基于交易费用理论的新型农业经营主体与农户合作模式研究——以农业文化遗产地安溪为例

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20230503

自然资源学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5): 1150-1163.doi: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20230503

• “新时期遗产地保护传承的理论与实践创新”专栏 • 上一篇下一篇

基于交易费用理论的新型农业经营主体与农户合作模式研究——以农业文化遗产地安溪为例

张永勋¹(), 李先德¹(), 张长水²

1.中国农业科学院农业经济与发展研究所，北京 100081
2.安溪县农业农村局，安溪 362499

收稿日期:2022-05-29 修回日期:2022-09-18 出版日期:2023-05-28 发布日期:2023-05-15
通讯作者: 李先德（1964- ），男，湖北监利人，博士，研究员，博士生导师，主要从事农业文化遗产农民增收机制、国际农业经济与贸易、全球粮食安全研究。E-mail: gjmy6160@caas.cn
作者简介:张永勋（1983- ），男，河南光山人，博士，副研究员，主要从事可持续农业与乡村发展、食物与营养安全、农业文化遗产保护与发展研究。E-mail: zhangyongxun@caas.cn
基金资助:
中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目(10-IAED-04-2023);中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目(10-IAED-ZD-02-2023)

Study of the model of new types of agribusiness cooperating with small farmers based on the transaction cost theory: A case study of Tieguanyin tea industries in Anxi

ZHANG Yong-xun¹(), LI Xian-de¹(), ZHANG Chang-shui²

1. Institute of Agricultural Economics and Development, CAAS, Beijing 100081, China
2. Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Anxi County, Anxi 362499, Fujian, China

Received:2022-05-29 Revised:2022-09-18 Online:2023-05-28 Published:2023-05-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

因合作模式与机制问题，新型农业经营主体对小农户发展的带动作用并不理想。以福建安溪铁观音茶文化系统的茶产业为案例，使用深度访谈和文献研究获取数据，采用交易费用理论分析安溪四类茶产业新型经营主体与农户合作模式选择成因。研究表明：新型农业经营主体与小农户合作通过稳定茶叶原料数量和品质的供应，可减少市场端和供应端的交易费用来获得稳定收益；企业负责人领办的农民合作社经营管理更有效，可实现多方共赢；产业基础、发展定位和资源基础影响新型农业经营主体与农户合作模式的选择，导致一地多模式现象；有效监督机制是保证其与农户长期合作共赢的关键；选择合适模式和机制与农民合作，可助其有效推动农业文化遗产保护。

关键词: 交易费用, 新型农业经营主体, 合作模式, 农业文化遗产, 安溪铁观音

Abstract:

With the development of industrialization and urbanization, the production mode of small farmers has been unable to adapt to the demands and transaction traits of the large market, which has hindered the sustainable development of agriculture and the continual increase of farmers' income. Therefore, the central government of China made a series of policies to encourage the development of new agricultural management systems and cultivate new types of agribusiness (NTA) to promote the development of small-scale agriculture and the income improvement of small farmers. However, in reality, due to problems in the cooperation mode and mechanism, many NTA companies failed to play a leading role in improving incomes of small farmers. Relevant research needs to be strengthened. Taking the tea industry of the Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture system, the Globally Important Agricultural Cultural Heritage, as an example, this study used in-depth interviews and literature research to obtain relevant data and analyzed the four types of cooperation modes between NTA and small farmers related to tea industries in Anxi county to reveal the reasons for the choice of cooperation mode done by NTA based on transaction cost theory. The results show that the NTA can reduce the transaction costs at the market side and the supply side depending on stabilizing the supply of tea raw material quantity and quality by cooperating with small farmers. The cooperatives set up by the principal person of enterprises have a higher management efficiency, which can realize multilateral win-win situation. Industrial bases, development orientation and resource bases are all important factors that influence NTA's cooperation mode choices between them and farmers, leading to the phenomenon of multiple modes existing in one place. Effective supervision mechanism is the key to ensure long-term win-win cooperation between NTA and small farmers. In Anxi, NTA established a supervision mechanism between enterprises, cooperatives, farmer members or different households, and the reward-punishment mechanism, which is a reward for conscientious performance and a social punishment for breach of contract to achieve a long-term cooperation among them. The NTA can effectively promote the protection of important agricultural heritage systems by choosing appropriate mode and mechanism to cooperate with farmers.

