Ecological security is one of the important footstones of national security, and is the base of sustainable development.Regional ecological security means that the ecological condition and the main ecological issue of a region does not threaten its survival and development with a given temporal spatial environment,at the same time the natural ecosystem service meets the needs of the regional survival and development.On the basis of comprehension and analysis of ecological security conception,the evaluation indices system is established including ecological products, eco environment situation,ecological function,and regional ecological security index and calculation model is put forward.Taking Hainan Province as an example and applying this assessment method,its integrative terrestrial ecological security index is 0.610.Among three assessing aspects,ecosystem services security is highest(0.772),security depending on resource is the lowest(0.468).The result indicates that the terrestrial ecological security is better in Hainan province especially in erosion controlling,natural disaster rejecting,air quality maintenance,etc. But there is also a lot of unsafe hidden trouble about energy sources self supporting ability,biodiversity protection,waste and sewage disposal,etc.It is believed that scientific and reasonable measures should be further strengthened,and safe ecosystem should be developed,so as to realize regional sustainable development.

Soil erosion results in soil degradation, pollutes water resource, blocks riverways and ditches, and imperils eco-environmental construction in Northwest China, especially in the gully region of the Loess Plateau.Re-vegetation is an effective method to reduce soil and water loss and improve eco-environment in the Loess Plateau.Therefore,the impacts of re-vegetation on water cycle have been one of the key issues in eco-environmental study in the loess region.Using a paired watershed approach,the impacts of re -vegetation on water cycle was studied in a watershed on the Loess Plateau during the period of 1956 to 2000.Deciduous trees,including locust (locusta L.),apricot (praecox L.)and elm (ulmus L.),were planted on a watershed with treated area exceeding 80% ,while a natural grassland watershed remained unchanged.The cumulative runoff yield in the treated watershed was reduced by 37% as a result of afforestation in 44 years.During the first 15-20 years,annual runoff reduction increased with the increase of the age of the trees planted and it didn't change much during the next 24-30 years. Reduction in monthly runoff occurred mainly from June to September.Compared with the natural grassland watershed,cumulative reduction of volumetric water content was about 222mm as a result of afforestation at a rate of 5mm per year.The cumulative evapotranspiration in treated watershed comparatively increased by 620mm at a rate of 14mm per year,which will cause soil desiccation.

Ecological planning has aroused people's attention since it was raised in the 1960s, and got rapid popularization and development.It is a bridge that links town and country planning with environmental planning.This paper firstly analyzes the meaning of the ecological planning and its development at home and aboard.Then,starting from the analysis of the regional backgrounds and the available data on the local conditions,the author evaluates the ecological sensitivity and the ecological adaptable degree of Wuqiangxi Valley.Based upon which the ecological planning of the whole region that aims to set up the ecological protective areas,to make scale use of land,to set up rational allocation of industry in the light of local conditions and to build an artificial swamp urban sewage treatment system has been made. Finally,the paper analyses the advantages of ecological planning over environmental planning during the integrative renovation of the environment by indicating the ecological planning is more favorable to maintain the benign cycle of the whole environmental system.At the same time,the author identifies some deficiencies of the ecological planning at present,which mainly includes that the analytical method of ecological sensitivity is not perfected and the evaluation of ecological adaptable degree has some shortcomings.

The welfare served by croplands has been underestimated.Besides supplying food and providing straw,croplands support many other functions and services such as nutrients transforming,pollination,biological control,supplying beautiful scenery,recreation,and so on.In this study,we examined the gas regulation services supported by rice paddy ecosystems,based on the results of field experiments in Wusi Farm of Shanghai in 2002.And the values of gas regulation by paddy rice ecosystems with different N-fertilization treatments were also estimated with ecological economics methods.The results indicated that two kinds of gas regulation were provided by paddy fields:one was O2 emission,and the other was Greenhouse Gases(GHGs) regulation(including CO2 uptake,CH4 and N2O emission).First,in the cultivation period,O2 emission of rice paddy ecosystems ranged from 1.65×104kg·hm-2 to 3.85×104kg·hm-2 along with increment of N fertilizer application,and the values ranged from 6.22×103yuan·hm-2 to 11.87×103yuan·hm-2 in the same trend.Second,rice paddy ecosystems emitted GHGs,but also fixed CO2 from atmosphere.In CO2 equivalent,the quantities of GHGs regulation ranged from -997kgCO2-C·hm-2 to 2 787kgCO2-C·hm-2,and the values ranged from -751yuan·hm-2 to 2 098yuan·hm-2.Third,the integrated values of gas regulation by rice paddy ecosystems ranged from 5 467yuan·hm-2 to 1.28×104yuan·hm-2.In this study,we are trying to provide a fair method to evaluate the values of croplands,to support an effective way to recognize the welfare served by croplands,especially by paddy fields and to promote the sustainability of cropland ecosystems and yet the sustainability of human kinds.

