食物转化视角下我国家庭食物浪费程度与影响因素——基于CHNS数据的实证分析

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20210401

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

长期以来,我国食物供应充足稳定,但是人口、环境等因素不断对此提出挑战,并且我国每年的食物损失和浪费数量十分惊人。从食物转化视角将食物浪费率定义为家庭食物消费中未能正常转化为家庭成员身体质量指数的比例,采用随机前沿模型并基于CHNS数据估算我国家庭食物浪费率,并探讨家庭异质性特征的影响。结果显示：家庭平均浪费率为11.28%;家庭规模越小、孩子或老年人的数量越多、收入水平越高、南方地区、户主的受教育程度越低、主要女性成员的受教育程度越高或者有工作、对膳食知识掌握程度越低的家庭浪费率越高。因此,要鼓励生产小包装食物和小型厨具,指导家庭根据实际需求购买食物,加强推广食育运动,开展节粮活动并教授减损措施。

关键词: 食物浪费, 随机前沿分析, CHNS

Abstract:

The food supply in China has been adequate and stable for a long time and China has made remarkable achievements in food security which is proved to be true. However, this situation has been challenged by population growth and environmental degradation in recent years. On the one hand, the large population in China is still growing, which makes enormous demands on food supplies. On the other hand, grain production is constrained by resources and the environment, and importing foreign food excessively will squeeze domestic agricultural production. Therefore, the best way to ensure food security in China is to reduce food waste. As an important part of the consumption, households account for a large proportion of food waste production sector, which deserves our attention. What is the current situation of household food waste in China and what factors will affect household food waste in China are worth considering. From the perspective of food conversion, the food waste rate in this paper is defined as the proportion of family food consumption that is not normally converted to body mass index of family members. This paper uses data from China nutrition and health survey (CHNS) and applies stochastic frontier model to estimate household food waste rate from the perspective of food conversion and discusses the impact of heterogeneous family characteristics (such as household size, household structure, household income, storage condition, regional factors, the characteristics of the head of the household and the characteristics of the main female member) on food waste. The result shows that: the average household food waste rate is about 11.28%; such a family is likely to waste more, which has a small size, more children or the elderly, a higher per capita annual income, less-educated head of household, female with higher-education or have jobs, a bad grasp of dietary knowledge, and the family lives in Southern China. Therefore, it is of great importance to encourage the production of small packaging food and small cooking utensils, instruct household members to purchase food according to the actual needs, strengthen the efforts of the government, and raise the awareness of school children and their parents about food security so as to reduce food waste.

Key words: food waste, stochastic frontier analysis, CHNS

李丰, 丁圆元, 蔡荣. 食物转化视角下我国家庭食物浪费程度与影响因素——基于CHNS数据的实证分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(4): 811-826.

LI Feng, DING Yuan-yuan, CAI Rong. The degree and influencing factors of household food waste in China from the perspective of food conversion: An empirical analysis based on CHNS database[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2021, 36(4): 811-826.