Key words: transaction cost, new types of agribusiness, cooperation model, agricultural heritage systems, Anxi Tieguanyin

张永勋, 李先德, 张长水. 基于交易费用理论的新型农业经营主体与农户合作模式研究——以农业文化遗产地安溪为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2023, 38(5): 1150-1163.

ZHANG Yong-xun, LI Xian-de, ZHANG Chang-shui. Study of the model of new types of agribusiness cooperating with small farmers based on the transaction cost theory: A case study of Tieguanyin tea industries in Anxi[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2023, 38(5): 1150-1163.

图/表 6

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

表1

遗产地新型农业经营主体与农民合作的四种不同模式对比

合作案例	产业基础	主要风险	监督方式	激励与惩罚机制
“H公司+H合作社+农户”订单农业合作模式	H公司从事茶叶出口贸易，为饮品跨国企业CC公司供应茶叶原料	在市场端，供货不足导致违约费 $R 1$ 非常高；在供给端，要面向众多茶农，不确定性较大，需要反复寻找原料供应者并与其进行价格博弈，费用 $C s u p p l y$ 和 $C p r i c e 2$ 皆相对较高；其他收购者竞争导致农户违约造成的损失 $μ 2 R 2$ 也较大	安溪县及所在乡镇政府，CC公司和国际公平贸易认证机构，合作社社员共同监督企业和合作社；企业和合作社监督社员	与农民的合作通过合作社盈利分红、加入并通过IFAT公平贸易认证获得CC公司提供发展基金等措施，提高合作社社员激励性收益g，使得 $a - c 1 + g > b - c 2$
“G公司+G基地+农户”的茶叶生产紧密合作模式	从事茶叶种植及相关制品加工和销售，生产高端茶叶，与X公司签订茶叶供货协议	在市场端，X公司对茶叶质量要求较苛刻，增加了市场端违约概率 $μ 1$ 和原料不达标造成的违约损失 $R 1$ ；在供应端，小农户和中间商供给，难以保护质量，与企业和农户之间发生违约的概率 $μ 2$ 更高	乡村两级领导协调公司从农户流转土地，主要领导人背书；派专职管理人员对工人工作质量进行检查；送第三方机构检测产品质量	采取联作制，与15户一组的小组签约，小组内有一户违约，公司拒绝收购整个小组的毛茶以增加农户违约的社会性惩罚f，使得 $a - c 1 > b - c 2 - f$ ，来降低农户违约概率 $μ 2$
“L公司+L合作社+农户”的茶叶生产松散合作模式	从事茶叶种植、加工、销售等经济活动，生产有机、绿色高端茶叶	公司销售渠道不稳定，寻找市场费用 $C m a r k e t$ 和价格谈判成本 $C p r i c e 1$ 均较大，市场端违约损失 $R 1$ 较高；供应端 $C s u p p l y$ 和 $C p r i c e 2$ 也较高，农民违约率 $μ 2$ 和违约损失 $R 2$ 都较高	安溪县及所在乡镇政府监督与管理L公司和J合作社；L公司和J合作社对社员进行全程监督，合作社分厂相互监督	分类定价，通过市场调节，控制茶叶质量
“DF合作社+农户”的多样化经营合作模式	铁观音制作技艺非遗产传承人主打传统手工茶，自有茶园为老茶园，位于核心区，景观较好	市场端形成了全国茶叶代理销售制，市场较稳定，违约影响品牌信誉，重建市场费用 $C m a r k e t$ 和 $C p r i c e 1$ 的增加；供应端 $C s u p p l y$ 和 $C p r i c e 2$ 较高，茶园景观、民宿等旅游产品无法形成	合作社与农户合作接受安溪县及所在乡镇政府的监督与管理；专门的管理人员对每道工序的工作质量进行监管	茶叶按质量分等收购，按岗位技术水平定工资，多途径给予认真履约农户以激励g，又增强了不认真履约农户接受其他农户谴责或踢出合作社的社会性惩罚f，使得 $a - c 1 + g > b - c 2 - f$ ，降低农户违约概率 $μ 2$

