Starting from the three constituents of tourism system—destination system, tourist source system and travel traffic system—this thesis analyzes the constitution of an evaluation index system for the suitability of wetland tourism development, comes up with this system which is composed of 19 indexes in 4 aspects, namely, resources endowment, urban dependence, traffic accessibility and population & economic base, and determines the weighing of indexes through analytic hierarchy process(AHP), with the aim of quantitatively evaluating the suitability of tourism development for the wetland resources in Jiangsu Province.Next, this thesis sorts out 126 wetland nature reserves within Jiangsu Province from the regional planning for important ecological functional area in Jiangsu Province released by Environmental Protection Department of Jiangsu Province, collects or calculates 19 index to figure for these wetland nature reserves. The values of 4 sub-items among the evaluation index system for the suitability of wetland tourism development as well as the total value were calculated by weighted score. It is shown by the calculation results that the total value of suitability of tourism development for 126 wetland nature reserves falls in between 36.64 and 72.98.According to sub-item evaluation result, Jiangsu wetland resources are clustering into four tourism development types by K-means cluster analysis, namely the highest suitability wetland resources,higher real suitability wetland resources,higher potential suitability wetland resources and low suitability wetland resources, including 38, 19, 36 and 33 wetland nature reserves respectively.Subsequently,it is suggested that the highest suitability wetland resources should be actively develop and the higher real suitability wetland resources should be moderately developed, the higher potential suitability wetland resources should be developed accompanying economic growth and the development of low suitability wetland resources should be temporarily restricted. Simultaneously, public welfare development ideas have been proposed.Finally,some topics currently without conclusion have also been discussed,including principle of tourism development of wetland resources, inconsistency between tourism development suitability of wetland resources and environmental bearing capacity, and relation of tourism development of wetland resources and environmental destruction.

The quantitative study on the impact of climate change on tourism in China is relatively weak, so it is urgent to learn from foreign experience. Therefore, based on the SCI/SSCI literature database, this article reviews the related research progress abroad from 1986 to 2017. The study finds that for more than 30 years, quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries has mainly used index methods, tourism demand models and selection analysis methods. Among them, the index method includes the single index method and the comprehensive index method. The tourism demand model includes the time series model and the cumulative demand model. The selection analysis includes the descriptive statistics and the discrete selection model. The indicator method is mainly used to study the environmental effects of tourism resources and environmental changes, changes in tourism climate conditions, changes in comprehensive factors, and the climate change response behavior of the main body of tourism. Due to the existence of offsetting effects of climate change, the comprehensive index method is more advantageous than the single index method. Although the comprehensive index method has difficulties such as computational complexity, it can comprehensively examine the impact of climate change on the comprehensive factors of tourism destinations, and is an important direction of development of indicators and methods. The indicator approach focuses on the changes in tourism destinations, and climate change responses need to understand the changes in tourism demand. Therefore, the use of tourism demand model has gradually increased. Among them, the time series method is mainly used to study the impact of weather conditions on tourism demand. The cumulative demand model is mainly used to study the structural impact of climate change on tourism demand and the impact of climate policy on tourism demand. With the development of computer technology and artificial intelligence, there is a great potential for future applications. The tourism demand model focuses on changes in the macro-tourism flow and ignores the heterogeneity of the tourism market. With the diversification and diversity of the tourism market becoming more apparent, the use of micro-individual-based selection analysis methods has increased. In related studies of selective analysis, descriptive statistics are often used to study the effects of climate change based on preference, behavioral willingness and climate change perception in the context of climate change. Discrete choice models are often used to study the influence of climate change based on preference and help to analyze the changes in the market structure of tourist destinations in the context of climate change. As more and more studies show that the impact of climate change on the tourism market is more reflected in the change in market structure, the application demand for discrete selection models has further increased. However, the basic theoretical assumptions of the discrete selection model still need to be studied in the correction of tourism scenarios. Combining the latest progress in the quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries, and linking with China's reality, future research needs to strengthen the application of cumulative demand models in tourism flow related research, the application of discrete selection models in tourism market structure research, and the use of systematic scientific methods and big data technologies in related research. In the future, we should enhance research on climate-sensitive tourism activities in China, and as relevant studies on "Belt and Road" countries and regions, as well as the Tibetan Plateau.