The Ejin natural oasis landscape lies in the lower reaches of the Heihe river basin in the arid interior regions of northwestern China.With decreasing water resources from the upper reaches of the Heihe river basin,many urgent ecological and environmental issues in the Ejin natural oasis have become more pressing in recent years.Analysis on landscape patterns not only can clarify the characteristics of the natural oasis landscape spatial structures,but also can provide a scientific basis for the study of the landscape degradation,protection and its sustainable development.Using remote sensing techniques,GIS,and landscape pattern analysis software APACK,the landscape patterns of Ejin natural oasis landscape are studied respectively from the aspects of area statistics,indices at landscape level,indices at classes level and indices between attribute classes based on Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus data in 2001.Moreover,correlation analysis between different landscape indices is carried out with the integration of Ejin natural oasis landscape indices in 1987,1994 and 2001.Results show that: 1) typical"matrixcorri dor patch" landscape structure was shown in Ejin natural oasis landscape; 2) it was not steady for Ejin natural oasis landscape with high fragmentation,low landscape diversity,and coarse land scape texture; and 3) it was not independent of each other between different landscape indices,and the relations between some of the indices was obviously correlated with each other.Furthermore,the authors suggest that it should be careful to select some of the landscape indices during landscape patterns analysis.

The upper Yangtze basin,with abundant forest resources, is an important water sources area,which functions as water tower for the territory of eastern China.Evaluation of water retention capacity of forest ecosystems can provide important references for ecosystem function assessment and ecological construction.We collected data of water retention information of forest canopy,litter and soil function layers to evaluate rainfall interception and comprehensive capacity of water retention by 14 forest vegetation types according to mountain climate zones and growth form classification of forest.Among comprehensive water retention capacity,water retentions in soil and litter layer account for the most proportion.Soil non-capillary porosity plays the key role in the determination of water retention capacity of ecosystem.The water retention capacity of litter and whole ecosystem can be evaluated by phytomass of litter and soil non-capillary por-osity.Subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest,evergreen and deciduous mixed broad-leaved fore-st,hemlock,maple and birch mixed forest,spruce and fir forest and sclcrophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forest have more water retention capacities among the forest ecosystems in the upper Yangtze River and have wide distribution in the high mountain and dissected gorge area. These ecosystems are important for water retention and soil conservation throughout the basin. Therefore,it is of great significance to implement ecological engineering programs such as natural forest protection and convertsion of farmland to forest in the upper Yangtze basin.

The Changchuan watershed,Inner Mongolia,belongs to the typical region of the Soft Rock Area of Middle Yellow River.Based on experimental research data of the ecological use of water,this paper applies the GIS and scenarios analysis methods to analyse the ecological use of water of the Changchuan watershed and different scenarios of ecological construction in the water-shed.The vegetation evapotranspiration and ecological use of water at Changchuan watershed averaged 274.3mm and 370.7mm respectively.This indicates that though evapotranspiration of vegetation was quite high on the regional scale,yet the rainfall can still meet the requirement of evapotranspiration of vegetation. Generally speaking, the ecological use of water was moderate in this region.In terms of ecological use of water under different scenarios of ecological consreuction,4 land use patterns,B2RL1,namely restoring all bare land and sandy land at Changchuan watershed into woodland,brush-land or grassland,B2RL2,namely no bare land and turning cultivated land on above 5° slopes back into woodland or grassland at Changchuan watershed,B2RL3,namely no bare land and turning cultivated land on above 15° slopes back into woodland or grassland,and B2RL4,namely no bare land and turning cultivated land on above 25° slopes back into woodland or grassland can stand the water stress for a short term,but the vegetation can not grow and develop very well under the water regime of the watershed in the long run.

