
自然资源领域生态产品价值实现的多主体协同机制与路径
Multi-agent collaborative mechanism and path for realizing the value of ecological products in the field of natural resources
自然资源领域生态产品价值实现是践行“两山”转化理念、促进生态效益与经济发展的关键路径。现有的生态产品价值实现机制和地方实践模式存在治理主体单一、参与主体驱动力不足等问题。因此,借助多主体协同治理理论,解析自然资源领域生态产品价值实现的理论逻辑,据此设计以自然资源领域生态产品“生产—供应—销售”机制、自然资源领域生态产品价值共创机制和自然资源领域生态产品信息交流机制为核心要件的自然资源领域生态产品价值实现多主体协同机制,基于多主体协同机制的提出,拓展土地资源生态产品、水资源生态产品、森林资源生态产品、湿地资源生态产品的价值实现新模式。以自然资源领域生态产品价值实现的多主体协同机制为指引,创建多元主体共治的生态产品价值实现新格局。
The realization of the value of ecological products in the field of natural resources is a key path to implement the transformation concept of "two mountains" and promote ecological benefits and economic development. The existing ecological product value realization mechanism and local practice mode have problems such as single governance subject and insufficient driving force of participating subject. Therefore, this paper analyzes the theoretical logic of ecological product value realization in the field of natural resources with the help of multi-agent collaborative governance theory. Based on this, a multi-agent collaborative mechanism for realizing the value of ecological products in the field of natural resources is designed with the "production-supply-sales" mechanism, the value co-creation mechanism of ecological products in the field of natural resources and the information exchange mechanism of ecological products in the field of natural resources as the core elements. This will help expand the value realization model of land resource ecological products, water resource ecological products, forest resource ecological products, wetland resource ecological products. Guided by the multi-subject cooperative mechanism of ecological product value realization in the field of natural resources, we create a new pattern of ecological product value realization with multi-subject co-governance.
生态产品价值实现 / 多主体 / 自然资源 / 协同机制 {{custom_keyword}} /
realizing the value of ecological products / multi-agent / natural resources / collaborative mechanism {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 自然资源领域生态产品分类及典型生态产品Table 1 Classification of ecological products in natural resources field |
实体形态 | 分类 | 典型生态产品 |
---|---|---|
物质性生态产品 | 物质供给类 | 粮食作物、经济作物、木材、药材、生活生产用水、海产品、生态能源等 |
非物质性生态产品 | 调节服务类 | 涵养水源、调节气候、固碳释氧、土壤保持、环境净化、调洪蓄水、防风固沙等 |
文化服务类 | 生态旅游、康养、自然教育与精神健康等 | |
生态资源权益类 | 碳排放权、排污权、用水权、用能权、绿色金融产品等 |
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【目的】地方经验上升为国家政策是中国公共政策研究的重要议题,现有研究主要关注经济政策与社会政策的上升与扩散,缺乏对多重属性政策创新扩散完整过程的考察。【方法】基于政策创新扩散视角,聚焦兼具经济社会双重政策属性的生态产品价值实现政策,尝试构建此类政策创新扩散的分析框架,深入考察中国首个生态产品价值实现机制试点城市浙江丽水地方经验创新扩散的完整过程,以厘清生态产品价值实现地方经验上升为国家政策的动态机制。【结果】研究发现:①经济社会双重属性的存在为生态产品价值实现政策的创新扩散营造合规空间,从而在中央与地方的双向推动下呈现特殊创新扩散机理。②生态产品价值实现地方创新受经济社会发展需求、政策企业家、自然资源禀赋的内部推动及政策网络中纵向环境与横向经验的外部形塑。③生态产品价值实现地方经验的上升表现为螺旋上升机制,正式科层制度与半结构化制度捷径是内嵌于这一机制的两大核心架构。【结论】基于此,在未来生态产品价值实现地方经验的创新扩散中应充分发挥政策企业家作用,因地制宜把握并创造政策网络中横向、纵向交流机会,并争取正式科层制的支撑,从而实现降低改革成本,推动生态文明建设的目标。
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[Objective] The transformation of local experiences into national policies is an important topic in China’s public policy research. The existing research mainly focuses on the transformation and diffusion of economic and social policies, and lacks the investigation of the whole process of multi-attribute policy innovation and diffusion. [Methods] From the perspective of policy innovation and diffusion, this study focused on the ecological product value realization policy with dual economic and social policy attributes, built an