer of resource and environmental loads, which will have a significant impact on the global trade order, especially the trade in carbon-rich products.

As China's largest CO₂ emission agency, industrial carbon emission reduction is crucial to achieving China's CO₂ emission reduction goals. Apart from technical upgrading and adjustment of energy consumption structure, industrial restructuring should also be one of the important measures to decrease carbon emission intensity. To understand the relationship between industrial structure and industrial carbon emission intensity, this paper analyzed the CKC relationship between the output value of each department and its CO₂ emissions based on Chinese industry and energy data from 1986 to 2016 by classifying 41 industrial sectors into 16 departments. Then, the carbon emission intensity of total industry output was decomposed into the carbon emission department structure, carbon emission factor, energy consumption intensity, and output structure with Kaya function. Further, contributions of four factors to the change of Chinese industrial carbon emission intensity were studied with LMDI method. At last, some conclusions were drawn as follows. Firstly, the relationship between the output and its CO₂ emissions of different industrial departments is different. Only the wood processing and furniture manufacturing, papermaking and printing, stationery manufacturing and non-metallic mineral products industries have an inverted U-shaped relationship. The department of machinery/transportation/electrical/electronic equipment manufacturing has an inverted N-shaped relationship, and the remaining departments have a linear or monotonous increasing relationship. Secondly, the decline of energy consumption intensity is the outstanding factor and all departments show the same trend, while the contributions of output structure and carbon emission department structure show different trends of different departments. The capital and technology-intensive industries, such as non-metallic mineral products, chemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, machinery/transportation/electrical/electronic equipment manufacturing, wood processing and furniture manufacturing, show the significant technical reduction effects. The primary product processing industries, such as other manufacturing, oil and gas extraction, textiles and apparel, and chemical fiber and rubber and plastics industries, have significant structure reduction effects, while some energy industries, such as petroleum processing, coke and nuclear fuel processing, metal smelting and processing, and electricity gas and water producing and supplying industry, show a strong size and structure effect simultaneously. Therefore, China needs to formulate a scientific and reasonable industrial structure adjustment policy based on the characteristics of the relationship between the output value of various industrial sectors and its CO₂ emissions.

The purpose of this paper is to study the supporting principal-agent mechanism of state-owned natural resources assets. Based on the development of the principal-agent theory in China, the operational framework, driving model and main characteristics of the principal-agent mechanism for ownership of natural resources assets owned by all people are presented, and the regulatory risks and influencing factors in the principal-agent mechanism are analyzed. The research results show that: (1) The segmented rights system, the flexible asset management model, and the dual-attribute entrustment relationship are the main practical features of the government-driven entrustment-agency mechanism. (2) The origins of regulatory risks such as "irregular re-delegation" and "mutilated rights" are mainly attributed to real factors such as confusion of perceived sources of agency, multi-layered delegation, separation of principal and agent goals, and multi-source pressure system. (3) The control and avoidance of the regulatory risk of proxy agency can be achieved by exploring measures such as short chain delegation mechanism.

In arid and semi-arid areas of northern China,lakes have been facing a number of problems such us dried-up,shrinkage and serious water pollution.Non-scientifical utilization and management of the lake resources has resulted in water shortage and water quality degrada-tion.To keep rational water level and self-purification ability of the lakes is the guarantee for scientific and sustainable utilization of the water resources.The calculation method of the mini-mum eco-environ mental water demand for lakes is the basic precondition to keep rational uti-lization and management of the lake ecosystem.Based on the analysis of the crisis of lake eco-environment and the obstacles to the solution of the problems in China,the concept and calcula-tion methods about the minimum eco-environmental water demand for lakes have been analyzed.According to the feature s and actual situation of the minimum eco-environmental water demand for lake ecosystem s we put forward the calculaton methods:(1)water quantity balance method;(2)exchange water cycle method;(3)minimum water level method;and(4)function method.The results show that the function method can reflect exactly the relationship s between the healthy state and the minimum eco-environmental water demand of the lake ecosystems.This can offer technical support against the trend of eco-environmental deterioration and for the restoration of the lake ecosystems.These different methods should be used for different kinds of and different eco-environmental characters of the lake ecosystems.To define the minimum eco-environmental water demand for lakes,it is possible to offer scientific support for lake ecosystem management and restoration.In northern China the lake ecosystems will get into the new period of scientific management and ecological restoration after the minimum eco-environmental water demand for lake ecosystem s is determined and implement eco-environmental construction planning is imple-mented.