表1

参考文献 32

[1]	周静, 曾福生, 张明霞. 农业补贴类型、农业生产及农户行为的理论分析. 农业技术经济, 2019, (5):75-84.
	[ZHOU J, ZENG F S, ZHANG M X. The influence from agricultural subsidies to farmer production behavior and agricultural production. Journal of Agrotechnical Economics, 2019, (5): 75-84.]
[2]	喻国良. 中国农民市场竞争力弱势原因探析. 东岳论丛, 2008, (2): 188-190.
	[YU G L. Analysis of the weak reason of our farmers' market competitiveness. Dongyue Tribune, 2008, (2): 188-190.]
[3]	丁俊华. 中国特色社会主义农业合作社发展研究. 开封: 河南大学, 2014.
	[DING J H. Research on the development of socialist agricultural cooperatives Chinese characteristics. Kaifeng: Henan University, 2014.]
[4]	LIU M C, RAO D D, YANG L, et al. Subsidy, training or material supply? The impact path of eco-compensation method on farmers' livelihood assets. Journal of Environmental Management, 2021, 287: 112339, Doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112339. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112339
[5]	闵庆文, 张碧天. 中国的重要农业文化遗产保护与发展研究进展. 农学学报, 2018, 8(1): 221-228.
	[MIN Q W, ZHANG B T. Review on conservation and development study of important agricultural heritage system in China. Journal of Agriculture, 2018, 8(1): 221-228.]
[6]	张永勋, 闵庆文, 徐明, 等. 农业文化遗产地“三产”融合度评价: 以云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统为例. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(1): 116-127. doi: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20190110
	[ZHANG Y X, MIN Q W, XU M, et al. The evaluation of industrial integration level of important agricultural heritage sites: A case study of Yunnan Honghe Hani Rice Terraces. Journal of Natural Resources, 2019, 34(1): 116-127.] doi: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20190110
[7]	秦愚. 中国农业合作社股份合作化发展道路的反思. 农业经济问题, 2013, 34(6): 19-29, 110.
	[QIN Y. Reflection on the development path of Chinese agricultural cooperatives. Issue in Agricultural Economy, 2013, 34(6): 19-29, 110.]
[8]	许佳彬, 王洋, 李翠霞. 新型农业经营主体有能力带动小农户发展吗: 基于技术效率比较视角. 中国农业大学学报, 2020, 25(9): 200-214.
	[XU J B, WANG Y, LI C X. Is new agricultural management entity capable of promoting the development of smallholder farmers: From the perspective of technical efficiency comparison. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2020, 25(9): 200-214.]
[9]	王颜齐, 孙瑞遥, 班立国. 新型农业经营主体带动小农户与现代农业衔接路径、问题及对策. 农业经济, 2022, (1): 3-5.
	[WANG Y Q, SUN Y R, BAN L G. The path, problem and countermeasure of new agricultural operating entity driving small farmer to link modern agriculture. Agricultural Economy, 2022, (1): 3-5.]
[10]	徐祥临. 遵循顶层设计, 办好农民合作社. 领导科学论坛, 2019, (20): 21-41.
	[XU X L. Running farmers' cooperatives well according to top-level design. The Science of Leadership Forum, 2019, (20): 21-41.]
[11]	刘学侠, 温啸宇. 企业领办型农民合作社新发展模式若干重要问题的讨论. 农业经济问题, 2021, (6): 47-59.
	[LIU X X, WEN X Y. Research on the mechanism of new development mode of enterprise-led cooperatives. Issue in Agricultural Economy, 2021, (6): 47-59.]
[12]	连贞贞. 福建农业合作社效率研究. 福州: 福建师范大学, 2015.
	[LIAN Z Z. Research on the efficiency of Fujian province' s agricultural cooperatives. Fuzhou: Fujian Normal University, 2015.]
[13]	黄祖辉, 扶玉枝, 徐旭初. 农民专业合作社的效率及其影响因素分析. 中国农村经济, 2011, (7): 4-13, 62.
	[HUANG Z H, FU Y Z, XU X C. Analysis on the efficiency of farmer specialized cooperative and its influencing factors. Chinese Rural Economy, 2011, (7): 4-13, 62.]
[14]	王怡, 张玉春. 新型农业经营主体带动小农户增收研究. 合作经济与科技, 2022, (1): 4-7.
	[WANG Y, ZHANG Y C. Research on the new type of agricultural operating entity driving small farmers to increase income. Co-operative Economy & Science, 2022, (1): 4-7.]
[15]	沈费伟. 小农户与新型农业经营主体如何有机衔接: 基于共生理论的阐释. 山西农业大学学报: 社会科学版, 2022, 21(1): 10-18.
	[SHEN F W. How small? Scale peasant households and new? Type agricultural business entities link up: Based on the theory of symbiosis. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University: Social Science Edition, 2022, 21(1): 10-18.]
[16]	李世杰, 原博, 高健, 等. 创新研发驱动的新型农业经营体系构建: 基于农业经营主体利益共生的视角. 海南大学学报: 人文社会科学版, 2022, 40(1): 75-84.
	[LI S J, YUAN B, HAO J, et al. On the construction of new agricultural management system driven by innovation research and development: From the angle of interest symbiosis of the agricultural business entities. Humanities & Social Sciences Journal of Hainan University, 2022, 40(1): 75-84.]
[17]	李耀锋, 张余慧. 内生型新型农业经营主体带动小农户发展的动力机制: 基于嵌入性理论的个案研究. 中国农业大学学报: 社会科学版, 2020, 37(1): 38-47.
