Starting from the three constituents of tourism system—destination system, tourist source system and travel traffic system—this thesis analyzes the constitution of an evaluation index system for the suitability of wetland tourism development, comes up with this system which is composed of 19 indexes in 4 aspects, namely, resources endowment, urban dependence, traffic accessibility and population & economic base, and determines the weighing of indexes through analytic hierarchy process(AHP), with the aim of quantitatively evaluating the suitability of tourism development for the wetland resources in Jiangsu Province.Next, this thesis sorts out 126 wetland nature reserves within Jiangsu Province from the regional planning for important ecological functional area in Jiangsu Province released by Environmental Protection Department of Jiangsu Province, collects or calculates 19 index to figure for these wetland nature reserves. The values of 4 sub-items among the evaluation index system for the suitability of wetland tourism development as well as the total value were calculated by weighted score. It is shown by the calculation results that the total value of suitability of tourism development for 126 wetland nature reserves falls in between 36.64 and 72.98.According to sub-item evaluation result, Jiangsu wetland resources are clustering into four tourism development types by K-means cluster analysis, namely the highest suitability wetland resources,higher real suitability wetland resources,higher potential suitability wetland resources and low suitability wetland resources, including 38, 19, 36 and 33 wetland nature reserves respectively.Subsequently,it is suggested that the highest suitability wetland resources should be actively develop and the higher real suitability wetland resources should be moderately developed, the higher potential suitability wetland resources should be developed accompanying economic growth and the development of low suitability wetland resources should be temporarily restricted. Simultaneously, public welfare development ideas have been proposed.Finally,some topics currently without conclusion have also been discussed,including principle of tourism development of wetland resources, inconsistency between tourism development suitability of wetland resources and environmental bearing capacity, and relation of tourism development of wetland resources and environmental destruction.

The spatial variations of soil moisture and biodiversity have become central issues in ecohydrology which contribute to the understanding of the response of terrestrial ecosystem to precipitation change in water-limited areas. Based a precipitation gradient (250-550 mm) in the Loess Plateau, vertical soil moisture (0-3 m) and species diversity at 47 grassland sites across a southeast-northwest transect were surveyed. The spatial variations of soil moisture and species diversity were evaluated, and the tradeoff between them along the precipitation gradient was quantified. Results showed great variation of soil moisture in the vertical profiles along the precipitation gradient. Significant linear correlation existed between the average soil moisture of the profile and the mean annual precipitation, and the soil moisture in the shallow layer (0-1 m) was affected more greatly by mean annual precipitation. The Patrick index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index also showed positive linear correlation with precipitation, however, Pielou evenness index did not (P>0.05). The linear piece-wise quantile regression was applied to determine the inflection points of the response of tradeoff between species diversity and soil moisture to the precipitation gradient. It revealed obvious trend of the tradeoff along the precipitation gradient. The inflection point of the tradeoff was detected at the mean annual precipitation of 370 mm. Under the 370 mm annual mean precipitation, soil moisture constrains species diversity in the relatively arid regions, while the synergy between soil moisture and species diversity exists in the relatively humid regions in this study. This suggests species maintaining in the relatively arid regions is at the cost of soil water. The results demonstrate that the precipitation gradient determined the tradeoff between soil moisture and species diversity in the grasslands of the Loess Plateau. Consequently, this tradeoff could be an ecological indicator and tool for restoration management in the Loess Plateau.

The quantitative study on the impact of climate change on tourism in China is relatively weak, so it is urgent to learn from foreign experience. Therefore, based on the SCI/SSCI literature database, this article reviews the related research progress abroad from 1986 to 2017. The study finds that for more than 30 years, quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries has mainly used index methods, tourism demand models and selection analysis methods. Among them, the index method includes the single index method and the comprehensive index method. The tourism demand model includes the time series model and the cumulative demand model. The selection analysis includes the descriptive statistics and the discrete selection model. The indicator method is mainly used to study the environmental effects of tourism resources and environmental changes, changes in tourism climate conditions, changes in comprehensive factors, and the climate change response behavior of the main body of tourism. Due to the existence of offsetting effects of climate change, the comprehensive index method is more advantageous than the single index method. Although the comprehensive index method has difficulties such as computational complexity, it can comprehensively examine the impact of climate change on the comprehensive factors of tourism destinations, and is an important direction of development of indicators and methods. The indicator approach focuses on the changes in tourism destinations, and climate change responses need to understand the changes in tourism demand. Therefore, the use of tourism demand model has gradually increased. Among them, the time series method is mainly used to study the impact of weather conditions on tourism demand. The cumulative demand model is mainly used to study the structural impact of climate change on tourism demand and the impact of climate policy on tourism demand. With the development of computer technology and artificial intelligence, there is a great potential for future applications. The tourism demand model focuses on changes in the macro-tourism flow and ignores the heterogeneity of the tourism market. With the diversification and diversity of the tourism market becoming more apparent, the use of micro-individual-based selection analysis methods has increased. In related studies of selective analysis, descriptive statistics are often used to study the effects of climate change based on preference, behavioral willingness and climate change perception in the context of climate change. Discrete choice models are often used to study the influence of climate change based on preference and help to analyze the changes in the market structure of tourist destinations in the context of climate change. As more and more studies show that the impact of climate change on the tourism market is more reflected in the change in market structure, the application demand for discrete selection models has further increased. However, the basic theoretical assumptions of the discrete selection model still need to be studied in the correction of tourism scenarios. Combining the latest progress in the quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries, and linking with China's reality, future research needs to strengthen the application of cumulative demand models in tourism flow related research, the application of discrete selection models in tourism market structure research, and the use of systematic scientific methods and big data technologies in related research. In the future, we should enhance research on climate-sensitive tourism activities in China, and as relevant studies on "Belt and Road" countries and regions, as well as the Tibetan Plateau.