In the non-cultivated land resources of sea-beach of Hainan Province,some experi-ments were conducted to study the effect of growth and yields of Aloe vera L.irrigated under different ratios between seawater and fresh water treatments A1(CK):100∶0;A2:90∶10;A3:75∶25;A4:50∶50;A5:25∶75and A6:0∶100.The results showed that:(1)The coefficients of the seedlings and the general growth of Aloe vera L.were treated as A3>A2>A1irrigated with certain concentration of seawater,but the result was descended when the concentration of seawater exceeded certain extent.Field experiments were carried out for3consecutive years,and results indicated that there are no significant distinctions between the dry and net weights of Aloe under A1,A2and A3,but root weight on A3is higher than the one on A1,the leaves weight on A4is higher than the A1too,and dry weight decreased within the scope of20%.These results showed that it is feasible to irrigate Aloe vera L.with seawater.(2)The time of nutrition period shifting towards the procreation is delayed on the condition of enhancing seawater irrigation.And it is propitious to enduring leanness of Aloe vera L.as a result.(3)The content of salt descended ra-pidly at the range of0～10cm of soil depth under these kinds of seawater irrigation practices.But the change is slow below10cm.And the content of salt of0～50cm of soil is around0.3%when irrigated with seawater without artificial controls.

The Changchuan watershed,Inner Mongolia,belongs to the typical region of the Soft Rock Area of Middle Yellow River.Based on experimental research data of the ecological use of water,this paper applies the GIS and scenarios analysis methods to analyse the ecological use of water of the Changchuan watershed and different scenarios of ecological construction in the water-shed.The vegetation evapotranspiration and ecological use of water at Changchuan watershed averaged 274.3mm and 370.7mm respectively.This indicates that though evapotranspiration of vegetation was quite high on the regional scale,yet the rainfall can still meet the requirement of evapotranspiration of vegetation. Generally speaking, the ecological use of water was moderate in this region.In terms of ecological use of water under different scenarios of ecological consreuction,4 land use patterns,B2RL1,namely restoring all bare land and sandy land at Changchuan watershed into woodland,brush-land or grassland,B2RL2,namely no bare land and turning cultivated land on above 5° slopes back into woodland or grassland at Changchuan watershed,B2RL3,namely no bare land and turning cultivated land on above 15° slopes back into woodland or grassland,and B2RL4,namely no bare land and turning cultivated land on above 25° slopes back into woodland or grassland can stand the water stress for a short term,but the vegetation can not grow and develop very well under the water regime of the watershed in the long run.

It is of great significance in the implementation of rural revitalization strategy and the realization of its multiple goals to scientifically evaluate the level of the sustainable development ability and determine targeted development types of villages and towns. Based on sorting out the implication of the sustainable development ability implication of villages and towns from the perspectives of potential, support and resilience, this study establishes the evaluation framework and evaluation models. Meanwhile the study takes 25 towns in Jiangjin district of Chongqing as research units to quantitatively measure the sustainable development ability of villages and towns in 2017. And then it reveals the spatio-temporal differentiation and accordingly identifies the vulnerabilities types, and proposes targeted regulation strategies. The results shows that: (1) The sustainable development ability of villages and towns is the result of the interaction of potential, support and resilience. (2) On the whole, the potential of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of " high in the north and low in the south" in Jiangjin; the support of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the north and low in the south" in Jiangjin; the resilience of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the south and low in the north" in Jiangjin; the sustainable development ability of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the southwest, low in the northeast, cluster distribution". (3) We divide the sustainable development ability of villages and towns in Jiangjin into four types, including potential enhancement type, urban-rural integration promotion type, ecological security improvement type and potential-support-resilience ability comprehensive development type. Based on the principle of "ecological priority-classified control-highlight emphasis-local adaptation", the study proposes differentiated sustainable development ability improvement strategies for different types, to guide the sustainable development of villages and towns.