	[LI Y F, ZHANG Y H. Dynamic mechanism of endogenous new agricultural operation subject driving the development of small farmers: Case study based on embeddedness theory. Journal of China Agricultural University: Social Sciences Edition, 2020, 37(1): 38-47.]
[18]	张敏, 黄栩, 曾雯雯. 基于乡村振兴战略的小农户与现代农业发展有机衔接路径探讨. 现代农业研究, 2021, 27(11): 19-20.
	[ZHANG M, HUANG X, ZENG W W. Organic connection path of small farmers and modern agriculture development based on the rural revitalization strategy. Modern Agriculture Research, 2021, 27(11): 19-20.]
[19]	范亚莉, 覃朝晖. 中国农业经营主体的路径选择与演进逻辑. 上海商学院学报, 2021, 22(6): 28-37.
	[FAN Y L, QIN Z H. Path selection and evolving logic of China's agriculture business entities. Journal of Shanghai Business School, 2021, 22(6): 28-37.]
[20]	郭春香. 陕西省粮食生产功能区不同经营主体耕地生产效率研究. 西安: 西安建筑科技大学, 2019.
	[GUO C X. Study on the production efficiency of cultivated land of different management entities in the grain production functional area of Shaanxi province. Xi'an: Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 2019.]
[21]	徐晓鹏. 小农户与新型农业经营主体的耦合: 基于中国六省六村的实证研究. 南京农业大学学报: 社会科学版, 2020, 20(1): 62-68.
	[XU X P. The coupling of peasant households and new agricultural management subjects: The empirical study from 6 villages of 6 provinces in China. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University: Social Sciences Edition, 2020, 20(1): 62-68.]
[22]	覃志敏, 陆汉文. 细分式组织化: 小弱农户和现代农业发展有机衔接的具体路径: 以广西两个脱贫村的农业发展为例. 江汉论坛, 2021, (11): 125-131.
	[QIN Z M, LU H W. The concrete path of connection between small and weak peasant households and modern agricultural development: A case study of agricultural development in two poverty-stricken villages in Guangxi. Jianghan Tribune, 2021, (11): 125-131.]
[23]	钱煜昊, 武舜臣. 新型农业经营主体发展模式的选择与优化: 基于粮食安全和吸纳劳动力视角的经济学分析. 农业现代化研究, 2020, 41(6): 937-945.
	[QIAN Y H, WU S C. Development mode selection and optimization of the new agricultural business operations: An economic analysis from the perspectives of grain security and labor absorption. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 2020, 41(6): 937-945.]
[24]	施林佐, 石琳, 杨秀芳. 中国茶产业助力决战决胜脱贫攻坚的实践与思考. 中国茶叶加工, 2021, (1): 13-20.
	[SHI L Z, SHI L, YANG X F. Role of China's tea industry in the poverty alleviation campaign. China Tea Processing, 2021, (1): 13-20.]
[25]	周国文, 蔡昕佚, 王虹媛. 茶产业在振兴乡村中的作用、问题和方向. 福建茶叶, 2021, 43(12): 10-12, 9.
	[ZHOU G W, CAI X Y, WANG H Y. Function, problem and direction of tea industry in revitalizing rural areas. Tea in Fujian, 2021, 43(12): 10-12, 9.]
[26]	ZHANG Y X, LI X D, MIN Q W. How to balance the relationship between conservation of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) and socio-economic development? A theoretical framework of sustainable industrial integration development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 204: 553-563. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.035
[27]	曾灿, 刘沛林, 左裕林, 等. 聚落“双修”视角下乡村振兴路径: 以祁东县沙井村为例. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37(8): 2018-2032. doi: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20220807
	[ZENG C, LIU P L, ZUO Y L, et al. Research on rural revitalization path from the perspective of settlement "double repair": Taking Shajing village in Qidong county as an example. Journal of Natural Resources, 2022, 37(8): 2018-2032.] doi: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20220807
[28]	梁晶璇, 宋慧琪, 官炳宏, 等. 福建安溪铁观音农业文化遗产活态保护影响因素的实证研究. 茶叶通讯, 2020, 47(4): 696-704.
	[LIANG J X, SONG H Q, GUAN B H, et al. Empirical study on influencing factors of living protection of Anxi Tieguanyin Agricultural Cultural Heritage in Fujian province. Tea Communication, 2020, 47(4): 696-704.]
[29]	DEMSETZ H. Ownership, Control, and the Firm. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1988.
[30]	何国平. 农户农业经营组织形式选择研究: 基于交易费用经济学视角. 海南大学学报: 人文社会科学版, 2022, 40(1): 85-97.
	[HE G P. Research into the farmers' choices of agricultural business organizations: A perspective of transaction cost economics. Humanities & Social Sciences Journal of Hainan University, 2022, 40(1): 85-97.]
[31]	WILLIAMSON O E. Markets and Hierarchies:Antitrust Analysis and Implications. New York: Free Press, 1975.
[32]	张延龙. 信任困境、合作机制与“资产收益扶贫”产业组织发展: 一个农业龙头企业垂直解体过程中的策略与实践. 中国农村经济, 2019, (10): 81-97.
	[ZHANG Y L. Trust dilemma, cooperation mechanism and poverty alleviation by rate of return on fixed assets: Strategy and practice of an agricultural leading enterprise in its process of vertical disintegration. Chinese Rural Economy, 2019, (10): 81-97.]

