承载力概念的源起与发展：基于资源环境视角的讨论

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20170967

Abstract

Abstract: Understanding the genesis and evolution of the concept of carrying capacity scientifically is of great scientific value and realistic significance to carry out theoretical investigation and practical research of resources and environmental carrying capacity (RECC). With the perspective of natural resources and environment, in this paper, starting from the terminology of ecological carrying capacity established based on the maximum biomass of individual species, the terminology of resources carrying capacity (RCC) developed based on the relationship of human population and natural resources, to the terminology of environmental carrying capacity formed based on the relationship of human population and environment, and then to the integrated term of RECC oriented to regional sustainable development, the genesis and evolution process of RECC were comprehensively summarized in a longitudinal fashion. This preliminary review paper was typically relied on the currently available historical English literatures (e.g. published papers, books and reports) as well as some literatures in Chinese. This review paper showed that the term of Carrying Capacity originated in the fields of engineering and mechanism which belong to the study of Physics in 1840s. It then achieved continuous but controversial development in Ecology, Geography, Resource Science and Environmental Science. To our knowledge, the concept of RECC can be mirrored in the studies of energy carrying capacity and carrying capacity of animal husbandry in the earlier 1900s. It was not until the late 1940s that the examination of land carrying capacity symbolized the born of RCC. In the late 1990s, a comprehensive concept of carrying capacity or RECC was reported occasionally without gaining too much public attention. However, strictly speaking, the related analysis of RECC in China was just started in the early 2000s. Overall, the RECC related studies in China are currently at their developing stage featured by concept discussion and qualitative analysis, although the concept of RECC has gained much attention from national decision-making departments. In contrast, similar studies of RECC are seldom reported abroad. Entering the 21st century, labelled as an important indicator for describing the restriction degree of development, the practical importance of the RECC related studies is gaining and/or will gain more and more attention from the scientific community of natural resources and environment as well as the central government. For example, there were several projects supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China during 2016-2018. However, the concept of carrying capacity has seemingly become a ready-made panacea which is widely generalized in many research aspects or has a conceptualization tendency. In terms of these issues, it is necessary to clarify and rectify the genesis and evolution of RECC thoroughly and strengthen continuous studies of RECC from the perspectives of scientific connotation and theoretical basis, technical approaches and model parameters, as well as the standardization for practical utilization.

Key words: carrying capacity, ecological carrying capacity, environmental carrying capacity, resources and environmental carrying capacity, resources carrying capacity

CLC Number:

FENG Zhi-ming, LI Peng. The Genesis and Evolution of the Concept of Carrying Capacity: A View of Natural Resources and Environment[J].JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2018, 33(9): 1475-1489.

