中国农产品地理标志的地域分异特征

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210402

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农产品地理标志产品（APGI）是以地域名称冠名的特色农产品,做优做强APGI是发展特色农业、促进农业供给侧改革的重要手段,也是新时代助力乡村产业振兴的重要抓手。深入研究APGI的地域分异特征及社会经济效应等具有重要的现实意义。本文以2274个APGI信息作为主要数据,结合社会经济数据和自然地理数据,着力揭示中国APGI的地域分异特征,并简要分析其形成原因。研究表明：（1）APGI总体呈现“东多西少”的格局,在水平方向呈聚集分布,在垂直方向随海拔高度上升呈递减趋势;（2）各省保有APGI的数量差异大,少数民族聚居省份APGI人均拥有量高,省份面积小、自然条件相对较好的省份空间分布密度大,在县级行政区呈现“大分散、小集聚”的格局;（3）各类APGI除烟草类和爬行类以外均呈聚集分布,瓜果作物和水产品的聚集特征最为明显;（4）不同种类产品有其自身的地理要素适应区间,大部分APGI对于降水量的需求在400 mm以上,对于≥10 ℃积温的要求在1600 ℃以上,≥10 ℃积温区间大多在3200~6400 ℃;（5）APGI的地域分异受自然地理、历史文化、社会经济和政府行为等因素的综合影响。

关键词: 地理标志, 农产品, 分异特征, 产业振兴, 乡村振兴, 中国

Abstract:

Agro-product geographical indications (APGIs) are featured agricultural products with names of local region. Creating APGIs is an important means to develop featured agriculture and promote agricultural supply-side reform, and thus boost agricultural industry development and rural vitalization in the new era. It is of great significance to deeply study the regional differentiation characteristics and socio-economic effects of APGIs. This paper took 2274 APGIs as the main data source, combined with socio-economic data and natural geographic data, discussed the spatial pattern of APGIs in China. The research shows that: (1) Overall there are more APGIs in the east and less AGPIs in the west. It presents a pattern of concentration distribution in the horizontal direction, and shows a decreasing trend with the increase of elevation in the vertical direction. (2) There is a big difference in the number of APGIs between provinces. Shandong province has the most APGIs. The per capita APGIs is high in the provinces inhabited by ethnic groups, and the spatial distribution density is high in the provinces with small area and relatively good natural conditions. In the county-level administrative region, there exists a pattern of "large dispersion and small agglomeration", which is significantly related to the primary industry economic index, but the correlation coefficient is not high. (3) All kinds of APGIs, except tobacco and reptiles, show clustering distribution, among which the clustering effect of melon and fruit crops and aquatic products is the most obvious. (4) Different kinds of products have different geographic adaptation zones. Most APGIs require more than 400 mm precipitation, and at least 1600 ℃ for accumulative temperature above 10 ℃, especially between 3200-6400 ℃. (5) Natural geographical conditions, historical and cultural background, socio-economic development and government behaviors are the main factors influencing the regional differentiation of APGIs.

Key words: geographical indication, agricultural products, spatial pattern, industrial revitalization, rural revitalization, China

李裕瑞, 卜长利, 王鹏艳. 中国农产品地理标志的地域分异特征[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(4): 827-840.

LI Yu-rui, BU Chang-li, WANG Peng-yan. Spatial pattern of agro-product geographical indications in China[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(4): 827-840.