鉴于社会经济和资源分布的非均衡性，煤炭运输历来为政府所关注，探讨其流场规律有助于认识中国能源供需格局和区域经济联系。从省区和地市角度，剖析中国煤炭资源的汇源格局及演变特征，分析表明：源流区早期集中在华北，目前略向中西部转移，形成中部供应区，山西成为全国源流中心；北方沿海是主要汇流区，目前向东南沿海延伸，形成东部调入区。同时，分析煤炭流场的空间特征，界定主要集散场及等级体系，认为：扩散中心多分布在华北，目前向西部延伸，大型扩散场形成于北方；集聚中心早期多分布在北方沿海，目前向东南沿海延伸，以港口、工业城市和经济中心为主。然后，全面解析煤炭资源的流动路径，连接港口的铁路成为主通道，下水港多分布在北方沿海和长江，接卸港多分布在东南沿海。

Agriculture plays a key role in the Yellow River Delta, which is one of the greatest granaries of China. Timely and accurately understanding the crop distribution information is very important for related government departments to make reasonable decisions and guide agricultural production. Traditional methods based on field investigation and statistic data were time consuming and labor consuming. Time series of vegetation indices based on remote sensing images have obvious advantages and great application potentials in the extraction of crop planting information. This paper aimed at extracting the main crops in the Yellow River Delta, including winter wheat, maize and cotton. MODIS images with 250 m spatial resolution were used in this study. Dezhou City, Binzhou City and Dongying City were chosen as the study area for the convenience. The 250 m MOD09Q1 8 d time series remote sensing images in 2014 were acquired from the website of NASA. To avoid the disturbance from orchards and grasslands, firstly, the non-crop areas were masked out with the 1:100 000 land use map of the study area in 2014. Considering that there were some irregular fluctuations of the NDVI time series caused by the influence of clouds and atmosphere, we secondly reconstructed the NDVI time series with Hants filters. Then, the main crops planting information was extracted by comparing the NDVI time series with the reference NDVI time series which were the average NDVI of the sampling points collected in May, 2014 and November, 2014. Finally, the threshold value of each crop was determined and the planting information was extracted according to the thresholds. Two precision validation methods, spatial distribution and areal statistics, were adopted. The results showed that the accuracies of wheat and cotton in area were high (96.8%, 95.5%), while the accuracy of maize in area is a little lower (85.1%). The overall spatial consistency was 86.9% according to spatial distribution cooperation. The result suggests that the method in this paper is effective and practicable.

The study explored the impacts of rainfall and land use on surface runoff, taking the area surrounding the North Moat in Beijing, China, as an example. We selected 15 rainfall events occurring from April to November in 2011 and 2012, representing six rainfall levels, which were light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain, rainstorm, heavy rainstorm, and torrential rainstorm, respectively. Surface runoff depths during each rainfall event in the seven control sections were simulated using the calibrated SWMM (Storm Water Management Model). The simulated results showed that the modeled runoff depth significantly linearly increased with increasing rainfall. There were distinct variations in runoff depth when rainfall varied between different rainfall levels. Although rainfall and runoff depth might exhibit different dynamics over time during different rainfall events, runoff depth at each time was determined by rainfall in the previous 1-2 h, and the overall variation in runoff depth depended on the early cumulative rainfall. Runoff depth significantly declined with increasing permeability area ratio (PARO), occurring a critical threshold of 15%-20% at control section scale. PARO had greater impacts on the runoff in rainstorm, heavy rainstorm, and torrential rainstorm events. The result can provide important theoretical basis and implications for catchment management and urban planning to reduce surface runoff and flood peak and avoid waterlogging disasters, which are very common in current China.

Based on the research and analysis about the characteristics and the law of evolution of CO₂ emission in the past 16 years (1995—2010) in China's eight regions, using the method of LMDI decomposition, the effects of China's CO₂ emission was decomposed into four influencing effects, which were population size effect, economic development effects, energy intensity effect and energy structure effect, the reason why China's CO₂ emission showing regional differences was found. The results show that: 1) the amount of carbon emissions and per capita carbon emissions of eight regions showed an upward trend in the past 16 years. 2) The proportion of carbon emissions in the regions of Northeast China, Beijing and Tianjin as well as the eastern coastal zone showed a declining trend, other regions were showing an opposite trending or remaining unchanged. 3) Economic development effects have the strongest positive impact on carbon emissions, energy intensity effect has the strongest negative effect on carbon emissions. And 4) population size effect has a greater positive impact on the growth of CO₂ emission in regions including municipalities, economic development effects have a weaker positive impact on the growth of CO₂ emission in developed regions than other regions, energy intensity effect has an inhibition impact to the regions having an active economic restructuring, energy structure effect was affected by macroeconomic and national energy policy, which has a big fluctuation impact on carbon emissions.