鉴于社会经济和资源分布的非均衡性，煤炭运输历来为政府所关注，探讨其流场规律有助于认识中国能源供需格局和区域经济联系。从省区和地市角度，剖析中国煤炭资源的汇源格局及演变特征，分析表明：源流区早期集中在华北，目前略向中西部转移，形成中部供应区，山西成为全国源流中心；北方沿海是主要汇流区，目前向东南沿海延伸，形成东部调入区。同时，分析煤炭流场的空间特征，界定主要集散场及等级体系，认为：扩散中心多分布在华北，目前向西部延伸，大型扩散场形成于北方；集聚中心早期多分布在北方沿海，目前向东南沿海延伸，以港口、工业城市和经济中心为主。然后，全面解析煤炭资源的流动路径，连接港口的铁路成为主通道，下水港多分布在北方沿海和长江，接卸港多分布在东南沿海。

Agriculture plays a key role in the Yellow River Delta, which is one of the greatest granaries of China. Timely and accurately understanding the crop distribution information is very important for related government departments to make reasonable decisions and guide agricultural production. Traditional methods based on field investigation and statistic data were time consuming and labor consuming. Time series of vegetation indices based on remote sensing images have obvious advantages and great application potentials in the extraction of crop planting information. This paper aimed at extracting the main crops in the Yellow River Delta, including winter wheat, maize and cotton. MODIS images with 250 m spatial resolution were used in this study. Dezhou City, Binzhou City and Dongying City were chosen as the study area for the convenience. The 250 m MOD09Q1 8 d time series remote sensing images in 2014 were acquired from the website of NASA. To avoid the disturbance from orchards and grasslands, firstly, the non-crop areas were masked out with the 1:100 000 land use map of the study area in 2014. Considering that there were some irregular fluctuations of the NDVI time series caused by the influence of clouds and atmosphere, we secondly reconstructed the NDVI time series with Hants filters. Then, the main crops planting information was extracted by comparing the NDVI time series with the reference NDVI time series which were the average NDVI of the sampling points collected in May, 2014 and November, 2014. Finally, the threshold value of each crop was determined and the planting information was extracted according to the thresholds. Two precision validation methods, spatial distribution and areal statistics, were adopted. The results showed that the accuracies of wheat and cotton in area were high (96.8%, 95.5%), while the accuracy of maize in area is a little lower (85.1%). The overall spatial consistency was 86.9% according to spatial distribution cooperation. The result suggests that the method in this paper is effective and practicable.

The study explored the impacts of rainfall and land use on surface runoff, taking the area surrounding the North Moat in Beijing, China, as an example. We selected 15 rainfall events occurring from April to November in 2011 and 2012, representing six rainfall levels, which were light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain, rainstorm, heavy rainstorm, and torrential rainstorm, respectively. Surface runoff depths during each rainfall event in the seven control sections were simulated using the calibrated SWMM (Storm Water Management Model). The simulated results showed that the modeled runoff depth significantly linearly increased with increasing rainfall. There were distinct variations in runoff depth when rainfall varied between different rainfall levels. Although rainfall and runoff depth might exhibit different dynamics over time during different rainfall events, runoff depth at each time was determined by rainfall in the previous 1-2 h, and the overall variation in runoff depth depended on the early cumulative rainfall. Runoff depth significantly declined with increasing permeability area ratio (PARO), occurring a critical threshold of 15%-20% at control section scale. PARO had greater impacts on the runoff in rainstorm, heavy rainstorm, and torrential rainstorm events. The result can provide important theoretical basis and implications for catchment management and urban planning to reduce surface runoff and flood peak and avoid waterlogging disasters, which are very common in current China.