图/表 8

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图3

表1

图4

表2

图5

表3

APGI与降水和积温等气候特征的关系

种类	与降水量的关联	与≥10 ℃积温的关联
粮食及油料作物	绝大部分在400 mm等降水量线以上,其中400~800 mm等降水量区间内分布密度最大;随着降水量的减少,粮油类APGI的数量也在减少	绝大部分在1600 ℃以上。其中1600~4500 ℃分布最密集,随着积温的提高,分布密度逐渐降低
瓜果作物	各个等降水量区间内均有分布,其中400~800 mm区间内分布密度最大,200~400 mm区间是一个相对空白的区域	绝大部分在1600 ℃以上。其中4500~5100 ℃、8000 ℃以上分布最密集,其次为5100~6400 ℃,其余温度区间分布较为均匀
蔬菜及香料作物	绝大部分在400 mm等降水量线以上,200~400 mm区间APGI主要集中在中部,低于200 mm的零星分布	绝大部分在3200 ℃以上。其中4500~5100 ℃分布密度最大,围绕该积温区间呈正态分布
食用菌	集中分布在400~800 mm等降水量区间内,800 mm降水量线以上聚集分布在闽赣山区,400 mm等降水量线以下分散分布	全部在6400 ℃以下,主要分布在1600~4500 ℃区间内,其余积温区间有少量分布
花卉	除200~400 mm等降水量区间外均有少量分布	全部在3200~8000 ℃,主要分布在4500~6400 ℃,6400~8000 ℃只有一个
茶叶	大多位于800 mm等降水量线附近或以上,200~400 mm区间内没有分布,200 mm以下只有两个	基本位于4500 ℃以上,分布在4500 ℃以下的茶叶APGI也均分布于3200~4500 ℃与4500 ℃边界地区,5100~6400 ℃内分布密度最大,其次是6400~8000 ℃
烟草	全部位于400 mm等降水量线以上,其中除去两个位于400~800 mm区间,其他均为800 mm等降水量线上	除长白山区的一个外均位于4500 ℃以上,且3200~8000 ℃区间按积温呈渐变式分布。低温区只有一个烟草APGI,说明烟草不适合在低温区
药材	各等降水量区间内均有分布,其中主要分布于400 mm以上,200 mm以下也有一定数量的分布	在各个积温区间均有分布,除1600 ℃以下、8000 ℃以上数量较少,其余积温区间分布密度较为平均,即各个积温区间都可以发展适应该温度条件的药材
畜牧业及其产品	各等降水量区间内均有分布,其中0~400 mm区间内畜牧业及其产品是所有种类APGI在这一等降水量区间分布最多的	各个积温区间均有分布,1600 ℃以下、8000 ℃以上的地区种类也很多,其余积温区间分布密度较为平均。畜牧业及其产品的多样化导致积温区间较大
禽类及其产品	绝大部分在200 mm等降水量线以上,随着等降水量的增加,禽类及其产品的分布密度也在逐渐增加	绝大部分在1600 ℃以上,只有个别产品分布在1600 ℃以下,随着积温的升高,禽类及其产品的分布密度逐渐加大
水产品	主要分布在400 mm等降水量线以上,沿海地区主要分布在400~800 mm区间内,内陆主要分布在800 mm以上	全部在1600 ℃以上,3200~4500 ℃沿海地区分布密度大,4500 ℃以上内陆地区分布较多,1600~3200 ℃内陆地区零星分布
蜂蜜及蚕产品	绝大部分位于400~800 mm等降水量区间内,800 mm以上和400 mm以下零星分布	主要分布在1600~4500 ℃,4500 ℃以上和1600 ℃以下零星分布
爬行类动物及其产品	数量太少,未做研判	数量太少,未做研判

表3

参考文献 30

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省（市、自治区）	数量 /个	人口/ 百万人	面积 /万km²	人口分布密度/(个/ 百万人)	空间分布密度/(个/ 万km²)	省（市、自治区）	数量 /个	人口 /百万人	面积 /万km²	人口分布密度/(个/ 百万人)	空间分布密度/(个/ 万km²)
北京	11	21.73	1.68	0.51	6.55	湖北	129	58.85	18.59	2.19	6.94
天津	8	15.62	1.13	0.51	7.08	湖南	64	68.22	21.18	0.94	3.02
河北	33	74.7	18.77	0.44	1.76	广东	33	109.99	18	0.30	1.83
山西	135	36.82	15.63	3.67	8.64	广西	104	48.38	23.6	2.15	4.41
内蒙古	95	25.2	118.3	3.77	0.80	海南	24	9.17	3.4	2.62	7.06
辽宁	73	43.78	14.59	1.67	5.00	重庆	40	30.48	8.23	1.31	4.86
吉林	17	27.33	18.74	0.62	0.91	四川	141	82.62	48.14	1.71	2.93
黑龙江	109	37.99	45.48	2.87	2.40	贵州	61	35.55	17.6	1.72	3.47
上海	14	24.2	0.63	0.58	22.22	云南	73	47.71	38.33	1.53	1.90
江苏	58	79.99	10.26	0.73	5.65	西藏	17	3.31	122.8	5.14	0.14
浙江	65	55.9	10.2	1.16	6.37	陕西	86	38.13	20.56	2.26	4.18
安徽	60	61.96	13.97	0.97	4.29	甘肃	87	26.1	45.44	3.33	1.91
福建	69	38.74	12.13	1.78	5.69	青海	56	5.93	72.23	9.44	0.78
江西	76	45.92	16.7	1.66	4.55	宁夏	53	6.75	6.64	7.85	7.98
山东	284	99.47	15.38	2.86	18.47	新疆	107	23.98	166	4.46	0.64
河南	92	95.32	16.7	0.97	5.51

农产品地理标志种类	数量/个	最邻近指数	Z得分	置信水平（P）	空间分布状态
全部产品	2274	0.403	-54.337	0.000	聚集
种植业产品	1721	0.426	-45.459	0.000	聚集
粮油与油料作物	352	0.545	-16.320	0.000	聚集—随机
瓜果作物	700	0.476	-26.541	0.000	聚集
蔬菜香料	279	0.554	-14.214	0.000	聚集—随机
食用菌	54	0.563	-6.139	0.000	聚集—随机
花卉	22	0.775	-2.022	0.043	聚集—随机
茶叶	130	0.631	-8.046	0.000	聚集—随机
烟草	11	1.437	2.773	0.006	随机—均匀
药材	173	0.558	-11.121	0.000	聚集—随机
养殖业产品	553	0.445	-24.946	0.000	聚集
畜牧业及其产品	229	0.517	-13.957	0.000	聚集—随机
禽类及其产品	102	0.617	-7.401	0.000	聚集—随机
水产品	177	0.447	-14.072	0.000	聚集
蜂蜜及蚕产品	42	0.682	-3.821	0.000	聚集—随机
爬行类动物及其产品	3	—	—	—	—