analytical framework for such policy innovation and diffusion, and conducted an in-depth investigation on the complete process of policy innovation and diffusion of ecological product value realization in Lishui City of Zhejiang Province, as China’s first pilot city of ecological product value realization. [Results] The results show that: (1) The existence of dual economic and social attributes created a compliance space for the innovation and diffusion of policies of ecological product value realization, thus presenting a special innovation and diffusion mechanism under the two-way promotion of the central and local governments. (2) The local innovation of ecological product value realization was shaped by the internal driving factors of the needs for economic and social development, policy entrepreneurs, as well as natural resources endowment, and the external influence of vertical environment and horizontal experience in the policy network. (3) The transformation of ecological product value realization policy showed a spiral rising mechanism. The formal bureaucratic system and the semi-structured system shortcut were the two core structures embedded in this mechanism. [Conclusion] Based on this, the role of policy entrepreneurs in the innovation and diffusion of local experience in realizing the value of ecological products in the future must be valued. Local governments should seize and create opportunities for communication horizontally and vertically in the policy network according to local conditions, and strive for seeking the support of formal bureaucracy, in order to achieve the goal of reducing reform costs and promoting the construction of ecological civilization. {{custom_citation.content}}
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Marine ranch is an important measure to promote the transformation and upgrading of marine fisheries and the construction of marine ecological civilization. The product value realization mechanism of its blue carbon sink is the key link to transform “green water and green mountains” into “golden mountains and silver mountains”. However, problems such as lack of multi-stakeholder participation, insufficient return of ecological value enhancement, and deviation of intertemporal value transformation seriously restrict the sustainable operation of the value realization mechanism of marine ranch blue carbon sink ecological products in China. In view of these, this study designed a product value realization mechanism of marine ranch blue carbon sink, which covers multiple heterogeneous subjects including the government, fishery enterprises, carbon trading centers, banks, and third-party service institutions using various tools of blue carbon sink trading and blue carbon sink pledge credit. The current income and future income can be converted in this mechanism and fishery enterprises’ time preference is also taken into account. The conclusions are as follows. The time preference of fishery enterprises has an effect on the marketization of the value realization mechanism of marine ranch blue carbon sink, and it has the most significant impact on the strategy choice of fishery enterprises, followed by the third-party service institutions and the government. In the direct realization mechanism, the higher the subsidy amount and environmental protection tax, the more conducive it is to promoting the development of marine ranching and its blue carbon sink market. Compared with subsidy, environmental protection tax is more