From the angles of the response of ecosystem and tourist perceptions,the response of Liupan mountain ecological tourism attraction trails to human being tourism trampling disturbance was studied.This study was conducted to investigate the patterns and extent of trampling impacts along the main tourism trails.In addition to vegetation change represented by cover reduction (CR) and floristic dissimilarity (FD),leftover reduction(LD),increase of soil hardness (SHI) and Index of Land Cover Impact (ILCI),the Limits of Acceptable Change(LAC) was also added as indicator for tourist impact.The results show that trampling disturbance mainly were limited in 1 to 3 miles along the trail;the composite ecosystem in Xiao Nanchuan with arbor,bosk and grass got most serious disturbance.Using ILCI and LAC Index the responses of the three typical ecosystems were assessed.The ILCI values of the investigating sections along the 1-meter trail impact is seriousy disturbed,then 2-3 meters, and beyond 3 meters,it is seldomly disturbed.Based on Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) questionnaires filled out by visitors,the standard of acceptable change in ground coverage was found to be 55.7 % of the coverage reduction from the trail.from this standard,the investigating areas along the 1-meter trail far exceed the LAC.The impac variables are correlated to the gradient,border area gradient and width of the trail.The Index of Land Cover Impact (ILCI) could be an useful index to evaluate the tourism disturbance.The results also indicate that the current tourism disturbance has had some negative effect on the tourist experience and ecosystem.Some suggestions for management were offered to minimize the trampling impacts of this trail.Improving the development environment,strengthening the planning of tourism attraction,and establishing the forest system and tourism information system would offer important guidance to the promotion of sustainable development of Liupan Mountain.

The impact of hydropower development on river ecosystems cannot be ignored, and scientific evaluation of its impact will contribute to the establishment of a more sustainable hydropower development patterns. In this paper, we analyzed the benefits and losses of the cascade hydropower development in the mainstream of the Wujiang River on the riparian terrestrial ecosystems and river ecosystems by using both equivalent factor and functional value evaluation methods. Based on the benefits and losses, we made a comprehensive evaluation of the cascade hydropower development on the river ecosystem services. The results show that the hydropower development in the mainstream of the Wujiang River increased the values of the riparian terrestrial ecosystem and river ecosystem services, particularly in the hydrological regulating and water supply functions. In addition, positive effects of the development were found on the power generation, hydrological and air regulating functions, while negative effects were observed on biodiversity maintaining and soil conservation. And the positive effects on river ecosystem service are greater than the negative effects. It was difficult to compare directly the ecological losses of unit electrical energy with other basins as different hydropower stations had their own emphasis regarding the positive and negative effects. Based on the long-term survey data of fish resources in the Wujiang River, the trend of fish biological loss index was analyzed to understand temporal cumulative ecological effects of hydropower development. The differences in the spatial pattern of hydropower generation were discussed by using InVEST model. The impact of ecosystem services such as biodiversity was hard to evaluate directly in terms of currency, and the service value per unit area of the water body was considerably higher than that of any other land-use types, which resulted in a conservative, e.g. a low value of negative effects of the hydropower development in the mainstream of the Wujiang River, and a high ratio of positive to negative values.

In this paper the physical geographical setting,the formation and distribution of water resources and their utilizing situations in arid land in Northwestern China are analyzed.The dis-tribution and storing characteristics of groundwater in this region are discussed emphatically.In general,the groundwater resources in the plain area are transformed from water resources(in-cluding precipitation and melted water of snow and glacier)in the mountainous area and the latter is the only source of the former.It is believed that the groundwater in the plain area to-gether with the surface water construct a coherent water resource system,an unique hydrologi-cal unit and a complete water ecological system.Therefore,the features and the regularity of the transformation of the three types of water resources(the precipitation,the surface water,and the ground water)should be fully understood,which will play an important role in the sustainable development of this region.

Road plays an important role in the development of economy and society, but it also imposes a threat to environment and ecosystems. Research on such an effect is urgent for environmental protection and ecosystem conservation. This paper quantified the intensity of road network's disturbance in the Lancang River Valley with a road disturbance index, which was established based on the characteristics of a road and its surrounding environment, and then analyzed the spatial pattern of this disturbance and its impact on landscape. The results showed that there was obvious spatial difference of road disturbance intensity throughout the whole Lancang River Valley, the intensity in the middle and lower reaches was far more serious than that of the upper reaches. The road effect-zones were irregular polygons with intricate boundary and taking the spatially scattered severe effect-zones as centers, the disturbance intensity decreased gradually outwards. Comparing landscape patterns and their transformation characteristics among different road effect-zones, it was found out that cropland and built-up area were mainly distributed in severe effect-zones, and the transformation in severe effect-zones was far more violent than that in a weaker one. The above results suggested that road development was an important driving force for landscape change, so sensitive areas should be avoided in the decision-making for new development in the Lancang River Valley.