Based on the research and analysis about the characteristics and the law of evolution of CO₂ emission in the past 16 years (1995—2010) in China's eight regions, using the method of LMDI decomposition, the effects of China's CO₂ emission was decomposed into four influencing effects, which were population size effect, economic development effects, energy intensity effect and energy structure effect, the reason why China's CO₂ emission showing regional differences was found. The results show that: 1) the amount of carbon emissions and per capita carbon emissions of eight regions showed an upward trend in the past 16 years. 2) The proportion of carbon emissions in the regions of Northeast China, Beijing and Tianjin as well as the eastern coastal zone showed a declining trend, other regions were showing an opposite trending or remaining unchanged. 3) Economic development effects have the strongest positive impact on carbon emissions, energy intensity effect has the strongest negative effect on carbon emissions. And 4) population size effect has a greater positive impact on the growth of CO₂ emission in regions including municipalities, economic development effects have a weaker positive impact on the growth of CO₂ emission in developed regions than other regions, energy intensity effect has an inhibition impact to the regions having an active economic restructuring, energy structure effect was affected by macroeconomic and national energy policy, which has a big fluctuation impact on carbon emissions.

From the angles of the response of ecosystem and tourist perceptions,the response of Liupan mountain ecological tourism attraction trails to human being tourism trampling disturbance was studied.This study was conducted to investigate the patterns and extent of trampling impacts along the main tourism trails.In addition to vegetation change represented by cover reduction (CR) and floristic dissimilarity (FD),leftover reduction(LD),increase of soil hardness (SHI) and Index of Land Cover Impact (ILCI),the Limits of Acceptable Change(LAC) was also added as indicator for tourist impact.The results show that trampling disturbance mainly were limited in 1 to 3 miles along the trail;the composite ecosystem in Xiao Nanchuan with arbor,bosk and grass got most serious disturbance.Using ILCI and LAC Index the responses of the three typical ecosystems were assessed.The ILCI values of the investigating sections along the 1-meter trail impact is seriousy disturbed,then 2-3 meters, and beyond 3 meters,it is seldomly disturbed.Based on Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) questionnaires filled out by visitors,the standard of acceptable change in ground coverage was found to be 55.7 % of the coverage reduction from the trail.from this standard,the investigating areas along the 1-meter trail far exceed the LAC.The impac variables are correlated to the gradient,border area gradient and width of the trail.The Index of Land Cover Impact (ILCI) could be an useful index to evaluate the tourism disturbance.The results also indicate that the current tourism disturbance has had some negative effect on the tourist experience and ecosystem.Some suggestions for management were offered to minimize the trampling impacts of this trail.Improving the development environment,strengthening the planning of tourism attraction,and establishing the forest system and tourism information system would offer important guidance to the promotion of sustainable development of Liupan Mountain.

The impact of hydropower development on river ecosystems cannot be ignored, and scientific evaluation of its impact will contribute to the establishment of a more sustainable hydropower development patterns. In this paper, we analyzed the benefits and losses of the cascade hydropower development in the mainstream of the Wujiang River on the riparian terrestrial ecosystems and river ecosystems by using both equivalent factor and functional value evaluation methods. Based on the benefits and losses, we made a comprehensive evaluation of the cascade hydropower development on the river ecosystem services. The results show that the hydropower development in the mainstream of the Wujiang River increased the values of the riparian terrestrial ecosystem and river ecosystem services, particularly in the hydrological regulating and water supply functions. In addition, positive effects of the development were found on the power generation, hydrological and air regulating functions, while negative effects were observed on biodiversity maintaining and soil conservation. And the positive effects on river ecosystem service are greater than the negative effects. It was difficult to compare directly the ecological losses of unit electrical energy with other basins as different hydropower stations had their own emphasis regarding the positive and negative effects. Based on the long-term survey data of fish resources in the Wujiang River, the trend of fish biological loss index was analyzed to understand temporal cumulative ecological effects of hydropower development. The differences in the spatial pattern of hydropower generation were discussed by using InVEST model. The impact of ecosystem services such as biodiversity was hard to evaluate directly in terms of currency, and the service value per unit area of the water body was considerably higher than that of any other land-use types, which resulted in a conservative, e.g. a low value of negative effects of the hydropower development in the mainstream of the Wujiang River, and a high ratio of positive to negative values.

Using the statistical data of urban and rural in 2000-2009, this paper constructed an evaluation index system from aspects of population, economy, society, life and resource, then applied methods of entropy method, comprehensive evaluation, correlation analysis, and correlation calculation to quantitatively analyze the performance and correlation trend of urban-rural integrated development in China. The result showed that the overall performance of China’s urban-rural integrated development is obvious, and has the trend of becoming larger. In aspects of individual performance of urban-rural integrated development, the population and social performance were becoming better; the economic performance was not obvious; the life performance was fluctuant, while the resource performance were poor. The positive and negative correlation calculation result showed that the overall trend of China’s urban-rural integrated development was consistent with the trends of the population, the economic and the resources performance between urban and rural, but contrary to the trends of the social and the life performance trends. The result of correlation analysis showed that the overall performance of China’s urban-rural integrated development has close relationship with the resource performance, the economic performance and the population performance, that is to say, resource, economy and population are the foci of China’s urban-rural integrated development. In addition, there were large internal differences in China’s urban-rural integrated development, such as the total and average weight differences, the input and output differences, the regional differences and the provincial differences.