In the semi-arid areas of Northwest China,the eco-environment is very fragile.In the-ory and practice,no iterative cultivation of crops is allowed in these areas.In order to gain the maximized benefit through coupling agricultural resources and sustainable development, considering the resources characteristic and the request of ecological safety,the industrial structure should be readjusted,and assorted with the relationship among the benefits of eco-economy and society.The efficient eco-agriculture models of compound management of agriculture,forestry and animal husbandry serve as the predominant strategy for sustainable development of agricultural and rural economy in the semi-arid areas.Hence the present urgency is to change the management pattern of agricultural resources.As a case study in the Qinwangchuan areas in Gansu Province,compound management structure of industrial and space-time collocation structure for the production of plants and animals should be designed according to the local conditions of agricultural resources.In this paper three types of compound management coupling of agricultural resources development model are put forward.The first one is the efficient coupling development model of logical utilization resources of water and land. The second is the efficient coupling development model of vegetation rehabilitation of fruit,forest and pasture of the eco-economic type.The third is the efficient coupling development model of substitute industry implantation and industrialization management.Therefore,for the coupling effects of ecology,economy and society under the compound management of agriculture resources were analyzed through apiece structure elements on the functional characteristics,industrial allocations,spatial patterns and the time processes in the inside system of the coupling interaction.These models of compound management coupling of agricultural resources have had a good application effect.So they can improve the eco-environment,increase the benefit of the integrated agricultural resource,and promote the sustainable development of the economy and eco-environment in the semi-arid areas.

Under a new developmental idea,i.e.,sustainable development,the modern societal and economic development is moving step by step towards the orbit of harmonious development with eco environment.In this course,the research on eco environment carrying capacity is very impor tant.In order to quantificationally analyze eco environment carrying capacity,this paper developed a quantitative method under the guidance of sustainable development principle.The main content includes 3 parts:(1) to quantify the development quality of society,economy and eco environment al subsystem and establish the index system and Pattern Recognition Approach(PRA);(2) to iden tify the Sustainable Development Degree (SDD) and to quantify the development quality of the study area with it; and (3) to build eco environment carrying capacity analysis model.Under the prerequisite of maintaining a certain eco environmental quality,using the model to adjust population quantity and economic scale and make the "society economy eco environment" system have higher development quality.The corresponding population quantity and economic scale are the indicators of eco environment carrying capacity.In the case study,this model was applied to the Haihe Basin.Taking 1998 as the year of the Haihe Basin present situation, considering the south to north water transfer project,the eco environment rehabilitation project and the improvement of water use efficiency,6 kinds of scenario schemes were designed.Based on the above method,quantification analysis of the changes of eco environment carrying capacity was made.Research result shows to improve water supply ability through the south to north water transfer project and to improve water use efficiency by changing industrial structure constitute one of the basic ways to solve the water eco environmental crisis in the Haihe Basin.The present research will offer scientific basis at both national and local levels for the formulation of sustainable development policies and the determination of regional population and economic development scale that is suitable to local natural resource and environment situations.

Soil seed bank is one of the most important sources of forest restoration.It is very important to study the characteristics of soil seed banks under different forest restoration types for assessing the ecological benefits of different forest restoration types and guiding the restoration practice of degraded ecosystem.There exist 4 forest restoration types,i.e.,pine artificial forestation （13 years）,fir artificial forestation （13 years）,oil-tea camellia artificial forestation （22 years） and natural secondary forest （closing the land for reforestation, 12 years） in the hilly red soil region of Hunan.Through the method of field sampling and indoor germination,the comparative studies of soil seed banks of four forest restoration types was carried out in the region.The results showed that: （1）Herb is the dominant proportion in both the species composition （61.9%-86.67%） and the number （49.82-87.27%） of seeds among these four forest types in soil seed banks.The sequence of seed density in soil seed banks was as following:fir artificial forestation >pine artificial forestation >oil-tea camellia artificial forestation >natural secondary forest. （2）Both the number and the species of shrub and tree in natural secondary forest are more than those in artificial forestation. （3）The artificial fostering leads to seeds to be more deeply imbedded in soil in pine artificial forestation and fir artificial forestation.Within these two artificial forestations,33.09% and 26.64% of seeds can be contained respectively in the soil depth of 8²0cm. （4）In the soil seed banks the species diversity of natural secondary forest was richer than that of artificial forestation.When comparing between artificial forestations,the species diversity of oil-tea camellia artificial forestation with less disturbance was richer than that of pine artificial forestation and fir artificial forestation with more disturbance.The natural secondary forest was most beneficial to maintaining and protecting the species diversity in the region. （5）The species composition of seed banks was consistent with that of the above ground community in the pine artificial forestation,fir artificial forestation,and seed bank and above-ground species compositions differed in oil-tea camellia artificial forestation and natural secondary forest.The research results showed:due to the species richness and the complexity of community structure,the natural recovery was the best approach to recovery vegetation in the hilly red soil region,Southern China.However,when considering the fostering approaches of artificial forestation,the method to foster the overall area will increase the loss of soil seed banks and won't be beneficial to the restoration of vegetation.