References

[1] KENNEDY D, NORMAN C.What don’t we know?[J]. Science, 2005, 309(5731): 75.
[2] STOKSTAD E.Will Malthus continue to be wrong?[J]. Science, 2005, 309(5731): 102.
[3] DAILY G C, EHRLICH P R.Population, sustainability, and Earth’s carrying capacity[J]. BioScience, 1992, 42(10): 761-771.
[4] COHEN J E.Population growth and earth’s human carrying capacity[J]. Science, 1995, 269(5222): 341.
[5] United Nations.World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision[M]. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2015.
[6] LUTZ W, SANDERSON W, SCHERBOV S.Doubling of world population unlikely[J]. Nature, 1997, 387(6635): 803-805.
[7] GERLAND P, RAFTERY A E, ŠEVČÍKOVÁ H, et al. World population stabilization unlikely this century[J]. Science, 2014, 346(6206): 234-237.
[8] GODWIN W.Of Population: An Enquiry Concerning the Power of Increase in the Numbers of Mankind, Being an Answer to Mr. Malthus’s Essay on that Subject[M]. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1820: 626.
[9] GLACKEN C J.Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century [M]. Berkley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967.
[10] BROWN L R.Who Will Feed China? Wake-up Call for a Small Planet[M]. London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1995: 257.
[11] PRICE D.Carrying capacity reconsidered[J]. Population and Environment, 1999, 21(1): 5-26.
[12] 樊杰, 王亚飞, 汤青, 等. 全国资源环境承载能力监测预警(2014版)学术思路与总体技术流程[J]. 地理科学, 2015, 35(1): 1-10.
[FAN J, WANG Y F, TANG Q, et al.Academic thought and technical progress of monitoring and early-warning of the national resources and environment carrying capacity (V 2014). Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(1): 1-10. ]
[13] DHONDT A A.Carrying capacity: A confusing concept[J]. Acta Oecologica, 1988, 9(4): 337-346.
[14] HARDIN G.Carrying capacity as an ethical concept[J]. Soundings, 1976, 59(1): 120-137.
[15] CLARKE A L.Assessing the carrying capacity of the Florida Keys[J]. Population & Environment, 2002, 23(4): 405-418.
[16] BRUSH S B.The concept of carrying capacity for systems of shifting cultivation[J]. American Anthropologist, 1975, 77(4): 799-811.
[17] BOULDING K E.The economics of the coming spaceship earth [M]// JARRETT H. Environmental Quality Issues in a Growing Economy. Baltimore, MD, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966: 3-14.
[18] SAYRE N F.The genesis, history, and limits of carrying capacity[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2008, 98(1): 120-134.
[19] SEIDL I, TISDELL C A.Carrying capacity reconsidered: From Malthus’ population theory to cultural carrying capacity[J]. Ecological Economics, 1999, 31(3): 395-408.
[20] 封志明, 杨艳昭, 闫慧敏, 等. 百年来的资源环境承载力研究: 从理论到实践[J]. 资源科学, 2017, 39(3): 379-395.
[FENG Z M, YANG Y Z, YAN H M, et al.A review of resources and environment carrying capacity research since the 20th Century: From theory to practice. Resources Science, 2017, 39(3): 379-395. ]
[21] 张林波, 李文华, 刘孝富, 等. 承载力理论的起源、发展与展望[J]. 生态学报, 2009, 29(2): 878-888.
[ZHANG L B, LI W H, LIU X F, et al.Carrying capacity: Origin, development and prospective. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(2): 878-888. ]
[22] Electric railroads in Paris [J]. Science, 1881, 2(72): 526-527.
[23] 封志明. 资源科学导论 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2004: 451.
[FENG Z M.An Introduction of Resource Science. Beijing: Science Press, 2004: 451. ]
[24] GABB W M. On the topography and geology of Santo Domingo [J]. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1873, 15(1): 49-259.
[25] THOMSON G M. Acclimatization in New Zealand [J]. Science, 1886, 8(197): 426-430.
[26] PFAUNDLER L.Die Weltwirtschaft im Lichte der Physik[J]. Deutsche Revue, 1902, 22(2): 171-182.
[27] United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture 1906[M]. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1907: 765.
[28] HADWEN I A S, PALMER L J. Reindeer in Alaska [R]. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1922.