Food security is a major issue related to national security and social livelihood, and tourism industry is an important embodiment of social development. While a close interaction exists between grain production and tourism, the correlation mechanism between grain production and tourism, including the evolution characteristics in the time and space dimensions, has not yet been clarified in existing studies. This study uses DEA-CCR model and entropy weight method to calculate the local grain production efficiency and tourism development level using panel data of 31 provincial-level regions in China (excluding data from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) from 2010 to 2019. The coupling coordination model, Markov chain and geological detector are used to discuss their spatiotemporal coupling coordination characteristics and influence mechanisms. The results show that: (1) The grain production efficiency and tourism industry development level in China are fluctuating with the elaspe of time, and there is an obvious imbalance between regions. (2) Grain production efficiency and the tourism development level show a high degree of coupling correlation. The coupling and coordination relationship between the two has evolved from "primary coupling and coordination" to "intermediate coupling and coordination," and shows the differentiation characteristics of "high in the east and low in the west" in terms of space. (3) The coupling coordination between the national grain production efficiency and the tourism development level is relatively stable, making it difficult to realize the transition of the coupling coordination type in the short term. (4) Regional economic development level (GDP) and tertiary industry labor force (number of employees) are the core driving factors that affect the coupling and coordination between grain production efficiency and the tourism development. The findings in this study have certain reference value for the scale of grain production, resource allocation, tourism destination planning and development of provincial-level regions. Moreover, the study provides theoretical support and practical reference for the formulation of macro policies in the aspects such as cultivated land protection, food security, and promotion of high-quality tourism development.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of land use/cover change (LUCC), especially rapid urbanization, on annual runoff change in Taihu Basin, where monsoonal flood is prone to happen. Xitiaoxi River Basin, one of the main sub-basins of Taihu Lake Basin, was chosen as study area to study the spatial variation of runoff under different land use conditions. A new spatial analysis method called geographically weighted regression model (GWR) was employed to quantitatively evaluate the impact of LUCC on runoff variation. The monthly runoff process was generated by SWAT model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). The results showed that: 1) All R² and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency E_NS were above 0.85, and the relative errors |Re| were all less than 15% in the calibration and validation period, suggesting SWAT model perform well. 2) The runoff change was spatially nonstationary, and was significantly correlated with the mostly changed type of land use in the sub-basin, among which the influence of urban land-use had the greatest influence, followed by the forest-grass land and cultivated land. Urban land-use expansion could increase local regional runoff depth by 37.6%-45.2%, while the forest-grass land and cultivated land shrinking could increase local regional runoff depth by 16%-26.2% and 9.2%-15.4% respectively. 3) Spatially, the influence of urban land-use change on runoff depth increased gradually from upstream to downstream in the basin. On the contrary, the impacts of the forest-grass land and cultivated land on runoff process presented decline trend from upstream to downstream. 4) Compared with single-factor GWR model, the multifactorial GWR model had better prediction accuracy and was more suitable to analyze the spatial relationship between runoff and LUCC.

Nutrient cycle of rubber tea chicken eco agricultural model—a typical tro pical agro forestry system in Wenchang municipality of Hainan Province was studied with quantitative experiment and qualitative analysis compared with rubber and rubber tea systems.Results showed that the cycling and outputting nutrient of chicken gardens were the highest and the nutrient cycle was most active.Its ratio of external N and P input decreased than the other two systems and the internal cycling nutrient increased,so,the rubber tea chicken agro forestry system has rational nutrient cycle structure.

To actively develop the exploitive agriculture may lead the farmers to open up new production realms and new wealthcreating sources, And it also is beneficial to handling the surplus labour, adjusting the industrial structure, increasing products, and developing the commodity economy.The exploitive agriculture is oriented by resources and markets and possesses the characteristics of strong specalization, bases establishment, systematization, and commercialized production. At present, the agricultural resources that have not yet been used or have not been used fully are relatively abundant. If the policy is right and the measures are effective, their potentials of development and utilization are great. So to develop the exploitive agriculture is an important way for solving the agricultural problems of China.