图/表 8

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

图1

表6

不同家庭平均浪费率水平对比

变量名称	2006年				2009年
变量名称	平均浪费率	标准差	最小值	最大值	平均浪费率	标准差	最小值	最大值
家庭规模/人
1	7.90	4.61	2.28	32.10	8.34	5.36	2.27	37.04
2	7.46	6.91	2.03	57.05	6.95	4.97	1.87	52.87
3	15.35	12.00	2.37	60.62	13.72	11.26	2.11	60.35
4	19.45	15.56	2.11	61.44	18.14	14.31	3.09	58.73
≥5	22.68	14.67	2.54	60.80	19.91	13.36	2.93	62.78
孩子的数量/个
0	6.39	3.40	2.03	33.20	6.65	3.45	1.87	37.04
1	20.74	10.58	4.50	57.09	19.83	9.64	4.51	54.67
2	36.54	13.97	6.37	61.44	34.48	14.71	8.74	60.35
≥3	51.35	12.36	14.13	60.36	46.06	12.16	19.00	62.78
老年人的数量/个
0	12.01	11.97	2.03	61.44	10.52	10.12	1.87	62.78
1	11.99	11.00	2.37	60.62	12.51	11.51	2.50	60.35
2	10.75	9.62	2.66	60.80	9.88	7.99	2.54	58.09
3	8.02	3.89	3.91	14.96	7.64	3.58	5.33	14.80
家庭人均年收入/元
≤5000	14.40	13.98	2.23	61.44	13.31	12.94	2.11	62.78
5000~10000	12.31	11.16	2.03	61.09	12.77	11.73	1.87	59.23
10000~15000	10.26	9.35	2.52	60.47	10.37	9.19	2.49	55.96
15000~20000	9.41	9.11	2.57	58.42	8.97	7.96	2.40	58.73
≥20000	8.69	7.64	2.37	50.65	8.72	6.71	2.43	53.02
冰箱拥有情况
无	12.56	12.28%	2.11	61.44	12.14	11.56	2.40	62.78
有	11.01	10.45%	2.03	60.93	10.03	8.99	1.87	59.23
南北地区
北方	8.46	8.14	2.03	56.64	7.79	6.69	1.87	52.87
南方	14.79	13.01	2.52	61.44	13.51	11.65	2.89	62.78
城乡类型
农村	12.23	12.10	2.03	61.09	11.25	10.84	2.15	62.78
城镇	10.73	9.60	2.37	61.44	9.73	7.81	1.87	54.30
户主的年龄/岁
≤30	23.01	17.93	3.22	60.46	24.41	10.80	4.50	37.65
31~40	21.80	14.86	2.67	61.09	20.97	14.78	2.11	62.78
41~50	9.24	8.46	2.23	52.21	8.59	6.57	2.27	56.59
51~60	9.80	9.86	2.03	60.36	8.90	8.55	1.87	59.57
61~70	11.55	10.94	2.70	60.62	11.54	10.26	2.70	60.35
≥71	11.26	10.39	2.37	61.44	10.88	9.79	2.54	59.23
变量名称	2006年				2009年
变量名称	平均浪费率	标准差	最小值	最大值	平均浪费率	标准差	最小值	最大值
户主的受教育年限/年
0	12.73	11.75	2.28	59.85	13.16	12.25	2.69	60.35
11~16	11.82	11.47	2.11	61.44	11.43	10.85	2.11	62.78
21~26	12.03	11.97	2.03	61.09	10.27	9.40	1.87	58.73
27~29	9.76	8.20	2.34	42.48	8.84	6.43	2.22	32.16
31~36	10.50	9.24	2.53	53.84	9.30	8.14	2.89	52.87
户主的就业情况
无业	10.04	9.34	2.23	61.44	10.11	8.78	2.22	59.23
就业	12.75	12.32	2.03	61.09	11.19	10.70	1.87	62.78
主要女性成员的年龄/岁
≤30	25.46	18.43	3.22	61.44	25.04	15.63	4.36	56.57
31~40	20.33	14.63	2.36	61.09	19.82	14.00	2.11	62.78
41~50	8.57	7.96	2.23	60.80	8.39	6.73	2.27	56.90
51~60	10.00	10.17	2.03	60.36	9.28	8.72	1.87	59.57
61~70	10.93	9.48	2.66	60.62	10.78	9.76	2.54	60.35
≥71	10.81	9.29	2.37	59.85	10.91	9.69	2.50	59.23
主要女性成员受教育年限/年
0	11.97	11.60	2.03	60.36	10.81	9.82	1.87	60.35
11~16	11.35	11.51	2.23	61.09	10.91	10.57	2.11	62.78
21~26	11.99	11.55	2.36	61.44	10.73	10.06	2.27	58.39
27~29	10.77	7.66	3.10	36.98	9.45	6.48	3.00	32.16
31~36	14.13	12.85	3.20	53.84	12.25	10.21	3.26	52.87
主要女性成员的就业情况
无业	9.65	9.06	2.03	61.44	9.58	8.49	1.87	59.23
就业	13.84	12.98	2.37	61.09	12.00	11.25	2.49	62.78
膳食知识得分
≤-1	13.10	13.79	3.09	58.69	14.10	16.13	3.48	59.57
(-1, -0.5]	13.22	13.79	2.57	60.80	11.83	11.13	2.51	55.50
(-0.5, 0]	12.19	11.95	2.23	61.44	10.74	9.81	2.15	62.78
(0, 0.5]	11.34	10.80	2.30	60.47	10.41	9.44	2.22	60.35
(0.5, 1]	11.73	9.71	2.03	44.65	9.94	10.03	3.17	57.86
>1	9.15	7.76	2.11	35.87	11.59	11.49	1.87	58.09