[29] REES W E.Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity: What urban economics leaves out[J]. Environment and Urbanization, 1992, 4(2): 121-130.
[30] ROUGHGARDEN J.Theory of Population Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology: An Introduction[M]. New York, United States: Macmillan, 1979: 634.
[31] ARROW K, BOLIN B, COSTANZA R, et al.Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment[J]. Science. 1995, 268(5210): 520-521.
[32] HOLE C D.Thesis on Grazing Survey of Private Lands of Eastern Oregon Carrying Capacity Estimates [D]. School of Forestry, Oregon State Agricultural College, 1937.
[33] The rainfall of the Pacific slope [J]. Science, 1889, 13(332): 457-458.
[34] STORM E V.Carrying Capacity Studies of Cattle Range [D]. Corvallis, Oregon, US: Oregon State University, 1920.
[35] LEOPOLD A.Game Management[M]. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933.
[36] ERRINGTON P L.Vulnerability of Bob-White populations to predation[J]. Ecology, 1934, 15(2): 110-127.
[37] LINDBERG K, MCCOOL S, STANKEY G.Rethinking carrying capacity[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 1997, 24(2): 461-465.
[38] HARDIN G.Cultural carrying capacity: A biological approach to human problems[J]. BioScience, 1986, 36(9): 599-606.
[39] CHIDUMAYO E N.A shifting cultivation land use system under population pressure in Zambia[J]. Agroforestry Systems, 1987, 5(1): 15-25.
[40] MCLEOD S R.Is the concept of carrying capacity useful in variable environments?[J]. Oikos, 1997, 79(3): 529-542.
[41] SCARNECCHIA D L.Concepts of carrying capacity and substitution ratios: A systems viewpoint[J]. Journal of Range Management, 1990, 43(6): 553-555.
[42] VALENTINE K A.Distance from water as a factor in grazing capacity of rangeland[J]. Journal of Forestry, 1947, 45(10): 749-754.
[43] PAULY D, CHRISTENSEN V.Primary production required to sustain global fisheries[J]. Nature, 1995, 374(6519): 255.
[44] LEOPOLD A.The River of the Mother of God: And Other Essays by Aldo Leopold [M]. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1941.
[45] LEOPOLD A.Wildlife in American culture[J]. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 1943, 7(1): 1-6.
[46] 封志明. 土地承载力研究的起源与发展[J]. 资源科学, 1993, 15(6): 74-79.
[FENG Z M.The origin and development of land carrying capacity. Resources Science, 1993, 15(6): 74-79. ]
[47] 石玉林, 李立贤, 石竹筠. 我国土地资源利用的几个战略问题[J]. 自然资源学报, 1989, 4(2): 97-105.
[SHI Y L, LI L X, SHI Z Y.Several strategic problems of land use in China. Journal of Natural Resources, 1989, 4(2): 97-105. ]
[48] 陆大道, 郭来喜. 地理学的研究核心——人地关系地域系统——论吴传钧院士的地理学思想与学术贡献[J]. 地理学报, 1998, 53(2): 97-105.
[LU D D, GUO L X.Man-earth areal system—The core of geographical study—On the geographical thoughts and academic contributions of academician Wu Chuanjun. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1998, 53(2): 97-105. ]
[49] 夏军, 朱一中. 水资源安全的度量: 水资源承载力的研究与挑战[J]. 自然资源学报, 2002, 17(3): 262-269.
[XIA J, ZHU Y Z.The measurement of water resources security: A study and chanllenge on water resources carrying capacity. Journal of Natural Resources, 2002, 17(3): 262-269. ]
[50] 施雅风, 曲耀光. 乌鲁木齐河流域水资源承载力及其合理利用 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1992: 220.
[SHI Y F, QU Y G.The Carrying Capacity of Water Resources and Its Reasonable Use of Urumqi River. Beijing: Science Press, 1992: 220. ]
[51] 牟海省, 刘昌明. 我国城市设置与区域水资源承载力协调研究刍议[J]. 地理学报, 1994, 49(4): 338-344.
[MOU H S, LIU C M.A preliminary study on the coordination between regional water resources and its new cities’ setting up in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1994, 49(4): 338-344. ]
[52] VOGT W.Road to Survival[M]. New York: William Sloan, 1948: 335.
[53] EHRLICH P R, EHRLISH A.The Population Bomb[M]. San Francisco: Sierra Club/Ballantine Books, 1968: 201.
[54] 马寅初. 新人口论[M]. 北京: 中国人口出版社, 1957: 80.
[MA Y C. New Population Theory.Beijing: China Population Publishing House, 1957: 80. ]