Eco-compensation is an important policy of ecological construction and environmental protection in China. Targeted poverty alleviation is also a significant measure to promote regional coordinated development and ensure that impoverished people can get rid of poverty on schedule. There are some coupling points between the two, such as objects, subjects, carriers, standards, ways and means. China has put forward "a set of poverty alleviation through eco-compensation". Many regions, in light of their actual situations, have also carried out relevant works by combining eco-compensation with targeted poverty alleviation. At present, there are some connections and coupling developments between targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation in China. The five typical coupling developments are shown in the following. (1) Coupling development between poor population and eco-compensation object. For the poor people with labor capacity, the government will employ them as forest rangers. As for the targets of poverty alleviation, they will be directly included in the scope of preferential policies of eco-compensation funds and receive subsidies under eco-compensation policies. (2) Coupling development between poverty alleviation region and eco-compensation area. In China, most of the poverty-stricken areas, such as concentrated areas with special difficulties, key counties for poverty alleviation and development, and poverty stricken villages, are distributed in ecologically fragile areas whose ecosystems are sensitive and need to be protected. (3) Coupling development between poverty alleviation industry and eco-compensation measure. The local governments guide the poor to realize green transfer of production, help the impoverished villages to adjust and optimize their industrial structure and transform the mode of economic development, train the impoverished households in planting and raising, and help them to develop special industries such as rural forest tourism, famous and special cash crops, farm recreation, and under-forest economy. (4) Coupling development between poverty intensity and eco-compensation standard. In China, we have implemented regional differential compensation policies, such as appropriately raising eco-compensation standards for poverty stricken villages and poor households, raising subsidies for ecological public welfare forests, and increasing the salaries of forest rangers, etc. In some regions, when determining the key poverty alleviation targets, we, in addition to considering poverty factors such as economic income, should also figure out whether these poverty alleviation targets undertake ecological construction tasks, such as ecological public welfare forest protection, and finally determine the corresponding compensation standards based on their ecological contribution. (5) Coupling development between poverty alleviation policy and eco-compensation requirement. In defining the object of poverty alleviation, priority should be given to the impoverished population who bear the task of public forest protection. In the arrangement of poverty alleviation funds and development funds, such as subsidies for returning farmland to forests and subsidies for under-forest economy arranged by various sectors, are preferentially inclined to the poorer households under the same conditions. In the key areas of poverty alleviation, priorities should be given to the fields of ecological environment construction and protection, the ecological industry development, and some other aspects which are closely related to eco-compensation policies. Each has its own connotation and characteristics. In order to further promote the coupling development between targeted poverty alleviation and eco-compensation in China, we can take measures in many aspects, such as strengthening theoretical researches, clearing the direction and focus of coupling, consolidating the public foundation, and innovating the development model.

Although scarcity of irrigation water restricts grain production, it can promote agricultural technology progress to increase supply elasticities of grain. To shed light on the comprehensive effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure, this paper explores the effects of irrigation water pressure, grain price changes and their interaction on the yields of different crops based on heterogeneous coefficient Nerlove model and panel data of 27 provinces from 2002 to 2017. The results show that: (1) The direct effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure is increasing proportion of corn yield and reducing proportions of other crops yields. Specifically, the magnitude of that impact is in a descending order from rice, potatoes, beans and wheat. (2) The indirect effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure is decreasing supply elasticities of wheat, beans and potatoes while making supply elasticities of rice and maize even larger, which contributes to the increase of proportions of rice yield and corn yield. (3) With growth of irrigation water pressure from 2002 to 2017, its comprehensive effect on grain production structure makes a significant increase in proportion of corn yield and a significant decrease in proportions of beans yield and potatoes yield. Regional analysis reveals an increase in yield proportions of maize and rice in main grain production areas of Northern China, leading to more irrigation water consumption in this region where scarcity of water is severer. And this finding of our paper is a support for "the paradox of irrigation efficiency".

It is of significance to study the effect of land use change on ec osystem service values.This paper aimed to provide decision support for sustain able use of resources and protection of eco-environment by assessing land use change and its consequent changes in ecosystem service values of Jilin Province .We obtained land use data by interpreting remote sensing images.Based on dyna mic data of land use in Jinlin,this paper analyzed changes in land use and ecos ystem service values using the ecosystem service value coefficients put forward by Costanza et al.In addition,coefficients of sensitivity were introduced to test the rationality of ecological value coefficients.Results show that from1 980to2000,area of rangeland,water bodies and wetlands decreased and oth er categories of land use increased.Due to comparatively small valuation coeffi cients(VC)of cultivated land and comparatively big VC of wetland and water bod ies,the increment in cultivated land could not offset the total decrement in regional ecosystem service values because of decrease in area of wetlands and wa ter bodies.Meanwhile,city sprawl has also led to loss of ecological values.T he total ecosystem service values of the study area reduced dramatically,from U SD12365.14×10 6 to USD10700.38×10 6 in period1980-2000.There was a13.46%net decline in annual va lue of ecosystem services in study area(i.e.USD1664.76×10 6 net decline in total ecosystem service values)and a0.72%decline per ye ar.In recent five years,the degradation of woodland,wetland and rangeland sl owed down because of enhancement of eco-environment protection.There was an 0.54%decline per year in ecosystem service values from1995to2000,w hile there was an0.78decline per year from1980to1995,which shows t hat the decline in ecosystem service values has been lessened in recent five ye ars.