The cognition and awareness of water deficit which is computed as the difference between precipitation and potential evaporation has an important role to understand the supplydemand situation and rational utilization of water resources. Based on the daily precipitation, mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, wind speed, sunshine hours, average related humidity data of 27 meteorological stations in the Hengduan Mountains region during the period of 1961-2012 and using the methods of climate tendency rate, Penman- Monteith model, Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation, the temporal-spatial variations of water deficit and the relationship between the water deficit and PDO, AO and ENSO by the cross wavelet and wavelet coherence techniques were analyzed in terms of summer monsoon in the Hengduan Mountains region. The results are as follows: 1) The annual mean value of water deficit changed and increased obviously in fluctuation and the increasing rate was 5.87 mm/10 a in the summer monsoon during the recent 52 years. The amount of water deficit was positive in the summer monsoon over the study area. 2) The mean value of water deficit existed obvious differences in the space and presented decreasing trends from south to north. However, the changing trends increased gradually from south to north. The water deficit had increasing trends at rate of 7.96 mm/10 a, 7.54 mm/10 a and 2.16 mm/10 a in the northern, central and southern over the study area, respectively. 3) The relationship between the water deficit and elevation indicated that precipitation extreme events decreased with the altitude. Furthermore, the relationship between the water deficit and PDO, AO and ENSO presented significant periodic variations with water deficit. In general, the increase of water deficit will relieve the contradiction between water supply and demand, decrease climate drought and improve ecological environment in the Hengduan Mountains region.

Nutrient cycle of rubber tea chicken eco agricultural model—a typical tro pical agro forestry system in Wenchang municipality of Hainan Province was studied with quantitative experiment and qualitative analysis compared with rubber and rubber tea systems.Results showed that the cycling and outputting nutrient of chicken gardens were the highest and the nutrient cycle was most active.Its ratio of external N and P input decreased than the other two systems and the internal cycling nutrient increased,so,the rubber tea chicken agro forestry system has rational nutrient cycle structure.

Eco-compensation is an important policy of ecological construction and environmental protection in China. Targeted poverty alleviation is also a significant measure to promote regional coordinated development and ensure that impoverished people can get rid of poverty on schedule. There are some coupling points between the two, such as objects, subjects, carriers, standards, ways and means. China has put forward "a set of poverty alleviation through eco-compensation". Many regions, in light of their actual situations, have also carried out relevant works by combining eco-compensation with targeted poverty alleviation. At present, there are some connections and coupling developments between targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation in China. The five typical coupling developments are shown in the following. (1) Coupling development between poor population and eco-compensation object. For the poor people with labor capacity, the government will employ them as forest rangers. As for the targets of poverty alleviation, they will be directly included in the scope of preferential policies of eco-compensation funds and receive subsidies under eco-compensation policies. (2) Coupling development between poverty alleviation region and eco-compensation area. In China, most of the poverty-stricken areas, such as concentrated areas with special difficulties, key counties for poverty alleviation and development, and poverty stricken villages, are distributed in ecologically fragile areas whose ecosystems are sensitive and need to be protected. (3) Coupling development between poverty alleviation industry and eco-compensation measure. The local governments guide the poor to realize green transfer of production, help the impoverished villages to adjust and optimize their industrial structure and transform the mode of economic development, train the impoverished households in planting and raising, and help them to develop special industries such as rural forest tourism, famous and special cash crops, farm recreation, and under-forest economy. (4) Coupling development between poverty intensity and eco-compensation standard. In China, we have implemented regional differential compensation policies, such as appropriately raising eco-compensation standards for poverty stricken villages and poor households, raising subsidies for ecological public welfare forests, and increasing the salaries of forest rangers, etc. In some regions, when determining the key poverty alleviation targets, we, in addition to considering poverty factors such as economic income, should also figure out whether these poverty alleviation targets undertake ecological construction tasks, such as ecological public welfare forest protection, and finally determine the corresponding compensation standards based on their ecological contribution. (5) Coupling development between poverty alleviation policy and eco-compensation requirement. In defining the object of poverty alleviation, priority should be given to the impoverished population who bear the task of public forest protection. In the arrangement of poverty alleviation funds and development funds, such as subsidies for returning farmland to forests and subsidies for under-forest economy arranged by various sectors, are preferentially inclined to the poorer households under the same conditions. In the key areas of poverty alleviation, priorities should be given to the fields of ecological environment construction and protection, the ecological industry development, and some other aspects which are closely related to eco-compensation policies. Each has its own connotation and characteristics. In order to further promote the coupling development between targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation in China, we can take measures in many aspects, such as strengthening theoretical researches, clearing the direction and focus of coupling, consolidating the public foundation, and innovating the development model.