With the fast development of socio-economic in rapidly urbanized region, more attention has been focused on the property of natural resources and environmental benefits. In this regard, ecological property, which is considered as one of the most significant resource and wealth in a country, has being concerned gradually in recent years. Dynamics of land use/cover at a wide range of scales throughout the world will inevitably result in various effects on the structure and function of ecological systems, with ecological property changing obviously and profoundly. With those reasons discussed above, the assessment of ecological property should be paid more attention, which will be useful for the sustainable development in rapidly urbanized region. In this paper, based on the theory of geography and ecology, with the aid of remote sensing data sources and GIS technology, we attempted to quantify the spatial and temporal dynamics of ecological property in Dongguan city, which experienced the fastest socio-economic development in Guangdong Province in the past two decades. The results showed that ecological property in Dongguan city changed prominently since 1988, with high and low values of property transforming frequently. The number of towns with per unit area ecological property decrease increased obviously, and most of these towns are located in the rapid economic developed areas of central and northern Dongguan. Per capita ecological property also decreased obviously with the lowest value in 1996.

The types and patterns of riparian vegetation have changed greatly due to human activities along the Wenyu River. Three riparian vegetation patterns from the upland to the river channel along Wenyu River were chosen as the focus of this study. These vegetation patterns are (I) Populus simonii forestland-Cropland, (II) Rhus typhina forestland-Grassland and (III) Cropland-Grassland, respectively. The distributions of soil nutrients along these vegetation patterns were observed and compared. Results show that the heterogeneity of riparian vegetation structure can significantly affect the distribution characteristics of soil nutrients and the risk of soil nutrients loss. From the upland toward the river channel, the contents of soil TN (total nitrogen), TP (total phosphorus), AN (available nitrogen), AP (available phosphorus), and the content of SOM (soil organic matter) exhibit the declining trend in riparian vegetation structure I, whereas the soil bulk density (BD) shows an increase trend. The contents of TN, AN, SOM in riparian vegetation structure II fluctuate, while the contents of TP and AP are relatively stable. Soil nutrients in riparian vegetation structure III show the increase trend from the upland toward the river channel, however, the soil BD decreases in the same direction. For the vegetation structure III, the grassland soil in the lower slope has more nutrients and OM but lower BD than the cropland soil in the upper slope. The riparian vegetation structure also can affect the average contents of soil nutrients in riparian transect. A scientific reference can be provided by this paper for optimization and restoration design of riparian vegetation.

Red tourism resources are the main carrier of Chinese revolutionary spirit. Its protection and tourism utilization are faced with the problems of fraction, fragmentation and static, which requires the research of integrated development. By using GIS spatial analysis methods and modified gravity models, this paper takes the core area of the Central Soviet Area as an example to study the spatial pattern and cultural ecological changes of red tourism resources, based on the theory of cultural ecology. Then, strategies for integrated development of red tourism resources are discussed in the study. Conclusions are as follows: (1) The red tourism resources distribution is featured by local clustering in space. The Soviet Area in Southern Jiangxi forms a pattern of "Golden Triangle" consisting of Zhanggong district, Ruijin city and Yudu county, while the Soviet Area in Western Fujian presents a pattern of "Silver Rhombus" composed of Xinluo district, Yongding district, Shanghang county and Liancheng county. (2) Most of major documented events of the red tourism resources occurred within a range of 8.9-106.6 km in the Soviet Areas of Western Fujian and Southern Jiangxi, which laid the cultural ecological foundation for tourism in the belt/planar-shaped pattern, showing a consistent development trend towards a service-led industry. (3) The local network connection development direction of red tourism resources is spatially dislocated with development direction of cultural ecology based service-led industry. This is the fundamental reason for the strong internal connection of the red tourism resources in Southern Jiangxi and Western Fujian, and the weak connection for the cross-regional network. Following the development principles of cultural ecological spaces integration, comprehensive network connection and dynamics of main types for the red tourism resources, this research proposed three strategies for integrated development in order to promote the high-quality development of red tourism in the Central Soviet Area, namely, priority integrated development for spatial sources cluster areas, priority integrated development for cross-regional red tourism resources with high development index and priority integrated development for the key nodes of different types of the red tourism resources.