Mining activities seriously interfere with the regional land use, which lead to a strong influence in ecosystem. After collecting many studies related to ecosystem service values (ESVs) in resource-based cities in China, this paper extracts a series of variables with Meta-analysis to establish benefit transfer models for assessing ESVs of cultivated land, forest land, grassland and waters especially in mining cities, then examines the feasibility of these models in Wu’an City to evaluate the ESVs of Wu’an in 1987, 2001 and 2014. The results show that: 1) the benefit transfer method can effectively assess the ESVs in mining cities; 2) there is a declining trend after the increase in the total ESVs of Wu’an, and a significant decrease occurred after 2001; 3) from the aspect of land area, the degree that the mining activities interfere with the land use type is cultivated land>grassland>waters>forest land from 1987 to 2014; from the aspect of the ESVs, the degree that the mining activities interfere with the land use type is cultivated land>waters>grassland>forest land; and 4) when the total area of ecological land reduces, a reasonable optimization of ecological land structure can improve the total ESVs rather.

Public security events are the results of the interaction of 'Human-Space-Time' in a specific context. Public security spatial planning and the corresponding administration system are important approaches to deal with the public security events in the long term. Based on the framework of 'Human-Space-Time' interaction in the public security planning, this paper reviews the relevant research about 'prevention, early warning, emergency dispatching, and post-disaster recovery'. On this basis, the framework of content, technical methods and support system of public security spatial planning is constructed. First, the content system should be consistent to the multi-level spatial planning system and the national emergency response mechanism. It is necessary to implement special planning and comprehensive planning, focusing on the problems of the planning and management of space, facilities and emergence response in terms of natural disasters, accident disasters, public health events and social security events. In terms of the technical method system, it is necessary to build and improve the methodological and technical support system of space-time elements identification and analysis, space-time process simulation and early warning of public security events. Last, for the support system, it is necessary to improve the space-time accessibility of the public security facilities system and strengthen the public security oriented social governance, based on the new infrastructure construction such as the space-time big data management system.

The area of the waste hillsides of the hilly region in the middle part of Sichuan Province occupy a considerable proportion of that province. Preventing and curing soil erosion and rationally utilizing the water and soil resources, play an important role in developing the local economy. In this paper, through mesh point observation the reasonable utilization ways are explored. This provides a policy making basis for the development and utilization of the waste hillsides.

It is of great significance in the implementation of rural revitalization strategy and the realization of its multiple goals to scientifically evaluate the level of the sustainable development ability and determine targeted development types of villages and towns. Based on sorting out the implication of the sustainable development ability implication of villages and towns from the perspectives of potential, support and resilience, this study establishes the evaluation framework and evaluation models. Meanwhile the study takes 25 towns in Jiangjin district of Chongqing as research units to quantitatively measure the sustainable development ability of villages and towns in 2017. And then it reveals the spatio-temporal differentiation and accordingly identifies the vulnerabilities types, and proposes targeted regulation strategies. The results shows that: (1) The sustainable development ability of villages and towns is the result of the interaction of potential, support and resilience. (2) On the whole, the potential of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of " high in the north and low in the south" in Jiangjin; the support of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the north and low in the south" in Jiangjin; the resilience of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the south and low in the north" in Jiangjin; the sustainable development ability of villages and towns shows a spatial pattern of "high in the southwest, low in the northeast, cluster distribution". (3) We divide the sustainable development ability of villages and towns in Jiangjin into four types, including potential enhancement type, urban-rural integration promotion type, ecological security improvement type and potential-support-resilience ability comprehensive development type. Based on the principle of "ecological priority-classified control-highlight emphasis-local adaptation", the study proposes differentiated sustainable development ability improvement strategies for different types, to guide the sustainable development of villages and towns.

影响复杂地形下气温分布与变化的因素很多, 其中尤以海拔高度和地形的影响最显著。论文在前人研究的基础上，对以前的模型进行了一些改进，考虑了坡度、坡向和地形相互遮蔽作用对复杂地形下天文辐射的影响，基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据，研制了以复杂地形下天文辐射为起始数据的复杂地形下平均气温的分布式模型，在模型中还考虑了海拔高度、山区太阳总辐射、日照百分率。以地形复杂的贵州高原为例，应用100 m×100 m分辨率的DEM数据及气象站常规观测气象资料，计算了贵州高原复杂地形下各月及年的平均气温精细空间分布。结果表明：①坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽对平均气温的影响较大，由于局地地形因子的影响，复杂地形下平均气温的空间分布具有明显的地域分布特征，地形对平均气温的影响在计算时是不容忽视的；②季节不同，局地地形因子对复杂地形下平均气温空间分布的影响不同，冬半年大于夏半年。平均气温随海拔高度的增加而降低。南坡随坡度的增大而升高；北坡随坡度的增大而降低。在坡向影响上，1—5月、10—12月偏北坡月平均气温偏低，偏南坡月平均气温偏高；7—8月因太阳高度较高，因此出现相反的情况，北坡高于南坡。