Hydropower development and outward transmission in Tibet play a vital role in optimization of energy resource configuration and reduction of CO₂ emission in China. The low-carbon effects of hydropower development in Tibet were assessed, and fossil fuel consumption reduction and CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were analyzed based on net coal consumption rate, CO₂ emission coefficient and its dynamic change of fossil-fired power generation in different power grids. The results show that: 1) The fossil fuel consumption reduction and the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet have significant variations. During the period from 2006 to 2012, the fossil fuel consumption reduction and the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were the most in 2011. 2) The fossil fuel consumption reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were different significantly with different net coal consumption rates of fossil-fired power generation. The fossil fuel consumption reduction achieved by hydropower development according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in Central China power grid (CCPG) was the most, the fossil fuel consumption reduction according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in Northwest China power grid (NCPG) and Tibet power grid (TPG) took the second and the third place respectively, and the fossil fuel consumption reduction according to net coal consumption rate of fossil-fired power generation in national power grid (NPG) was the least. 3) According to different CO₂ emission levels of fossil-fired power generation, the CO₂ reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were also different. Among them, the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in TPG was the most, the CO₂ reduction of hydropower development according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG and CCPG took the second and the third place respectively. 4) The fossil fuel consumption reduction potential and the CO₂ reduction potential achieved by hydropower development in Tibet were outstanding. According to net coal consumption rates of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG, CCPG, TPG and NPG, the fossil fuel consumption reductions achieved by hydropower development in Tibet in 2030 would be more than 75% of total fossil fuel consumption (1.379×10⁸ tec) of fossil-fired power generation in NCPG in 2012. Among the CO₂ reduction potentials according to different CO₂ emission levels, the CO₂ reduction achieved by hydropower development in Tibet according to CO₂ emission level of fossil-fired power generation in CCPG would be the least, but more than the carbon dioxide emissions of fossil fuel consumption in Argentina, Pakistan, Vietnam and other countries in 2013.

Mining activities seriously interfere with the regional land use, which lead to a strong influence in ecosystem. After collecting many studies related to ecosystem service values (ESVs) in resource-based cities in China, this paper extracts a series of variables with Meta-analysis to establish benefit transfer models for assessing ESVs of cultivated land, forest land, grassland and waters especially in mining cities, then examines the feasibility of these models in Wu’an City to evaluate the ESVs of Wu’an in 1987, 2001 and 2014. The results show that: 1) the benefit transfer method can effectively assess the ESVs in mining cities; 2) there is a declining trend after the increase in the total ESVs of Wu’an, and a significant decrease occurred after 2001; 3) from the aspect of land area, the degree that the mining activities interfere with the land use type is cultivated land>grassland>waters>forest land from 1987 to 2014; from the aspect of the ESVs, the degree that the mining activities interfere with the land use type is cultivated land>waters>grassland>forest land; and 4) when the total area of ecological land reduces, a reasonable optimization of ecological land structure can improve the total ESVs rather.

The synergic relationship between Grain for Green (GGP) and agricultural eco-economic social system is an important issue in hilly regions of Loess Plateau, however, there are only a few researches involved in this topic. An indicator was established for revealing this relation in this paper. By selecting indicators of synergic relationship between GGP and agricultural eco-economic social system, a coupling degree model was established for describing the synergic relation. The synergic relation could be divided into four stages: 1) When GGP and agricultural eco-economic social system promote and develop collaboratively, the coupling degree is 0°≤θ<90°. 2) When they are contrary, the coupling degree is 90°≤θ<180°. 3) When they are in disorder, the coupling degree is 180°≤θ<270°. 4) When their development is inhibited, the coupling degree is 270°≤θ≤360°. Stage 3 is generally theoretical results and will not appear under the constraints of policy and influence of farmers’ behaviors, whereas stage 2 and 4 may appear in short term. Taking An’sai County in loess hilly and gully region of Shaanxi Province, China as an example, the synergic process was analyzed. From 1995 to 2014, the comprehensive indices of the GGP and the agricultural eco-economic social system in Ansai County increased significantly, the coupling degree was 33.59°-174.79°. The synergic relationship successively passed through stage 2 and stage 1, and is currently in the decline period of stage 1. It is indicated that Ansai County needs to further optimize its industrial structure in order to improve the effective utilization rate of the resources in this area, improve the quality of forest through rational layout of species structure of forest, and promote the coordinated development of the GGP and the agricultural eco-economic social system. This study laid a foundation for research on the collaboration between the GGP and the agricultural eco-economic social system.

Public security events are the results of the interaction of 'Human-Space-Time' in a specific context. Public security spatial planning and the corresponding administration system are important approaches to deal with the public security events in the long term. Based on the framework of 'Human-Space-Time' interaction in the public security planning, this paper reviews the relevant research about 'prevention, early warning, emergency dispatching, and post-disaster recovery'. On this basis, the framework of content, technical methods and support system of public security spatial planning is constructed. First, the content system should be consistent to the multi-level spatial planning system and the national emergency response mechanism. It is necessary to implement special planning and comprehensive planning, focusing on the problems of the planning and management of space, facilities and emergence response in terms of natural disasters, accident disasters, public health events and social security events. In terms of the technical method system, it is necessary to build and improve the methodological and technical support system of space-time elements identification and analysis, space-time process simulation and early warning of public security events. Last, for the support system, it is necessary to improve the space-time accessibility of the public security facilities system and strengthen the public security oriented social governance, based on the new infrastructure construction such as the space-time big data management system.