生态足迹模型是分析人类对自然资本的需求和自然资本的供给情况的有力工具。为更加准确地核算中小尺度的生态足迹，论文建立了“省公顷”模型，明确了均衡因子和产量因子的含义与计算方法。在计算方法上，首次引入热值的概念，克服了不同类型生物产品不能直接加总的难题。以浙江省为例，应用本方法测算了2005年各类土地的均衡因子和各市土地的产量因子。其均衡因子分别是：耕地为2.82s-nhm²/hm²；草地为0.11s-nhm²/hm²；林地为0.35s-nhm²/hm²；水域为0.17s-nhm²/hm²等。结果与国际上通行的数值和国家公顷下的数值存在较大差异，但通过分析认为，文章的均衡因子和产量因子客观地表达了浙江省的实际情况，存在差异是合理的。最后，指出文章所构建的方法简单易行，结果合理，该计算方法可推广到国家层面；在进行省域层面的生态足迹分析时，模型应采用“省公顷”对应的均衡因子和产量因子，以使分析更加具有实际意义。

The fairness degree of distribution and allocative efficiency of natural capital and human-made capital are the guarantee for sustainable sharing of regional ecological resources. Based on calculating ecological footprint in Guanzhong City Group from 2005 to 2014, this paper adopted ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity and GDP to represent the regional demand of natural capital use, natural capital gains and human-made capital gains. The regional fairness degree of distribution and the allocative efficiency of resources were analyzed by Gini coefficient, spatial-temporal analysis index, ecological support coefficient (ESC) and economy contributive coefficient (ECC). The results showed that the per capita ecological footprint increased from 2.056 hm² per capita to 3.201 hm² per capita with an average annual growth rate of 5.04%; the per capita GDP increased from 11 089 yuan per capita to 46 639 yuan per capita with an average annual growth rate of 17.31%; and the per capita ecological carrying capacity changed little in Guanzhong City Group during 2005 to 2014. In the same period, the ecological pressure index (Epi) increased 1.59 times from 4.665 to 7.406 and the ecological footprint for ten thousand yuan GDP decreased from 1.854 hm² per ten thousand yuan to 0.686 hm² per ten thousand yuan with an average annual decline rate of 10.45%. The adjusted ecological pressure elasticity coefficient (E′) showed that the changes of ecological footprint was generally inverse to the changes of ecological carrying capacity, and the ecological footprint for ten thousand yuan GDP elasticity coefficient (G) basically ranged between 0 and 1. The ecological support Gini coefficient, economic contribution Gini coefficient and the comprehensive Gini coefficient were between [0.18, 0.20], [0.24, 0.29], [0.23, 0.28] respectively. The conclusion indicated that the ecological pressure became increasingly prominent and economic contribution increased gradually. That means the increase (decrease) in ecological footprint caused by 1% increase (decrease) of GDP is less than 1%, the scale effect of economic is at an optimal level and the ecological elements match well in Guanzhong City Group. Besides, there is no city in Guanzhong City Group that had both relatively high economic contribution and high ecological support contribution. Tongchuan, Baoji, Xianyang had relatively higher ecological support contribution but lower economic contribution while Xi’an, Yangling were opposite.

