青藏高原生态风险及区域分异

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20211216

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

全球变化背景下,青藏高原生态系统受到自然、人为双重影响和威胁,生态风险日益加剧。针对生态风险源、脆弱性以及风险管理能力选取30个评估指标,利用生态风险评估优化模型,综合评估了青藏高原的生态风险,并得出如下结论：青藏高原生态风险总体处于较低水平,以低和极低生态风险为主,共占研究区面积的55.84%;极高风险主要分布在北部高山和极高山地区,中等风险主要分布在高原北部以及高原的西部和西南部地区,中、高生态风险在空间分布上形成一个“C”字形结构;青藏高原生态风险整体受自然主导因子控制,人为对生态环境的影响不容忽视,协调和降低青藏高原人类活动区域人类对生态环境的影响,是今后规避生态风险的重要途径。

关键词: 青藏高原, 生态风险, 区域分异

Abstract:

Under the background of global change, the ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been affected and threatened by both nature and human activities, and the ecological risks are intensifying. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a relatively independent geographic unit with a high average altitude and complex and diverse landforms. Its fragile alpine ecosystem is extremely sensitive to global climate change. In recent years, the population of the plateau has increased and the process of urbanization has accelerated, the scale and intensity of human activities have increased significantly, and ecological risks have increased. At present, the research results of ecological risk assessment are mainly found in local areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This article, aiming at understanding the source of ecological risks, analyzes the spatial distribution of risks and their causes. The ecological risk assessment of the entire plateau is expected to provide references for the identification, management and early warning of regional ecological risks. We establish an ecological risk assessment index system for the study area, which includes 13 ecological risk source indicators, 10 ecological vulnerability indicators, and 7 ecological risk management capability indicators. Then we select the official remote sensing product data with a high spatial resolution, according to the characteristics of the data which are divided into numerical and non-numerical data. Using ArcGIS 10.2 to normalize the numerical data, according to the contribution rate to ecological risk, the non-numerical data are graded, and the ecological risk evaluation optimization model is used to comprehensively evaluate the ecological risk of the plateau. The results showed that: overall ecological risk of the study area is relatively low, with low and very low ecological risk areas accounting for 55.84%, extremely high risk areas being only 7.19%, high risk areas 11.95%, and medium ecological risk areas 25.02%, and the extremely low and low ecological risk areas account for more than half of the plateau area; medium ecological risk areas are mainly distributed in areas with high intensity of human activities. The impact of human activities on the eco-environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau cannot be ignored; the extremely high-risk areas and medium-risk areas form a "C"-shaped pattern; the low-risk areas in the hinterland of the plateau have higher altitudes, severe cold climates, and fragile eco-environments, but the strengthening of ecological management measures has greatly reduced the ecological risk in the study area. The overall ecological risk of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is mainly controlled by natural factors, and the impact of human activities on the eco-environment cannot be ignored. The establishment of national nature reserves or national parks to protect the ecological environment can greatly reduce its ecological risks. It is necessary to pay special attention to areas with high intensity of human activities on the plateau, where their ecological risks have reached a medium intensity. Creating a new pattern of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, and avoiding excessive human intervention in the eco-environment on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an important way to reduce ecological risks in the future.

Key words: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, ecological risk, regional differentiation

刘飞, 刘峰贵, 周强, 陈琼, 汪生珍, 郭蓉, 马伟东. 青藏高原生态风险及区域分异[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(12): 3232-3246.

LIU Fei, LIU Feng-gui, ZHOU Qiang, CHEN Qiong, WANG Sheng-zhen, GUO Rong, MA Wei-dong. Ecological risk and regional differentiation in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(12): 3232-3246.

图/表 13

图1

表1

青藏高原生态风险评估指标的数据来源

指标类	指标项	数据来源
生态风险源	洪水风险	全球风险数据平台（http://preview.grid.unep.ch）
	滑坡风险	全球风险数据平台（http://preview.grid.unep.ch）
	土地沙漠化	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn/）
	极端高温	陈锐杰^[44]
	极端低温	陈锐杰^[44]
	土壤侵蚀	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn/）
	干旱指数	联合国粮农组织的全球地理信息系统（http://www.fao.org/）
	人口密度	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn/）
	耕地垦殖率	基于土地利用数据计算（http://auth.geodata.cn/）
	放牧强度	县国民经济和社会发展统计公报（http://www.ahmhxc.com/tongjigongbao/）
	建设用地	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn/）
	道路密度	全国地理信息资源目录服务系统（http://www.webmap.cn/）
	生境破碎度	基于土地利用数据计算（http://auth.geodata.cn/）
生态脆弱性	海拔	地理空间数据云平台（http://www.gscloud.cn/search）
	坡度	数字高程数据提取（https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search）
	坡向	数字高程数据提取（https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search）
	年降水量	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn/）
	土壤有机质含量	1:100万中华人民共和国土壤图（http://auth.geodata.cn/）
	光合有效辐射	全球变化科学研究数据出版系统（http://www.geodoi.ac.cn/）
	≥0 ℃积温	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn/）
	植被类型	1:100万中国植被图集（http://auth.geodata.cn/）
	植被覆盖度	国家地球系统科学数据中心（http://auth.geodata.cn/）
	生物丰度指数	全球变化科学研究数据出版系统（http://www.geodoi.ac.cn/）
生态风险管理能力	空气质量监测站点密度	公众环境研究中心（http://www.ipe.org.cn/）
	地表水水质监测点密度	公众环境研究中心（http://www.ipe.org.cn/）
	生态保护行政单位密度	百度地图坐标点拾取系统（http://aqsc.shmh.gov.cn/gis/getpoint.htm）
	政府组织调度能力	全国地理信息资源目录服务系统（http://www.webmap.cn/）
	各等级自然保护区	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn/）
	野生动物迁徙通道密度	中国地理图集^[45]
	气象站点密度	中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn/）

表1

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

图11

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序号	评估指标	风险等级
序号	评估指标	低	较低	中	较高	高
1	建设用地	—	农村居民建设用地	城镇建设用地	其他建设用地	—
2	土地沙漠化	—	—	裸土地	沙地	戈壁
3	坡向	—	阴坡	半阴坡	半阳坡	阳坡
4	植被类型	森林	灌丛	草地	高山植被	裸地
5	政府组织调度能力	省政府驻地	市政府驻地	县政府驻地	乡镇政府驻地	村委会
6	各等级自然保护区	国家级	省级	地级	县级	—