It is of great significance in the implementation of rural revitalization strategy and the realization of its multiple goals to scientifically evaluate the level of the sustainable development ability and determine targeted development types of villages and towns. Based on sorting out the implication of the sustainable development ability implication of villages and towns from the perspectives of potential, support and resilience, this study establishes the evaluation framework and evaluation models. Meanwhile the study takes 25 towns in Jiangjin district of Chongqing as research units to quantitatively measure the sustainable development ability of villages and towns in 2017. And then it reveals the spatio-temporal differentiation and accordingly identifies the vulnerabilities types, and proposes targeted regulation strategies. The results shows that: (1) The sustainable development ability of villages and towns is the result of the interaction of potential, support and resilience. (2) On the whole, the potential of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of " high in the north and low in the south" in Jiangjin; the support of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the north and low in the south" in Jiangjin; the resilience of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the south and low in the north" in Jiangjin; the sustainable development ability of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the southwest, low in the northeast, cluster distribution". (3) We divide the sustainable development ability of villages and towns in Jiangjin into four types, including potential enhancement type, urban-rural integration promotion type, ecological security improvement type and potential-support-resilience ability comprehensive development type. Based on the principle of "ecological priority-classified control-highlight emphasis-local adaptation", the study proposes differentiated sustainable development ability improvement strategies for different types, to guide the sustainable development of villages and towns.

At present, most of the drought researches are based on a single meteorological or hydrologic drought index which can not reflect the drought situation or social contradiction of supply and demand of water comprehensively. This paper studied the spatial and temporal distribution of drought in Shaanxi Province based on the method taking the social economic factors of drought into account. The natural meteorological factors are also taking into consideration. We established comprehensive drought evaluation index of Shaanxi Province with fuzzy comprehensive decision process on basis of meteorological data from 19 meteorological stations in Shaanxi from 1960 to 2013. The results showed that the spatial distribution of drought in Shaanxi Province is heterogeneous, the drought in the central Shaanxi (DI value is about 3) is more serious than in northern Shaanxi, and there is no drought in south Shaanxi at the same time where water resources are abundant. Drought occurrence frequency in Shaanxi Province is very high. The medium drought phenomenon mostly existed in the north and south (frequency approached to 80%-99.99%). The severe droughts occurred in the central Shaanxi more often (frequency approached to 79%). The method of water supply and demand evaluation considered the influence of social economy and the actual supply and demand contradiction. And the comprehensive meteorological drought index considered the effects of meteorological factors. The results of the two methods are basically identical, but only one type of drought index can not reflect the overall actual situation when there exists great difference of water quantity in different areas. In water shortage regions, the results of fuzzy comprehensive drought index are closer to the fact. In regions where water resource is extremely rich and water supply ability is strong, the results of water supply and demand method are closer to the fact. And in economic developed areas, social economy drought index is suggested. When doing researches of drought, it shall give full consideration to the natural meteorological factors and actual water supply ability.

At present, China's territory spatial planning attempts from top to bottom to resolve or relieve the key issues from macro level as far as possible which has arisen since the reform and opening-up such as the ecological environment, resources restriction, the conflict of man-land relationship, multiple management and the authority of spatial plans. Although China's territory spatial planning system, organization framework and technical regulation have so far formed relatively reasonable "universality" norms, at the strategic level, the discussion of regional "individuality" issues in the context of national security is still lacking. Facing the needs of the country and the special situation of Western China, we should establish a cross- province and cross-basin territory spatial planning of this region based on national security strategies. To ensure national security, territory spatial planning of Western China at the strategic level should focus on the following: (1) In theory, based on the perspective of national security, we proposed to construct the cross-province and cross-basin territory spatial planning of Western China. (2) In practice, we recommend formulating the "territory spatial planning of Western China-ecological security" of specialized national territory spatial planning which takes ecological zone, nature reserve as the core in spatial scale. What's more, based on the border and support line, we should carry out "territory spatial planning of Western China-survival security" of specialized national territory spatial planning, or determine the detailed rules and regulations of national defense security in spatial planning. In addition, taking the urban system as the organizational context, we should set up "territory spatial planning of Western China-life security" of specialized national territory spatial planning which is relying on main transportation lines, or determine the detailed rules and regulations of the harmonious society construction in Western China. Besides, following the divisions of the Main Functional Areas, we should formulate "territory spatial planning of Western China-production security" of specialized national territory spatial planning which is focusing on the regional central city and urban agglomeration, or determine the high-quality economic development in the western region. We should also restructure the ecological space, survivable space, living space and production space. (3) In particular, we recommended strengthening the construction of border towns or villages, and establishing the "sanxian" (three lines) construction in the New Era, "the key construction belt around the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau" in the western region, which can meet the national security needs of limited globalization and achieve "dual circulation pattern" in the post-epidemic period. On the whole, the territory spatial planning of Western China should be different from that of the eastern and central regions. We should not impose uniformity on the implementation of the policies.