Slope gradient and vegetation cover are important factors affecting slope soil erosion process, thus exploring the response of sediment yielding characteristics to slope gradient and vegetation cover is of great significance to predicate sediment yielding in soil erosion process. In this study, based on the field runoff scouring experiments on the riparian slope of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the changing processes of runoff coefficient, sediment yielding, runoff sediment concentration, and sediment particle size composition under different slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15°, 20°) and vegetation covers (0, 15%, 30%) were analyzed, and the response of sediment yielding characteristics to the interaction effect of slope gradients and vegetation covers on riparian slope were revealed by using the double factor variance analysis and the relative contribution index. The results showed that runoff coefficient under different vegetation covers increased with duration of scouring time, therein, it increased quickly during the first five minutes and then slowed down and became leveling off. The runoff sediment concentration showed decreasing trend with the increase of scouring time and then began to leveling off. On the slope of less than 15°, the differences of runoff coefficient and runoff sediment concentration between different vegetation covers were obvious, while there were less difference on the slope of more than 15°. The sediment yielding increased with the scouring time and slope gradient. On the same slope gradient, the lower the vegetation cover was, the greater the sediment yielding. The sediment particles were mainly made up of silt, coarse powder grains and very fine sand, and very fine sand and fine sand, which accounted for 10%, 50%, and 90% of the total volume, respectively. The double factor variance analysis showed that slope gradient exhibited the extremely significant effect on the runoff coefficient, sediment yielding, and runoff sediment concentration on the riparian slope (P<0.001), and the vegetation coverage exhibited the extremely significant effect on the slope erosion sediment yield and flow runoff coefficient within the prescribed time (P<0.001). However, the interaction between slope gradient and vegetation cover showed the significant effect only on the runoff coefficient within the prescribed time (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the relative contribution index showed that in the interaction of slope gradient and vegetation cover, the effect of vegetation cover weakened gradually with increasing slope gradient, while the role of slope gradient enhanced gradually and became the dominant factor influencing soil and water loss.

Based on the data of spontaneous urban vegetation,the human impacts on urban flora have been discussed in this paper. The conclusions are: (a)As a result of human activity,the urban flora with regard to its spectrum of dominant families is different from that of natural vegetation,but shows rather similar characters among different cities.(b)The ecological characters of the urban flora are strongly influenced by the urban climate and soil. (c)The expand of urban land use and its influence on urban habitats as well as some measures for greenery patches management are threatening the existence of some species in the urban area.

Potential evapotranspiration (ET₀) variation has great effect on the hydrological cycle and energy balance. Based on Penman-Monteith equation and rectified radiation model, ET₀ was calculated by using annual monthly meteorological data of 18 stations in the source region, and temporal variation and spatial distribution of ET₀ during 1961- 2012 were analyzed, and dominant factors affecting temporal variation and spatial distribution of ET₀ were studied. The main conclusions were as follows: annual average ET₀ ranged between 732.0-961.1 mm, and average in regional scale was 836.9 mm. Distribution pattern was as follows: ET₀ was high in northeast and southwest, low in the central part. Distribution pattern of ET₀ in summer and in autumn were similar with the annual. From 1961 to 2012, the average annual trend of ET₀ increased at a rate of 0.69 mm/a. The trend of summer increased at a rate of 0.17 mm/a, which was the main part of annual increase in the region. Spatial difference of relative humidity, the maximum temperature and radiation led to differences in the distribution of ET₀, and contribution rates of the three factors were separately 59.8%, 22.2% and 14.4%. Rising of maximum temperature, increasing of radiation and decreasing of relative humidity resulted in increasing trend of annual ET₀ in this region, the contribution rate of the maximum temperature was 56.9%, radiation was 35.6%, and relative humidity was 2.7%. There were some differences in different areas on factor combinations and the contribution rate of the factors. Wind speed factor had low effect on annual ET₀ in this region, which was one of the characteristics distinguished from other regions in our country.

The sea area is an essential basic resource of China just the same as the land, furthermore, the sea area is also of great significance to the economy, environment, national defence and so on. Because of the lack of virtual monitoring of the sea area usage in the past, the sea area managers could not accurately know the trends of the sea area usage, so it was very difficult for them to make reasonable management decisions, this problem has resulted in lots of natural disasters relating to marine resources and environment. Taking the speciality analyse of the sea area usage as basis and the correlative monitoring pattern as reference, this paper discussed the pattern of the sea area usage monitoring system in China in both aspects of technology and operation. For the first time, the primary conceptual framework of the dynamic sea area usage monitoring system was formed in China.