powerful. The higher the blue carbon sink price the higher the fishing enterprises’ willingness to adopt the marine ranching model, but it promotes first and then suppresses the willingness of third-party service institutions to carry out blue carbon pledge credit business. In the indirect realization mechanism, the lower the credit risk and the higher the pledge rate, the more conducive it is to promoting the orderly development of marine ranching and its blue carbon sink market. The credit incentives and liquidated damages should be moderate. Too high or too low credit incentives and liquidated damages are not conducive to the healthy development of marine ranching and its blue carbon sink market. {{custom_citation.content}}
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全面推进乡村振兴,加快农业农村现代化建设,已成为中国全面建成小康社会后的重大战略。作为乡村振兴的主战场,也是绿水青山和自然资源的集中分布区域,中国广大农业农村地区蕴含着丰富的生态产品。在乡村振兴和农业农村现代化建设新形势下,如何通过推动生态产品价值的实现,从而促进乡村振兴成为目前的重要课题,尤其是实现模式路径的研究更是重要。文章在系统阐述生态产品概念内涵、基本特征基础上,提出了乡村振兴视域下的市场路径、政府路径、公益路径、“政府+市场”路径、“政府+公益”路径、“市场+公益”路径等6种生态产品价值实现的主要路径。同时,文章提出了生态保护补偿、生态资源指标和产权交易、绿色金融、生态农业产业化、生态旅游和特色文化产业化、生态修复与保值增值等6类实践模式。此外,文章还结合当前工作实际,提出了政府主导、市场需求、科技支撑、公众参与消费等4大类,以及空间分区、产权管理、核算评估等12小类生态产品价值实现机制。研究成果可为生态产品价值实现、乡村振兴和农业农村现代化建设提供参考,也将为继农业、工业、服务业后的“第四产业”——“生态产业”的培育提供参考,助推乡村生态优势真正转化为发展优势,实现区域经济社会发展与资源环境保护的双赢。
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统一用途管制是自然资源管理的宏观核心目标。目前自然资源用途管制中仍存在事权划分不清、管制指标维度不一、管制空间重叠、监督评价不足等问题,需从管制逻辑框架和系统构成的层面进行综合研究。逻辑框架法是一种从问题出发,将宏观目标转换为具体目标和措施的有效方法。借助逻辑框架法思路,在分析自然资源用途管制基本内涵的基础上,建立自然资源用途管制的“宏观目标—具体目标—问题提出—管制措施—评价监管”的逻辑框架关系,同时在自然资源用途管制具体措施和评价监督等方面提出相关建议。
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Unifying the use regulation is the core objective of natural resources management. However, there remain several problems in current use regulation of natural resources, including unclear division of authority, non-uniform dimension of indexes, overlap of regulatory space, lacking of supervision and assessment. These problems are necessary to be synthetically researched from logical framework and systematic compositions of use regulation. The logical framework approach (LFA) is a method that starts from problems and converts broad objectives to specific goals and measures. Applying this approach, this paper built the logical framework of "broad objectives-specific goals-problems posing-regulatory measures-assessment and supervision" based on the analysis of fundamental connotation for use regulation of natural resources. Finally, it offered suggestions on specific measures, assessment and supervision of natural resources management. {{custom_citation.content}}
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苏伟忠, 周佳, 彭棋, 等. 长江三角洲跨界流域生态产品交易机制: 以天目湖流域为例. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37(6): 1598-1608.
生态价值多元化实现是落实区域一体化生态保护格局的经济政策保障。针对当前生态产品交易制度不完善与市场活跃度问题,以天目湖流域水质净化服务产品为例,提出一条生态保护市场化与生态产品增值的双向促进道路:基于长序列监测数据与水文水质过程模型,提出流域生态保护基准概念及其约束下生态产品交易边界,精准核算基准年水质净化产品的可交易量为1.37 t,基准价格为1186.71万元/t/年;面向近10年产品实际供需主体的内在联系,揭示了“三类五种”生态产品交易机制类型,并选择设计了低端产品退出—高端产品激励的典型交易模式。生态产品交易实施为研究区生态价值实现提供市场化路径,为国内同类地区一体化生态保护格局保障提供思路。
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曹港程, 沈金生. 海洋牧场碳汇资源生态补偿标准. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37(12): 3153-3166.
海洋牧场建设是中国扩增海洋碳汇,实现碳中和战略目标的有效途径。碳汇具有明显的外部性,只有确定合理的补偿标准才能调动海洋牧场建设经营者积极性。以海洋牧场中藻类、贝类、鱼类、甲壳及其他类经济性碳汇资源为研究对象,利用最优化模型核算了碳汇资源生态价值的补偿标准。研究结果表明:藻类、贝类、鱼类、甲壳及其他类的生态补偿标准分别为134.94元/t、820.05元/t、782.39元/t、3764.16元/t,补偿标准存在种类间差异性。研究结果可为优化当前海洋牧场生态补偿政策提供理论参考。
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