影响复杂地形下气温分布与变化的因素很多, 其中尤以海拔高度和地形的影响最显著。论文在前人研究的基础上，对以前的模型进行了一些改进，考虑了坡度、坡向和地形相互遮蔽作用对复杂地形下天文辐射的影响，基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据，研制了以复杂地形下天文辐射为起始数据的复杂地形下平均气温的分布式模型，在模型中还考虑了海拔高度、山区太阳总辐射、日照百分率。以地形复杂的贵州高原为例，应用100 m×100 m分辨率的DEM数据及气象站常规观测气象资料，计算了贵州高原复杂地形下各月及年的平均气温精细空间分布。结果表明：①坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽对平均气温的影响较大，由于局地地形因子的影响，复杂地形下平均气温的空间分布具有明显的地域分布特征，地形对平均气温的影响在计算时是不容忽视的；②季节不同，局地地形因子对复杂地形下平均气温空间分布的影响不同，冬半年大于夏半年。平均气温随海拔高度的增加而降低。南坡随坡度的增大而升高；北坡随坡度的增大而降低。在坡向影响上，1—5月、10—12月偏北坡月平均气温偏低，偏南坡月平均气温偏高；7—8月因太阳高度较高，因此出现相反的情况，北坡高于南坡。

The Yuanjiang River valley is one of the dry-and-hot valleys in the Hengduan mountains of Yunnan province. In comparision with other river valleys of this province the outstanding characteristics of it is both hot and dry, belonging to the semi-arid climate type, and accordingly it is endowed with profuse heat resource but with low precipitation.Here the climatic conditions are not suitable for growing such tropical plants as rubber tree, coffee, coco, and the like, but are good for the excellent species of the lac insect-Kerria sindica. The Yuanjiang valley has proved to be an ideal district for cultivation of this species of lac insect and has manifested its natural superiority in this respect.As for the exploitation of the valley, it is suggested that taking an eco-forestry way to set up plantation forest of the best of the superior lac insect host tree (Ziziphus mauritiana) as an artificial ecosystem would be more profitable.

Red tourism network attention degree is a typical method for measuring the performance level of red tourism development promotion, and it is also an important reflection of the influence of red tourism promotion level. This paper takes the "red tourism network attention degree" of 31 provincial-level regions as the research object, and uses the Moran index and panel vector autoregressive model to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics and the influencing factors of the red tourism network in China from 2011 to 2018. The results show: (1) The network attention of the national red tourism shows a fluctuant growth trend in the study period, and its seasonal difference is significant. (2) The national red tourism network attention shows a decreasing trend from the eastern to central and western regions, but the trend of attention in the red tourism 5A-level tourist attractions is prominent in the western region. (3) The attention of red tourism networks in the 31 provincial-level regions has significant global spatial autocorrelation. The phenomenon of "high-high" and "low-low" agglomerations is concentrated in the eastern region, and central and western region. (4) The contribution of the factors affecting red tourism network attention was ranked as follows: internet penetration rate > per capita GDP > tourism information index > regional media attention > red tourism classic scenic network attention.

This paper comprehensively evaluates and analyzes the tourist resources in Jilin Prov-ince in three parts.The first one is the evaluation of the resources,which is followed by the struc-tural and spatial analysis of the resources.Based on that,the concept planning is made for the tourist resources of Jilin Province.The method of analytic hierarchical process is used to evaluate the tourist resources and then by tables and graphs,the structural and spatial analysis is made.It is found that,the natural resources have fundamental roles in Jilin,and the human and cultural resources are important parts.In the spatial distribution analysis,the resources show the charac-teristics of"six clusters"and"three zones"spatial relations.Finally,the concept planning is made based on the evaluation and analysis.

Water scarcity is a key factor for the stability and sustainability of agricultural productivity in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Considering water shortage may be aggravated by climate change, cropping structure should be adjusted to alleviate the worsening situation. Based on the multi-model datasets of three representative concentration pathways (RCP) emission scenarios from IPCC5, the effect of climate change on water balance at sub-basin scale during 2011-2059 was assessed by VIP (soil-Vegetation-atmosphere Interface Processes) model. For the sub-basins with most serious shortage of water resource, two groundwater balance scenarios were proposed based on the principle of groundwater exploitation and infiltration balance. One scenario (scenario A) supposes that there is no inter-basin water transfer in 2050s, the other (scenario B) supposes that the inter-basin water transfer remains the average level in 2000-2010 in 2050s. The balance between water supply and demand is kept stable by shrinking the planting area of crop with high water consumption in both scenarios. The effect of climate change on planting area and yield of winter wheat in the two scenarios was assessed by VIP model. The results showed that the rainfall surplus in the whole plain will decrease 0.1%-14.1% in 2050s from low emission scenario to high emission scenario since the crop evapotranspiration increases more quickly than the precipitation does. In the north part of the plain water deficit will be exacerbated, and in the south part of the plain rainfall surplus will decrease. With respect to water balance, the planting area of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain should be shrunk 9.8%-11.3% in scenario A and 7.0%-8.8% in scenario B in 2050s, however, the wheat yield will increase 0-11.9% and 3.0%-15.9% in corresponding scenario due to the CO₂ fertilization. Shrinking planting area of winter wheat can effectively mitigate the agricultural water shortage in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. The research results can provide underpinnings for government’s decisions