Ecotourism can contribute to both conservation and development.Evaluation of touris-m resources is one of the main fields in seashore tourism research,to which the selection of scale and indexes is very important.The attraction of tourism resources depends on the regional basic conditions.The potentiality for tourism development is restricted by inside and outside status.To estimate the general value of tourism resource,both of the items should be considered.Taking Jiangsu coast as an example,the paper presents the indexes system including size,richness,peculi-arity,integrated degree,diversification,health,capacity,recreational value and so on,to characterize the style,environment,expectation,marine-culture and developing actuality of tourism resources.Meanwhile,each index is considered in different scales.The space-time scale,nature/culture scale and statistical scale are also discussed in the paper.Based on the above mentioned items,the value of tourism resources in Jiangsu coast is evaluated using the method of AHP(Analytic Hierarchical Process). The development strategies of ecotourism in Jiangsu coast are brought for-ward as well.

Agro-ecosystem is very important to our human beings, but the fact is we know veryless about its ecosystem services.So this study selects barley agro-ecosystem of Dazi County in Lhasa-river valley and uses different methods (such as market value,substitution engineering,shadow price)to calculate its value.The result shows that the total value of barley agro-ecosystem services is 37 249.77×104 yuan;the order of various ecosystem services values is respectively production value16 973.38×104 yuan(45.57%),release of O2 10 649.81×104 yuan(28.59%),fixation of CO2 7 875.03×104 yuan(21.14%),nutrient circle maintained 1 478.23×104 yuan(3.97%),and water holding 273.32×104 yuan(0.73%).So agro-ecosystem provides great ecological services to its economic productivity,but the production service is its most important service.

Estimating the social welfare produced by natural resources is one of the focuses in the field of resources and environmental economics.Contingent valuation method (CVM) is one of the most dominating techniques for the estimation.Although the parametric model based upon linear utility difference was preferred in the subsequent studies since 1984 when Hanemnn incorporated logit model into CVM,yet with the fast development of computer software,the problem is advanced that whether the logit model can well fit the natural resources demand curve and whether it is appropriate for the welfare measures used in the previous studies need to be clarified.We firstly deduced in details the parametric models and the corresponding welfare measures supported by the theory of random utility maximization,then in a case study the fitnessf good comparison between linear models and loglinear models based upon ad hoc utility difference was made.It is showed in this paper that:(1)Linear models such as logit advanced by Hanemann can well fit the Willingness to pay (WTP) curve and measure the welfare change of nalural resources,and the zero WTP can be adjusted by Spike model in linear models.Although there is no significant difference in the results such as mean WTP between linear and log linear models,yet this can not cover the possible truth that the significance level of linear models may be obviously lower than the log linear ones.(2)Log models based upon non linear utility difference can especially in the tails fit the WTP curve very well,which may be more appropriate for the description of the natural resources demand curve but not private goods.There is no significant difference between log logit and log probit models.(3)Median WTP is sensitive to the distribution assumption of consumer preference,and there exists difficulty in measuring the total social welfare because of the definition of the median.We suggest that the mean WTP calculated under log logit model should be used to measure the welfare change of natural resources in contingent valuation method,which can be got by numerical integration in the interval of from zero to the maximum bid amount.(4)Log linear models effectively excluded the negative WTP and make the models more powerful for the valuation program for resources protection or improvement project,but log models can not consider the zero WTP while the linear models can,and log models will bring obvious fat tail effect in the calculation of mean WTP,so more discussion and improvement are needed for the above flaws of log models.