表6

表7

食物浪费率影响因素

指标名称	变量名称	影响因素
家庭规模	家庭规模	-0.1364^***(-2.86)
家庭结构	孩子的数量	1.9420^***(19.32)
家庭结构	老年人的数量	0.2035^***(2.96)
家庭收入	家庭人均年收入	0.0000^***(4.03)
储存条件	冰箱拥有情况	0.0424(0.53)
地区因素	南北地区	0.7003^***(8.51)
地区因素	城乡类型	0.0067(0.08)
户主信息	户主的年龄	0.0070(1.21)
	户主的受教育年限	-0.0133^**(-2.31)
	户主的就业情况	0.0447(0.42)
主要女性成员	主要女性成员的年龄	0.0043(0.75)
	主要女性成员的受教育年限	0.0145^***(2.65)
	主要女性成员的就业情况	0.2610^***(2.82)
膳食营养知识	膳食知识得分因子	-0.3058^***(-4.14)
常数项	常数项	-5.9028^***(-16.65)
	E( $σ u h 2$ )	0.1604
	$σ v 2$	0.0971^***
	对数似然函数值	2695.0584
	P值	0.0000

表7

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成分	初始特征值				提取平方和载入
成分	总计	方差/%	累积/%		总计	方差/%	累积/%
1	10.417	86.810	86.810		10.417	86.810	86.810

取样足够度的 Kaiser - Meyer - OLkin度量		0.977
Bartlett球形度检验	近似卡方	94931.606
	df	66
	sig	0

指标名称	变量名称	均值	标准差	最小值	最大值
产出项	家庭人均年龄加权BMI	22.1707	3.4445	13.0658	30.2653
投入项	谷物人均消费量	386.5371	178.3492	0	1775
	干豆类人均消费量	53.4177	70.7094	0	783.33
	蔬菜水果人均消费量	383.6159	212.6137	0	1766.67
	肉类人均消费量	78.2979	75.7717	0	633.33
	蛋奶类人均消费量	46.5518	66.5216	0	878.33
	水产品人均消费量	30.4181	55.2475	0	583.33
	零食饮料人均消费量	38.3886	84.7315	0	854.83
	油脂类人均消费量	40.1909	35.6147	0	772.67
	其他类人均消费量	28.9068	34.9802	0	790.83
	家庭人均身体活动强度	3.5151	1.0829	2	5
家庭规模	家庭规模	2.6084	1.1295	1	10
家庭结构	孩子的数量	0.3392	0.6072	0	5
家庭结构	老年人的数量	0.6007	0.8103	0	3
家庭收入	家庭人均年收入	14071.0900	13970.1800	0	87882.84
储存条件	冰箱拥有情况	0.5774	0.4940	0	1
地区因素	南北地区	0.5235	0.4995	0	1
地区因素	城乡类型	0.3088	0.4620	0	1
户主信息	户主的年龄	54.9834	12.0400	24	94
	户主的受教育年限	19.3558	8.6318	0	36
	户主的就业情况	0.6294	0.4830	0	1
主要女性成员	主要女性成员的年龄	53.3800	11.9678	22	94
	主要女性成员的受教育年限	16.3288	9.7062	0	35
	主要女性成员的就业情况	0.5012	0.5001	0	1
膳食营养知识	膳食知识得分因子	-0.0027	0.5179	-1.7788	5.0009

类别	平均弹性
谷物	0.0170
干豆类	0.0022
蔬菜水果	0.0086
肉类	0.0017
蛋奶类	0.0023
水产品	-0.0029
零食饮料	-0.0013
油脂类	0.0104
其他类	0.0049
身体活动强度	-0.0511