[55] ALLAN W.Studies in African Land Usage in Northern Rhodesia [M]. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1949.
[56] STREET J M.An evaluation of the concept of carrying capacity[J]. The Professional Geographer, 1969, 21(2): 104-107.
[57] LI P, FENG Z M, JIANG L G, et al.A review of swidden agriculture in Southeast Asia[J]. Remote Sensing, 2014, 6(2): 1654-1683.
[58] LI P, FENG Z M.Extent and aea of Swidden in montane mainland Southeast Asia: Estimation by multi-step thresholds with Landsat-8 OLI data[J]. Remote Sensing, 2016, 8(1),: 44. doi: 10.3390/rs8010044.
[59] LI P, FENG Z M.Monitoring phenological stages of swiddening in northern Laos during the dry season[C]// Proceedings Volume 9260, Land Surface Remote Sensing II. Beijing: International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2014. doi: 10.1117/12.2068822.
[60] CONKLIN H C.Hanunoo agriculture: A report on an integral system of shifting cultivation in the Philippines [R]. Roma: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 1957.
[61] CONKLIN H C.The study of shifting cultivation[J]. Current Anthropology, 1961, 2(1): 27-61.
[62] California Office of State Engineer. Irrigation Development: History, Customs, Laws, and Administrative Systems Relating to Irrigation, Water-courses, and Waters in France, Italy, and Spain[M]: State Office, James J. Ayers, Superintendent State Print, 1886: 622.
[63] JACK R L.Artesian water in the western interior of Queensland [R]. Queensland, Australia: Department of Mines, 1895.
[64] 徐中民, 程国栋. 运用多目标决策分析技术研究黑河流域中游水资源承载力[J]. 兰州大学学报(自然科学版), 2000, 36(2): 122-132.
[XU Z M, CHENG G D.A study on the water resources carrying capacity by using the method of multiobjective optimization model: Taking the Heihe River as an example. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences), 2000, 36(2): 122-132. ]
[65] 王浩. 西北地区水资源合理配置和承载能力研究 [M]. 郑州: 黄河水利出版社, 2003: 242.
[WANG H.Research on Reasonable Water Allocation and Bearing Capacity of Water in Northwest Area. Zhengzhou: The Yellow River Water Conservancy Press, 2003: 242. ]
[66] REES W E.Revisiting carrying capacity: Area-based indicators of sustainability[J]. Population and Environment, 1996, 17(3): 195-215.
[67] MILLINGTON R, GIFFORD R.Energy and How We Live[M]. Committee for Man and Biosphere, 1973.
[68] HIGGINS G M, KASSAM A H, NAIKEN L, et al.Potential Population Supporting Capacities of Lands in the Developing World[M]. Roma, Italia: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 1982.
[69] UNESCO, FAO.Carrying capacity assessment with a pilot study of Kenya: A resource accounting methodology for sustainable development [R]. Paris and Rome: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization, 1986.
[70] 陈百明. 中国土地资源生产能力及人口承载量研究 [M]. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 1991: 1551.
[CHEN B M.Study on the Productive Capacity and Population Carrying Capacity of Land Resources in China. Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 1991: 1551. ]
[71] WACKERNAGEL M, REES W.Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth[M]. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, 1998: 165.
[72] CAIRNS JR J.Aquatic ecosystem assimilative capacity[J]. Fisheries, 1977, 2(2): 5-7.
[73] ERRINGTON P L.Notes on food habits of southern Wisconsin house cats[J]. Journal of Mammalogy, 1936, 17(1): 64-65.
[74] GRIFFIN D R.Stomach contents of Atlantic harbor seals[J]. Journal of Mammalogy, 1936, 17(1): 65-66.
[75] ODUM E P, ODUM H T.Fundamentals of Ecology[M]. Philadephie: Saunders, 1953.
[76] TAYLOR D R, AARSSEN L W, LOEHLE C.On the relationship between r/K selection and environmental carrying capacity: A new habitat templet for plant life history strategies[J]. Oikos, 1990, 58(2): 239-250.
[77] GOLDBERG E D.Assimilative capacity of US coastal waters for pollutants: Overview and summary [R]. WA: NOAA Working Paper, 1979.
[78] CAIRNS JR J.Assimilative capacity—The key to sustainable use of the planet[J]. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, 1999, 6(4): 259-263.