The simulation of net primary productivity (NPP) in terrestrial ecosystem comes into a stage of process-based simulation from statistics-based simulation.We review the history of study on NPP in China;it has made a rapid progress.However,we should pay more attention to study on NPP modeling.Process models for estimating NPP simulate a series of plant physiological processes.Process models have the advantages of: (1) being theoretically grounded, (2) the ability to handle interactions and feedbacks of different processes, (3) the flexibility to describe details of biological processes under a variety of conditions, and (4) the verifiability of explicit hypotheses regarding plant physiological processes.Furthermore,process models based remote sensing will simulate and monitor dynamically NPP of terrestrial ecosystem timely,macroscopically,exactly from multi-scale,though the NPP temporal-spatial change pattern will be shown well.We expound every kind of process -based model from leaf scale,canopy scale and region scale.Because of complexity and heterogeneousness of ecosystem,it is an important question to scale in NPP modeling.We could complete scaling by mathematic method.And remote sensing and GIS provide a new way to scaling.

This paper discusses the meaning of the oasis stability at the regional scale,and taking oasis of Sangong River Watershed as an example,analyzes the oasis stability from its geographic location and reciprocity between the oasis and its surrounding deserts and mountain systems.The results show that: (1)As long as the oasis moisture keeps stable and its efficiency gradually improves (at least no decline),which will result in continuous increase in primary productivity,and nonobviously decline (at least keeping relatively stable)of natural primary productivity,we can consider that oasis is stable and sustainable at the regional scale. (2)The main geomorphologic locations at which the oases can develop include alluvial-diluvial-fan,alluvial-plain and lake-shore delta or dry delta.From the capability of the oasis water capturing,the oasis in alluvial-diluvial-fan type is most powerful and its stability is the highest, next is the oasis in alluvial-plain type which stands below the overflow belt of groundwater,and the lowest is the oasis in the lake-shore delta type or dry delta type. (3)The cold-island effect and vegetation index of the oasis may be used to represent the in-teraction between the oasis and its surrounding deserts and mountain systems as well as the time change in the stability of the oasis.Enlargement of the oasis and increase of the moisture and vegetation in the oasis will certainly enhance the cold-island effect of the oasis,which is advantageous to increase the stability of the oasis.Conversely,the stability of the oasis will be redu-ced.When NDVI of the oasis increases,which indicates the increase of plant cover density and the primary productivity in the oasis,the stability of the oasis will enhance.Conversely,the stability of the oasis will be reduced.

A core idea of enlarging terrace and de-farming (RTD) is "to carry out development itself by a definite external support",and its key contents are to rebuild terrace,to enlarge garden plots and to restore vegetation in the loess hilly-gully region.Based on the previous research results of the successful cases of small catchments,this paper discussed the planning principles of RTD ecological restoration,and put forward the planning method and its techno-flow by means of GIS spatial analysis.And then,the planning method was applied to Yangou catchment, and the result showed that it is practicable. The above discussed planning principles of RTD eco-environment restoration should include the actualization of the planning should be in a catchment or a village,the land use structure should be regulated by terrain gradient,the distance of rebuilt terraces and enlarged garden plots from a residential area should be less than 2km.The techno-flow of the planning method includes the following steps:(1)to digitize maps of terrain,land use,village boundary and residential area;(2)to match and attach those maps;(3)to pick up spatial data and confirm planning data;(4)to make sure the planning and distribution schemes;and (5)to analyze the planning results. The study results applied to Yangou catchment showed that the area of enlarged terraces is at least 295.06hm2,with 359.23hm2 of total basic farmland area,the area of enlarged garden plot is at least 4.61hm2,with 622.69hm2 of total area,and de-farmed slope farmland at least 410.35 hm2.After the land use structure being regulated,the forest cover rate is 48.87% and the permanent vegetation cover rate is about 75% in Yangou catchment.And in the agricultural development,the Yangou catchment can yield 1 645 tons of food supplies,9 340 tons of apples,and can feed 7 500 sheep every year.

