基于交易费用理论的新型农业经营主体与农户合作模式研究——以农业文化遗产地安溪为例

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20230503

Abstract

Abstract:

With the development of industrialization and urbanization, the production mode of small farmers has been unable to adapt to the demands and transaction traits of the large market, which has hindered the sustainable development of agriculture and the continual increase of farmers' income. Therefore, the central government of China made a series of policies to encourage the development of new agricultural management systems and cultivate new types of agribusiness (NTA) to promote the development of small-scale agriculture and the income improvement of small farmers. However, in reality, due to problems in the cooperation mode and mechanism, many NTA companies failed to play a leading role in improving incomes of small farmers. Relevant research needs to be strengthened. Taking the tea industry of the Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture system, the Globally Important Agricultural Cultural Heritage, as an example, this study used in-depth interviews and literature research to obtain relevant data and analyzed the four types of cooperation modes between NTA and small farmers related to tea industries in Anxi county to reveal the reasons for the choice of cooperation mode done by NTA based on transaction cost theory. The results show that the NTA can reduce the transaction costs at the market side and the supply side depending on stabilizing the supply of tea raw material quantity and quality by cooperating with small farmers. The cooperatives set up by the principal person of enterprises have a higher management efficiency, which can realize multilateral win-win situation. Industrial bases, development orientation and resource bases are all important factors that influence NTA's cooperation mode choices between them and farmers, leading to the phenomenon of multiple modes existing in one place. Effective supervision mechanism is the key to ensure long-term win-win cooperation between NTA and small farmers. In Anxi, NTA established a supervision mechanism between enterprises, cooperatives, farmer members or different households, and the reward-punishment mechanism, which is a reward for conscientious performance and a social punishment for breach of contract to achieve a long-term cooperation among them. The NTA can effectively promote the protection of important agricultural heritage systems by choosing appropriate mode and mechanism to cooperate with farmers.

Key words: transaction cost, new types of agribusiness, cooperation model, agricultural heritage systems, Anxi Tieguanyin

ZHANG Yong-xun, LI Xian-de, ZHANG Chang-shui. Study of the model of new types of agribusiness cooperating with small farmers based on the transaction cost theory: A case study of Tieguanyin tea industries in Anxi[J].JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2023, 38(5): 1150-1163.

Figures/Tables 6

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Table 1

Comparison of the four different cooperation models among new types of agribusiness and small farmers

合作案例	产业基础	主要风险	监督方式	激励与惩罚机制
“H公司+H合作社+农户”订单农业合作模式	H公司从事茶叶出口贸易，为饮品跨国企业CC公司供应茶叶原料	在市场端，供货不足导致违约费 $R 1$ 非常高；在供给端，要面向众多茶农，不确定性较大，需要反复寻找原料供应者并与其进行价格博弈，费用 $C s u p p l y$ 和 $C p r i c e 2$ 皆相对较高；其他收购者竞争导致农户违约造成的损失 $μ 2 R 2$ 也较大	安溪县及所在乡镇政府，CC公司和国际公平贸易认证机构，合作社社员共同监督企业和合作社；企业和合作社监督社员	与农民的合作通过合作社盈利分红、加入并通过IFAT公平贸易认证获得CC公司提供发展基金等措施，提高合作社社员激励性收益g，使得 $a - c 1 + g > b - c 2$
“G公司+G基地+农户”的茶叶生产紧密合作模式	从事茶叶种植及相关制品加工和销售，生产高端茶叶，与X公司签订茶叶供货协议	在市场端，X公司对茶叶质量要求较苛刻，增加了市场端违约概率 $μ 1$ 和原料不达标造成的违约损失 $R 1$ ；在供应端，小农户和中间商供给，难以保护质量，与企业和农户之间发生违约的概率 $μ 2$ 更高	乡村两级领导协调公司从农户流转土地，主要领导人背书；派专职管理人员对工人工作质量进行检查；送第三方机构检测产品质量	采取联作制，与15户一组的小组签约，小组内有一户违约，公司拒绝收购整个小组的毛茶以增加农户违约的社会性惩罚f，使得 $a - c 1 > b - c 2 - f$ ，来降低农户违约概率 $μ 2$
“L公司+L合作社+农户”的茶叶生产松散合作模式	从事茶叶种植、加工、销售等经济活动，生产有机、绿色高端茶叶	公司销售渠道不稳定，寻找市场费用 $C m a r k e t$ 和价格谈判成本 $C p r i c e 1$ 均较大，市场端违约损失 $R 1$ 较高；供应端 $C s u p p l y$ 和 $C p r i c e 2$ 也较高，农民违约率 $μ 2$ 和违约损失 $R 2$ 都较高	安溪县及所在乡镇政府监督与管理L公司和J合作社；L公司和J合作社对社员进行全程监督，合作社分厂相互监督	分类定价，通过市场调节，控制茶叶质量
“DF合作社+农户”的多样化经营合作模式	铁观音制作技艺非遗产传承人主打传统手工茶，自有茶园为老茶园，位于核心区，景观较好	市场端形成了全国茶叶代理销售制，市场较稳定，违约影响品牌信誉，重建市场费用 $C m a r k e t$ 和 $C p r i c e 1$ 的增加；供应端 $C s u p p l y$ 和 $C p r i c e 2$ 较高，茶园景观、民宿等旅游产品无法形成	合作社与农户合作接受安溪县及所在乡镇政府的监督与管理；专门的管理人员对每道工序的工作质量进行监管	茶叶按质量分等收购，按岗位技术水平定工资，多途径给予认真履约农户以激励g，又增强了不认真履约农户接受其他农户谴责或踢出合作社的社会性惩罚f，使得 $a - c 1 + g > b - c 2 - f$ ，降低农户违约概率 $μ 2$

Table 1

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Study of the model of new types of agribusiness cooperating with small farmers based on the transaction cost theory: A case study of Tieguanyin tea industries in Anxi

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