基于交易费用理论的新型农业经营主体与农户合作模式研究——以农业文化遗产地安溪为例

Study of the model of new types of agribusiness cooperating with small farmers based on the transaction cost theory: A case study of Tieguanyin tea industries in Anxi

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

赞

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 6

参考文献 32

相关文章 12

Metrics

本文评价

推荐阅读 0

[1]	崔峰, 王哲政. 农业文化遗产保护预警评价体系构建与方法研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2023, 38(5): 1119-1134.
[2]	徐玉婷, 黄贤金, 陈志刚, 徐国良, 周艳. 农地三权分置改革对多元主体收入的影响——来自长江中下游地区的实证经验[J]. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37(9): 2451-2466.
[3]	李东轩, 刘平养. 三权分置改革中新型农业经营主体的政策认知及其行为响应——以上海市青浦区为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2020, 35(4): 950-962.
[4]	李磊, 陆林. 合福高铁沿线旅游地合作网络与模式[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(9): 1917-1932.
[5]	张永勋, 闵庆文, 徐明, 李先德. 农业文化遗产地“三产”融合度评价——以云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(1): 116-127.
[6]	顾兴国, 楼黎静, 刘某承, 闵庆文. 基塘系统：研究回顾与展望[J]. 自然资源学报, 2018, 33(4): 709-720.
[7]	赵微, 杨钢桥, 李金玉. 交易费用视角下农地整理管护绩效的影响因素研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2017, 32(9): 1505-1516.
[8]	杨伦, 刘某承, 闵庆文, 田密, 张永勋. 哈尼梯田地区农户粮食作物种植结构及驱动力分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2017, 32(1): 26-39.
[9]	缪建群, 杨文亭, 杨滨娟, 马艳芹, 黄国勤. 崇义客家梯田区生态系统服务功能及价值评估[J]. 自然资源学报, 2016, 31(11): 1817-1831.
[10]	张永勋, 刘某承, 闵庆文, 袁正, 李静, 樊淼. 农业文化遗产地有机生产转换期农产品价格补偿测算——以云南省红河县哈尼梯田稻作系统为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2015, 30(3): 374-383.
[11]	曹智, 闵庆文, 刘某承, 白艳莹. 基于生态系统服务的生态承载力:概念、内涵与评估模型及应用[J]. 自然资源学报, 2015, 30(1): 1-11.
[12]	胡文俊, 简迎辉, 杨建基, 黄河清. 国际河流管理合作模式的分类及演进规律探讨[J]. 自然资源学报, 2013, 28(12): 2034-2043.