Land use is the linkage between human and nature.It is subject to natural environment and is seriously influenced by social and economic activities.So the study on land use patterns and their influential factors has become indispensable in LUCC research.Heavy interaction of research data and inadequate observation samples are the key problems to this study.Thus it is very important to optimize the research methods. Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression is a novel multivariate data analysis method developed from practical applications in real world.It is mainly used to model linear regression between multi dependent variables and multi independent variables.PLS regression has many advantages, which traditional methods do not have,such as avoiding the harmful effects in modeling due to the multicollinearity and regressing when the number of observations is less than the number of variables,etc.Moreover,it can combine the basic functions of regressing model,principal compo nents analysis (PCA) and canonical correlation analysis.Therefore,PLS regression is a optimized tool to LUCC research. In this paper,PLS regression is applied to study the relationship between land use patterns and their influential factors,taking Suxichang region as a case study.Supported by SAS/STAT statistical software,the PLS regression model was built and the calculated results were meticulously analyzed.Though the accuracy analysis of PLS factors,the most important PLS factors were selected,used in studying the relationship between each type of land use pattern and its influential factors.In addition,a predict model about land use pattern change was produced and analyzed. This case study confirmed the practicability and operability of the PLS regression method.It showed that PLS regression has the ability to make quantitive research on land use patterns,and could be widely applied to geographical research.

Based on measurement of the monthly soil moisture content in 2002 by choosing the different age's S.viciifolia Hance plots in the hilly and gully area of northern Shaanxi province, and(making fallow land and Caraganar land as a contrast,the following conclusions can be drawn from this paper: 1)The annual evapotranspiration of the 5. viciifolia Hance shrub in the sufficiently deep layer of the plots is 590mm and the mean water consumption of individual plant is about 85mm;water consumption is intense from May to July,soil moisture is the least in August and increases in September. 2)The soil moisture in the profile between 0-2.5m is active, the intensity of soil moisture consumption weakens with the increase of soil depth. 3)The depth of the "dry soil profile" is more than 10m that is deeper than the Caraganar's, but it didn't develop further during the two years.

This paper mainly discusses the influence of the construction of Zhiganglaka hyd-ropower station in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau on local environment and gives an evaluation of the projects influencing on all aspects of the environment during operation.The eco-environmental status of the Zhiganglaka hydropower station is relatively sensitive and friable.Based on the illumination of the present ecoenvironmental status of the area around the station,the biological productivity of vegetations and the biomass have been measured and the analyzed.According to the primary design of the Zhiganglaka hydropower station,the impacts on biological production of vegetation,biomass,and biodiversity were evaluated.The results show that the eco-environmental impacts of Zhiganglaka hydroelectric station are acceptable.

The values of tourism resources include tourism value, scientific research value, his toric culture and education value,environmental value,option value,bequest value and existence value.Many researchers have done a lot of studies on assessing tourism resources' scales,quality, hierarchies,exploiting future and conditions as well.Only a few did some researches on evaluating the values of tourism resources.In fact,it is very important to estimate the values of tourism resources.In this article the author introduces a newly developed method,i.e.,Travel Cost Method. Then,the author designs a research route to assess the tourism value of tourism resources.At the same time,the author proposes a way to get the coefficients of multi destinations' travel and to define the opportunity cost of the recreational time.According to the investigative data on the spots,the tourism value of tourism resources of Dunhuang is evaluated by using expenditure method,travel cost method and opportunity cost method.It turns out that the tourism value of tourism resources of Dunhuang is RMB 789.61 million yuan.With the development of tourism,the number will change.

Applying three dimension second order trend surface analysis and spatial interpolation method,with the meteorological data in 1971～2000 of 722 stations in China,climatic factors such as temperature,precipitation, and air humidity have been spatialized on the ArcGIS platform, and produced 180 climatological thematic maps with a resolution of 1km₂.The findings indicate that mean absolute errors of climatic factors are as follows:0.5℃ for mean temperature,mean maximum and minimum temperature;1℃ for extreme maximum temperature;1.5℃ for extreme minimum temperature;and 0.4 m·min-1 for mean wind speed.The mean relative error of some factors: accumulated temperature of ≥0℃,5℃,10℃,15℃, mean relative humidity is below 5%, and precipitation and water vapor deficit is about 10%.In conclusion,the simulated results of models are basically up to the level of application requirements.It provides basic data and a research platform for the disciplines of ecology,geography,and resources & environmental science.Analyses show that the spatial temporal pattern of spatializaiton error of climatic data varies with the density of meteorological observation stations and the characteristic of meteorological factor,etc.,in a general trend of western region > eastern region,winter > summer,discrete climatic factor > continuous ones,the extreme value > the mean value.