The Yuanjiang River valley is one of the dry-and-hot valleys in the Hengduan mountains of Yunnan province. In comparision with other river valleys of this province the outstanding characteristics of it is both hot and dry, belonging to the semi-arid climate type, and accordingly it is endowed with profuse heat resource but with low precipitation.Here the climatic conditions are not suitable for growing such tropical plants as rubber tree, coffee, coco, and the like, but are good for the excellent species of the lac insect-Kerria sindica. The Yuanjiang valley has proved to be an ideal district for cultivation of this species of lac insect and has manifested its natural superiority in this respect.As for the exploitation of the valley, it is suggested that taking an eco-forestry way to set up plantation forest of the best of the superior lac insect host tree (Ziziphus mauritiana) as an artificial ecosystem would be more profitable.

Based on the daily data from108 meteorological stations in Southwest China during 1960 to 2011, as well as use of the monthly potential evapotranspiration and monthly precipitation data, the surface humidity index was calculated. The temporal and spatial variation characteristics of surface humidity index were analysized by using the methods of Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation in ArcGIS 9.3, moving t-test technique, climate tendency rate and Morlet wavelet. The results show that: in recent 52 years, the surface humidity index in Southwest China is decreasing in fluctuation and the decreasing rate is -0.005/10 a, which showed the slightly trend to drought. The 1990s have the greatest increase in change to wet and the anomaly value is 0.106. The 21st century witnesses the most significant increase in desiccation and the anomaly value is -0.052. Especially after 2002, surface humidity index drops significantly, the minimum value appears in 2009 and the anomaly value is 1.41. Annual humidity index exists obvious differences in space. The surface humidity index not only decreases from southeast to northwest, but also from south to north. Western Sichuan Plateau and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau are the low center value while the high value center is in the western Sichuan Basin. The area turning to be dry is larger than to be wet in the study area, correspondingly, the process of turning to be dry is more obvious than that of wet. Abrupt change analysis and Morlet wavelet power spectrum analysis indicated that surface dry and wet conditions in Southwest China have abrupt change events in 1990 and 2003 with a period 10.638 years.

Red tourism network attention degree is a typical method for measuring the performance level of red tourism development promotion, and it is also an important reflection of the influence of red tourism promotion level. This paper takes the "red tourism network attention degree" of 31 provincial-level regions as the research object, and uses the Moran index and panel vector autoregressive model to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics and the influencing factors of the red tourism network in China from 2011 to 2018. The results show: (1) The network attention of the national red tourism shows a fluctuant growth trend in the study period, and its seasonal difference is significant. (2) The national red tourism network attention shows a decreasing trend from the eastern to central and western regions, but the trend of attention in the red tourism 5A-level tourist attractions is prominent in the western region. (3) The attention of red tourism networks in the 31 provincial-level regions has significant global spatial autocorrelation. The phenomenon of "high-high" and "low-low" agglomerations is concentrated in the eastern region, and central and western region. (4) The contribution of the factors affecting red tourism network attention was ranked as follows: internet penetration rate > per capita GDP > tourism information index > regional media attention > red tourism classic scenic network attention.

作为国家“十二五”时期重点规划图书出版项目中的“重大出版工程”之一，在国家有关部门的关怀和国家出版基金的支持下，由全国600多位来自不同专业的专家以及近百名编辑工作人员历时5年编纂而成的大型工具书《中国自然资源通典》终于面世了。