[79] BAUER D P, STEELE T D, ANDERSON R D.Analysis of waste-load assimilative capacity of the Yampa River, Steamboat Springs to Hayden, Routt County, Colorado [R]. Water-Resources Investigations Report 77-119. US Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, 1978.
[80] STEBBING A.Environmental capacity and the precautionary principle[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1992, 24(6): 287-295.
[81] PEARCE D.The limits of cost-benefit analysis as a guide to environmental policy[J]. Kyklos, 1976, 29(1): 97-112.
[82] PORTMANN J E, LLOYD R.Safe use of the assimilative capacity of the marine environment for waste disposal—Is it feasible?[J]. Water Science and Technology, 1986, 18(4/5): 233-244.
[83] HUANG S L, CHEN C W.A system dynamics approach to the simulation of urban sustainability[J]. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 1999, 34: 15-24. doi: 10.2495/ECO990021.
[84] WEILAND U, RICHTER M, KASPERIDUS H D.Environmental management and planning in urban regions—Are there differences between growth and shrinkage?[J]. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 2005, 84: 441-450. doi: 10.2495/SPD050431.
[85] PRAVDIĆ V.Environmental capacity—Is a new scientific concept acceptable as a strategy to combat marine pollution?[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1985, 16(7): 295-296.
[86] 唐剑武, 郭怀成, 叶文虎. 环境承载力及其在环境规划中的初步应用[J]. 中国环境科学, 1997, 17(1): 6-9.
[TANG J W, GUO H C, YE W H.Environmental bearing capacity and its application on environmental planning. China Environmental Science, 1997, 17(1): 6-9. ]
[87] BISHOP A B.Carrying Capacity in Regional Environmental Management[M]. Washington, DC, USA: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1974.
[88] DALY H E.Carrying capacity as a tool of development policy: The Ecuadoran Amazon and the Paraguayan Chaco[J]. Ecological Economics, 1990, 2(3): 187-195.
[89] BRINSON M M, BRADSHAW H D, KANE E S.Nutrient assimilative capacity of an alluvial floodplain swamp[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1984: 1041-1057.
[90] 刘殿生. 资源与环境综合承载力分析[J]. 环境科学研究, 1995, 8(5): 7-12.
[LIU D S.Comprehensive load-bearing capacity of research and environment. Research of Environmental Sciences, 1995, 8(5): 7-12. ]
[91] 封志明, 杨艳昭, 江东, 等. 自然资源资产负债表编制与资源环境承载力评价[J]. 生态学报, 2016, 36(22): 7140-7145.
[FENG Z M, YANG Y Z, JIANG D, et al.The compilation of natural resources balance sheets (NRBS) and the evaluation of resources and environment carrying capacity (RECC). Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(22): 7140-7145. ]
[92] 高晓路, 陈田, 樊杰. 汶川地震灾后重建地区的人口容量分析[J]. 地理学报, 2010, 65(2): 164-176.
[GAO X L, CHEN T, FAN J.Population capacity in the Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction areas. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(2): 164-176. ]
[93] 邓伟. 重建规划的前瞻性: 基于资源环境承载力的布局[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2009, 24(1): 28-33.
[DENG W.The prospective study of reconstruction planning after ‘Wenchuan earthquake’: Based on the distribution of resource and environment carrying capability. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2009, 24(1): 28-33. ]
[94] 齐亚彬. 资源环境承载力研究进展及其主要问题剖析[J]. 中国国土资源经济, 2005(5): 7-11.
[QI Y B.The present situation of resource environmental bearing capacity research and analysis of its main problems. Natural Resource Economics of China, 2005(5): 7-11. ]
[95] 樊杰, 周侃, 王亚飞. 全国资源环境承载能力预警(2016版)的基点和技术方法进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(3): 266-276.
[FAN J, ZHOU K, WANG Y F.Basic points and progress in technical methods of early-warning of the national resource and environmental carrying capacity (V 2016). Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(3): 266-276. ]
[96] 陈百明. 中国农业资源综合生产能力与人口承载能力 [M]. 北京: 气象出版社, 2001: 417.
[CHEN B M.Comprehensive Production Capacity of Agricultural Resources and population Carrying Capacity in China. Beijing: Meteorological Press, 2001: 417. ]