The lake resource that formed under the actions of endogenic and exogenic forces such as geology,landforms,meteorology,hydrology,chemistry and living things is one of the natural resources which plays an important role in the economic,environmental and social benefits of the sustainable development of national economy.The structure of the lake system is revealed by various kinds of resources endowed in it and the inter-relationships derive multiple functions of the lake as well.Therefore,the lake resource which is directly perceived is the carrier of its functions which are often ignored for their abstractness.This is also the reason why people got to know the lakes experiencing a gradual development process from resources-oriented to functions-oriented.Humans are the unusually lucky persons who have the habit of living by water,and begin to know lakes from the dependence for the natural resources and the mysterious feelings to the nature.Lakes are the important component of territorial resources,which have powerful ecological service functions and distinct unique features,and play the important role in the creation of human civilization just as the same as forest,lands,river and sea.In this article the features and problems existing in the use of the lake resources and the functions maintained through ecological structure composing of different types of the lake resources are discussed.

TCM (travel cost method) is one of the classic methods to value the recreational benefits of outdoor recreational resources.Existing TCM include three basic models:ZTCM (Zonal TCM),ITCM (Individual TCM) and RUM (Random Utility Method).Although these three models have rather matured,none of them could offer perfect solutions to the widely existing multiple destination problem,which makes it a difficulty and hotspot in TCM studies.Analysts have approached this problem in a few different ways,yet multiple destination trips,especially long vacation trips,remain difficult to work into conventional models in a convincing way. Due to the the biforked structure of travel costs of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve,the paper forwards a new method-MZTC (multiple-destination-based zonal travel cost method) which combines Mendelsohn et al.'s(1992) "portfolio of sites"model and travel cost separation methods,to value the recreational benefits of Jiuzhaigou in 2002.In this analysis,individuals are viewed as selecting a "portfolio of sites" for a trip,and each portfolio is viewed as a separate commodity with its own demand equation.Jiuzhaigou's share of travel cost in each portfolio is computed according to the entrance fee,and its share of consumer surplus calculated.The mean consumer surplus is 37.77,93.30,618.36 and 733.66 yuan per person respectively for'nearby-Jiuzhaigou','nearby-Jiuzhaigou & Huanglong','distant-Jiuzhaigou & Huanglong' and 'distant-Jiuzhaigou, Huanglong, Ermeishan and Leshan' subsamples.It can be seen that distance exerts an extraordinarily important effect on the estimates,and that for subsamples with similar distances,the consumer surplus goes up with the increase of the destinations in the'portfolio of sites'and decrease of Jiuzhaigou's comparative share of trip cost in each portfolio.Then all the shares of consumer surplus are added up,with an outcome of 471 million yuan for total tourists,or 375.92 yuan per person,which is rather similar to the mean sight-seeing value of Rosenberger and Loomis' (2001) up-to-date review on outdoor recreation valuations in America and Canada.The total value is then further calculated plus actual travel costs,with an outcome of 1 246.10 yuan per person.

The impact of climate change on grain production has become one of the hotspots in the research on global change.The impact of past climate change on crop yield is an effective approach for this research,however,it is difficult to separate the contribution of climate changes and human activities in such studies.Traditionally,the real yield is separated into trend yield that fits the real crop yield by a trend line depended on time only,and the fluctuant yield which is the residual yield between the real yield and the trend.The fluctuant yield is regarded as the climatic yield.But the main disadvantage of the traditional method is that it could not show the actual contribution of trend of climate change to yield of grain.In this paper a new method is put forward to calculate climate yield,which may overcome the disadvantage of traditional method. Climate influence coefficient that is the ratio of climate yield to trend yield is given to express the influence on the yield by meteorological factors.In the new method,a referenced period that satisfies the hypothesis of traditional method is selected to construct a function on the main meteorological factor and climate influence coefficient by regression.This function can be used to calculate climate yields beyond the referenced period.As a case,this method is used to calculate the climate yield of rice in Heilongjiang Province.Traditional methods,such as exponential function,polynomial function and moving average,are used to fit the per-unit-area rice yield for comparison.The comparative result shows that the contribution by climate warming can be revealed more accurately by using the new method.