The large- scale vegetation reducing sediment equation in the loess hilly region (LVRSE) is one of the efficient tools for analyzing the effect of vegetation change on sediment yield in the Loess Plateau, and its adaptability at different spatial scales is very important to study the water and sediment changes of Yellow River. This research uses a numericalexperimental method to study the adaptability of LVRSE at small basin, sub- basin and grid scales. The result shows that the overall estimation bias (D) of LVRSE at different spatial scales ranks in the following order: small basin (D=52.26%), sub-basin (D=60.07%), grid (D= 92.17%); the Nash- Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) of the LVRSE at different spatial scales ranks in the following order: small basin (NSE =0.21), sub-basin (NSE=-0.31), grid (NSE=-0.80). This result indicates that the LVRSE is more applicable to small basins of more than about 500 km2, and not applicable to the sub-basins and grids of less than 500 km2. These findings can provide reference for the popularization and application of the LVRSE.

Researches on the relationships between forests and″occult precip itation″(dew and fog precipitation)in foreign countries,focused on the forma tion mechanisms of dew and fog,forest canopy interception from dew and fog,in fluence of dew and fog on the distribution of species and the dynamics of vegeta tion,and its ecological effects were briefly introduced with the aim of promoti ng the studies in this field in China.According to the re ports,the dew and fo g water is one of the most important environmental factors determining the plan ts growth and dis tribution,and an important input for water balance and nutr ients cycling of the forest in cloud or fog-dominated montane regions,and its ecological effects take on many aspects.So it is essential to make further rese arch in this field and the future of ecological requires regarding occult precip i-tation should be directed towards quantify ing its hydrologic as well as its chemical significance to fog and cloud dominated ecosystems.Among the study met hods,the Dawson's work that ap-plied stable tools,using hydrogen and oxygen i sotopic 'signatures' and an iso topic mixing model that made it possible to dist inguish the plants' proportional use of deep-ground versus above-ground(i.e .precipitation and fog)water,is the best way and can be used in further resea rch.

Based on the calculation of the ecosystem service supply, demand and coordination degree in the Yellow River Basin, we comprehensively analyzed the co-variation trend of land spatial pattern and coordination degree of supply-demand in this basin. Then, correlation analysis and quantile regression were used to analyze the influence of various land spaces on the coordination degree of supply-demand, and its regional heterogeneity. The results showed that: (1) Land spatial pattern, and supply and demand of ecosystem services showed significant spatio-temporal differentiation. The upper and middle reaches of the river and the lower reach are areas with densely distributed and significantly increased productive land and living land from 2000 to 2015. The increase in supply of ecosystem service was consistent with the distribution of cultivated land and forest land, and that in demand of ecosystem service was consistent with the distribution of population density and construction land. (2) The spatio-temporal change of the coordination degree was affected by the evolution of land spatial pattern. The influence of the land spaces on the coordination degree of supply and demand was different under different coordination levels, and there was significant regional heterogeneity in different regions. (3) According to different land spaces that had an impact on the coordination degree, different areas should rationally lay out land space and formulate development policies to promote effective ecosystem management.

External costs of coal resources exploitation include user cost and environment cost. The paper used user cost approach to estimate the user cost of coal resource exploitation in Xinjiang from 2003 to 2012, and compared it with payable resource taxes. It adopted market value method and restoration expenditure method to estimate the ecological environment cost of coal resources exploitation of Xinjiang in 2012, and compared it with the payable ecological and environmental fee. It was found that the levy of coal resource tax from the amount couldn 't effectively compensate for the coal resource depletion in Xinjiang. It appeared significant intergenerational externalities. However, using ad valorem tax approach was able to effectively compensate it. The compensation rate of coal exploitation ecological environment costs was 29.6%, which couldn 't effectively compensate for the loss of value of ecological environment for coal exploitation. The study found that the existing standard of coal resources tax in Xinjiang couldn 't completely solve the problem of externalities of coal exploitation. Moreover, in the situation of “instead of fee with tax”, coal resource tax rate set at 6% was slightly lower. Finally, it was suggested that local governments should set the reasonable coal resources tax rate at different reform stages. China should establish ecological compensation mechanism as soon as possible, be timely for environmental tax reform, and improve the accounting system of coal resources price.