In order to investigate long-term effects of deep soil desiccation on yields of dryland apple orchards, and to determine suitable age limit of apple orchards on Loess Plateau, WinEPIC model was used to simulate water productivity and deep soil desiccation of dryland apple orchards during 1965-2009 at four sites on the Loess Plateau, which included Luochuan County of Shaanxi Province in semi-humid region, Baishui County of Shaanxi Province in semi-humid and prone-to-drought region, Yan��an City of Shaanxi Province in semi-arid region, and Jingning County of Gansu Province in semi-arid and prone-to-drought region. The simu-lated results showed as follows: in Luochuan, Baishui, Yan��an and Jingning, simulated yield of 1-45 years old apple orchards averaged 26.05, 23.89, 22.29 and 20.51 t/hm², respectively, and annual yield increased to a maximum at the earlier stage of growth, then followed by the tendency of decrease fluctuating with the local rainfall. In 1-20-year-old apple orchards,average annual water consumptions are higher than annual rainfalls, which resulted in desiccation in deep soil layers. In 1-22-year-old orchards of Luochuan, 1-21-year-old orchards of Baishui, 1-18-year-old orchards of Yan��an and 1-16-year-old orchards of Jingning, simu-lated monthly available soil water amounts in 0-15 m soil profile decreased rapidly with strong fluctuation. Soil desiccation rates in Luochuan, Baishui, Yan��an and Jingning were 59.6, 56.9, 63.9 and 64.9 mm per year, respectively, but they kept at a relatively low level and fluctuated with annual and seasonal rainfall changes at the later stage. The soil moisture in profiles varied sharply, the humidity declining annually. Dry soil layers occurred in the 13th, 11th, 7th and 6th year in Luochuan, Baishui, Yan��an and Jingning respectively, and the thickness of desiccated soil layer increased annually. In the 20-year-old orchards of the four sites, dry soil layers all have already exceeded 11 m in thick, and the soil moistures in 3-15 m layers remain steady after that. There were significant differences in water productivities and soil desiccation effects among the apple orchards at the four sites, and the soil water could be sustainably used by the apple orchards at the four sites for about 20-25 years.

Artificial neural networks(ANNs)whose elements are inspired by biological nervous systems are composed of simple elements operating in parallel.Commonly neural networks are adjusted,or trained,so that a particular input leads to a specific target output.Neural networks have been trained to perform complex functions in various fields of application including predic-tion,pattern recognition,system identification,classification and optimization.Conventional statistical models fail to deal with non-linear relations among the physical factors.However,as an alternative approach,ANNs can map complex temporal and spatial pat-terns by using non-linear transfer functions.In this paper,regionalization of ecological assets is conducted by unsupervised artificial neural network,namely Self-Organizing Feature Mapping(SOFM).The field data employed as input for training represent spatial ecological features such as longitude,latitude,annual mean temperature,annual mean precipitation,aridity,biological tempera ture,assets demand index,assets scarcity,NPP of unit area and ecological value of unit area collected at84sites on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.After the iterative learning phase in the SOFM analysis,each of the84sites is associated with an output unit.Each output unit contains some of the sites and there is obvious discrete grouping of cases.The SOFM,therefore,appears to have organized the sites such that the various output units are associated with different eco-logical assets classes.In order to assess the performance of SOFM,the comparison with cluster analysis is carried out.The result indicates that the overall performance of the neural network algorithm was better than that of cluster analysis for ecological regionalization.Finally,using SCS paradigm,conver-sion from SOFM classification to ecological assets regionalization is conducted.ternsbyusingnon linearconductedbyunsupervisedSOFM.Thefielddata

Researches on the relationships between forests and″occult precip itation″(dew and fog precipitation)in foreign countries,focused on the forma tion mechanisms of dew and fog,forest canopy interception from dew and fog,in fluence of dew and fog on the distribution of species and the dynamics of vegeta tion,and its ecological effects were briefly introduced with the aim of promoti ng the studies in this field in China.According to the re ports,the dew and fo g water is one of the most important environmental factors determining the plan ts growth and dis tribution,and an important input for water balance and nutr ients cycling of the forest in cloud or fog-dominated montane regions,and its ecological effects take on many aspects.So it is essential to make further rese arch in this field and the future of ecological requires regarding occult precip i-tation should be directed towards quantify ing its hydrologic as well as its chemical significance to fog and cloud dominated ecosystems.Among the study met hods,the Dawson's work that ap-plied stable tools,using hydrogen and oxygen i sotopic 'signatures' and an iso topic mixing model that made it possible to dist inguish the plants' proportional use of deep-ground versus above-ground(i.e .precipitation and fog)water,is the best way and can be used in further resea rch.

Based on the calculation of the ecosystem service supply, demand and coordination degree in the Yellow River Basin, we comprehensively analyzed the co-variation trend of land spatial pattern and coordination degree of supply-demand in this basin. Then, correlation analysis and quantile regression were used to analyze the influence of various land spaces on the coordination degree of supply-demand, and its regional heterogeneity. The results showed that: (1) Land spatial pattern, and supply and demand of ecosystem services showed significant spatio-temporal differentiation. The upper and middle reaches of the river and the lower reach are areas with densely distributed and significantly increased productive land and living land from 2000 to 2015. The increase in supply of ecosystem service was consistent with the distribution of cultivated land and forest land, and that in demand of ecosystem service was consistent with the distribution of population density and construction land. (2) The spatio-temporal change of the coordination degree was affected by the evolution of land spatial pattern. The influence of the land spaces on the coordination degree of supply and demand was different under different coordination levels, and there was significant regional heterogeneity in different regions. (3) According to different land spaces that had an impact on the coordination degree, different areas should rationally lay out land space and formulate development policies to promote effective ecosystem management.