The Genesis and Evolution of the Concept of Carrying Capacity: A View of Natural Resources and Environment

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Like

Knowledge

Cited

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 15

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 0

[1]	HAO Qing, DENG Ling, FENG Zhi-ming. The "Double Evaluation" under the context of spatial planning: Wicked problems and restricted rationality [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(3): 541-551.
[2]	SUN Yong-sheng, TONG Lian-jun. Comprehensive evaluation of resources and environment carrying capacity in restricted development zone of Jilin province [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(3): 634-645.
[3]	XI Xi, DING Zan, YE Run-qing, NIU Rui-qing. Evaluation of geological environment carrying capacity of Huangshi city based on FCE-AHP [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(3): 646-658.
[4]	QU Lu-lu, WANG Yong-sheng, LIU Yan-sui, MA Qing. Evaluation of water and land resources system bearing capacity and path optimization for rural revitalization [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(2): 300-314.
[5]	LIU Yu-jie, DAI Liang, ZHANG Jie, FENG Zhi-ming, PAN Tao, GE Quan-sheng. Research on monitoring resource carrying capacity: Taking Three-Rivers Region in Tibet as an example [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2020, 35(7): 1699-1713.
[6]	CHEN Xian-peng, FANG Kai, PENG Jian, LIU Ai-yuan. New insights into assessing the carrying capacity of resources and the environment: The origin, development and prospects of the planetary boundaries framework [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2020, 35(3): 513-531.
[7]	ZHANG Shu-hai, RUAN Duan-bin. Evaluation of resources and environment carrying capacity from the perspective of resource cross-regional mobility: A dynamic evaluation framework and practice [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2020, 35(10): 2358-2370.
[8]	WANG Jing, YUAN Xin-yi, CHEN Ye, FANG Ying, ZHAI Tian-lin, SONG Zi-qiu. Evaluation method and application for resources-environment carrying capacity towards sustainable urban ecosystem management: A case study of Yantai city [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2020, 35(10): 2371-2384.
[9]	XIANG Guang-xin, FU Jin-hao, ZENG Li-ting, JIANG Xing-xiang, ZENG Yi. Demarcation technology of urban development boundary based on evaluation of carrying capacity of resources environment and suitability of land space development: A case study of the central city of Xiangtan county [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2020, 35(10): 2401-2414.
[10]	WU Da-fang, HU Yue, LIU Yan-yan, LIU Yi-hua. Empirical study on the coupling coordination between development intensity and resources-and-environment carrying capacity of core cities in Pearl River Delta [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2020, 35(1): 82-94.
[11]	ZHANG Ning-ning, SU Xiao-ling, ZHOU Yun-zhe, NIU Ji-ping. Water resources carrying capacity evaluation of the Yellow River Basin based on EFAST weight algorithm [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(8): 1759-1770.
[12]	XU Zeng-rang, JIN Ming-ming, ZHENG Xin, WEI Zi-qian. Causes for human-wildlife conflict on Changtang Plateau in Tibet [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(7): 1521-1530.
[13]	Qing HAO, Zhi-ming FENG, Yan-zhao YANG, He ZHU. Evaluation on land carrying capacity of Tibet based on dietary nutrients:Present and prospects [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(5): 911-920.
[14]	Wei WANG, Hui-min YAN, Yan-zhao YANG, Wen-peng DU. Evaluation of land resources carrying capacity of Tibetan counties based on dietary nutritional demand [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(5): 921-933.
[15]	CHEN Xiao-yu-jing, WU Yan-hong, XIA Jian-xin. Dynamic monitoring and early warning of resources and environment carrying capacity in Gansu, China [J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(11): 2378-2388.