Decision-making for approving a project of land consolidation plays an important role in scientific investment decision-making and choosing consolidation project properly.According to the actuality of land consolidation industry in China,such factors were deeply researched as society, economy, technology,ecology,organization of management and so on,which had tightly relations to decision-making for approving a project in land consolidation.And the framework of evaluation index system was initially formed for project decision-making in land consolidation. Then using the matter-element theory and superiority evaluation method,the paper designs the matter-element of comprehensive evaluation for decision-making in land consolidation,and puts forward the extension evaluation method based on correlation function.Finally taking some projects from in preparative projects database of the Consolidation & Rehabilitation Center in Ministry of Land and Resources as examples,verification was carried out.The output of the model completely accords with the results made by specialists of the project evaluation.The conclusion can provide scientific basis of decision-making for approving a project in land consolidation.

The study brings forward the basic conception of spatial information system for Chinese terrestrial ecosystem.Based on reviews of recent spatialization technology research of meteorology and climate information at home and abroad,we appraised virtue of methods in existence and discussed the model of spatial distribution of meteorology and climate information.Meanwhile,we summarized our preliminary achievement and set forth prospective applications.The developments of ecological,resources and environmental sciences imperiously call for spatia-lization technology research and data product exploitation of Chinese terrestrial eco-information.However,establishing a favorable spatial database of terrestrial eco-information which provides fine spatial-temporal resolution fitting in with diverse disciplines requirements demands long-ter-m study and disciplinary cooperation;simultaneously,it needs a lot of social funds devotion.

A new method based on water balance equation is proposed to calculate ecological water consumption.It is based on the data of precipitation instead of local water resources,which makes the method unique to other traditional methods.By using this new approach,based on the data of precipitation,river water flow to sea,water diverted from the Yellow River,groundwater overexploitation,industrial water use,agricultural water use,domestic water use,industry wastewater drainage and domestic wastewater discharge,the ecological water consumption from 1954 to 1998 is calculated for the Haihe River basin.It is interesting to see that although the catchment had incurred the tremendous environmental changes since the 1970s,the total ecological water consumption did not show obvious trend of increasing or decreasing.This is in agreement with the documented conclusion that the change of canopy transpiration may be compensated by the change of soil evaporation,resulting in the unchanged trend of total evapotranspiration.Comparative study shows that the ecological water consumption defined in this paper is a generic ecological water consumption including soil evaporation,vegetation evapotranspiration and so on.Due to the great buffer of the nature,it is not sensitive to separated environmental changes one by one. On the other hand,the ecological water consumption calculated by local water resources has a narrower meaning,representing only those part of water consumed from water resources in order to realize ecological function.

Coal is the basic energy in China.Based on analysis of distribution features of coal resources and state of coal production and consumption in China,in accordance with development layout of three developing regions which include seven planning areas from east to west totally, according to guaranteeing ability of coal resources and present layout of coal production,the development scheme of coal resources and the thought of large-scale enterprise group in the future were presented.Aiming at simple product structure of coal enterprises,the integrated development mode of coal resources,which can lengthen property chain properly,increase additional value of product and realize sustainable development of mining area,was explored,and several alternative types of mode were given.Finally,some key problems including construction of energy base,improvement of coal transport and exploration of coal resources were discussed.

Water resource is the most important limiting factor to the social-economic development of Minqin Basin.Research into the water resources carrying capacity is significant to the sustainable development of the Basin.In this paper,we adopt both qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis to discuss the definition,connotation and affecting factors of water resources carrying capacity,and,combined with the status of the environment,society and economy in Minqin Basin,set up the index system which can be used to measure and evaluate water resources carrying capacity.According to the index system and using the acquirable data,we predict the water resources carrying capacity of the Minqin Basin in 2001,2010 and 2020.

Based on MTCLIM Model,according to actual conditions of China,parameters of the model were optimized and adjusted and the model for calculating global solar radiation was set up based on temperature,precipitation and relative humidity in China.As for the proposed spatialization model of global solar radiation,parameterization should be done first and interpolation second.Considering the big workload of spatialization of daily global solar radiation,based on calculating monthly mean daily result,it is suggested to use liner interpolation technology to get a quick spatialization value of the daily global radiation.Finally,the spatial distribution of daily global radiation in China was generated.