青藏高原东北部土族家庭能源消费特征

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20201118

自然资源学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (11): 2793-2802.doi: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20201118

青藏高原东北部土族家庭能源消费特征

李宏庆¹^,²(), 邢冉¹^,², 姜璐³^,⁴, 陈兴鹏⁴, 薛冰¹^,⁵()

1.中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,沈阳110016
2.中国科学院大学,北京100049
3.广东省科学院广州地理研究所,广州 510070
4.兰州大学资源环境学院,兰州 730000
5.青海师范大学高原科学与可持续发展研究院,西宁 810016

收稿日期:2020-03-13 修回日期:2020-07-15 出版日期:2020-11-28 发布日期:2021-01-28
通讯作者: 薛冰 E-mail:lihongq@163.com;xuebing@iae.ac.cn
作者简介:李宏庆（1995- ）,女,山东枣庄人,硕士,研究方向为能源环境地理与可持续发展。E-mail: lihongq@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41971166);中国科学院青年创新促进会(2016181)

Household energy consumption characteristics of the Tus ethnic group in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau

LI Hong-qing¹^,²(), XING Ran¹^,², JIANG Lu³^,⁴, CHEN Xing-peng⁴, XUE Bing¹^,⁵()

1. Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS, Shenyang 110016, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
4. College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
5. Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810016, China

Received:2020-03-13 Revised:2020-07-15 Online:2020-11-28 Published:2021-01-28
Contact: Bing XUE E-mail:lihongq@163.com;xuebing@iae.ac.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

家庭能源消费特征因受地理环境及文化等影响而存在显著的人文空间差异,尤其是对于特色或边远少数民族地区,迫切需要加强相关调查实证研究。基于青海省100户土族家庭的实地调研,从收入水平分组视角考察其能源消费特征,分析家庭能源消费活动的环境效应,并构建物质流模型予以可视化分析。结果表明：土族家庭年人均能源消费量为3473 kgce,以煤炭、薪柴和秸秆等为主;随着收入水平提升,能源消费结构逐渐向多元化转变且对能源重要性的认知逐渐从生物质能源转向商品能源。家庭能源消费导致的年人均CO₂、N₂O、NO_X、SO₂和TSP的产生量分别为1856.87 kg、117.10 g、254.46 g、451.87 g和520.74 g。未来应增强清洁能源利用水平,统筹推进青藏高原地区生活能源消费的可持续转型。

关键词: 家庭能源消费, 青藏高原, 环境效应, 能源物质流, 土族

Abstract:

Energy plays an important role in social and economic development. Household energy consumption behavior has a wide range of connections with regional or global social ecosystems, and has significant spatial and social differences under the influence of culture and geography. China is a country with multi-ethnic groups. The ethnic areas in China have different characteristics in terms of production and lifestyle, climate conditions, cultural traditions, and other aspects and also show certain characteristics in the consumption of living energy. However, the research on the energy geography of ethnic minority groups' households is still on the initial stage and lacks a first-hand data survey. Based on the special geographical characteristics of the Tibetan Plateau, this study focused on the 100 Tu's households in Qinghai province and carried out field investigations. From the perspective of overall investigation and income-based groups, we compared the characteristics of their household energy consumption, calculated the environmental effects, constructed an energy flow model, and visualized the household energy consumption input-out flow. The survey results show that the per capita energy consumption of Tu households is 3473 kgce, and the energy resources are mainly coal, firewood, straw, and cow-dung. By comparison, we found that the energy consumption of low-income households is 3485 kgce, while that of high-income households is 3974 kgce. As income levels rise, the energy consumption structure gradually changes to diversification, and the importance of energy gradually turns from biomass energy to commodity energy. The survey shows that the convenience of household energy access is listed in a discending order of electricity, straw, animal dung, fuelwood, solar energy, coal, gasoline/diesel, and liquefied gas. The per capita greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions of households are 1872.21 kg, of which CO₂, N₂O, CH₄, NO_X, SO₂ and TSP are 1856.87 kg, 117.10 g, 295.14 g, 254.46 g, 451.87 g and 520.74 g, respectively. In the future, the Tibetan Plateau region should enhance the use of clean energy, and promote the sustainable transformation of regional household energy consumption. The research results are expected to provide scientific support for the clean energy transformation and sustainable development on the Tibetan Plateau.

Key words: household energy consumption, Tibetan Plateau, environmental effects, energy material flow mode, Tu ethnic group

李宏庆, 邢冉, 姜璐, 陈兴鹏, 薛冰. 青藏高原东北部土族家庭能源消费特征[J]. 自然资源学报, 2020, 35(11): 2793-2802.

LI Hong-qing, XING Ran, JIANG Lu, CHEN Xing-peng, XUE Bing. Household energy consumption characteristics of the Tus ethnic group in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2020, 35(11): 2793-2802.

图/表 9

表1

图1

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

图2

图3

参考文献 39

[1]	United Nations (UN). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. https: //www.unescw a.org/ar/node/266888, 2019-10-28.
[2]	UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). The Paris Agreement. https: //unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement, 2019-12-15.
[3]	陈兴鹏, 姜璐, 邢冉, 等. 基于文献计量的中国家庭能源消费的地理格局及影响因素分析. 贵州师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 2019,37(6):1-7.
	[ CHEN X P, JIANG L, XING R, et al. A review on the geographical pattern and driving factors of household energy consumption in China. Journal of Guizhou Normal University: Natural Science, 2019,37(6):1-7.]
[4]	HAMAMOTO M. Energy-saving behavior and marginal abatement cost for household CO₂ emissions. Energy Policy, 2013,63(12):809-813.
[5]	PING X G, LI C W, JIANG Z G. Household energy consumption patterns in agricultural zone, pastoral zone and agro-pastoral transitional zone in eastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2013,58(6):1-9.
[6]	DING W G, HE L, ZEWUDIE D, et al. Gender and renewable energy study in Tibetan Pastoral Areas of China. Renewable Energy, 2019,133(7):901-913.
[7]	JIANG L, CHEN X P, XUE B. Features, driving forces and transition of the household energy consumption in China: A review. Sustainability, 2019,11(4):1-20.
[8]	MA W, ZHOU X, RENWICK A. Impact of off-farm income on household energy expenditures in China: Implications for rural energy transition. Energy Policy, 2019,127(12):248-258.
[9]	ZHANG L X, YANG Z F, CHEN B, et al. Rural energy in China: Pattern and policy. Renewable Energy, 2009,34(12):2813-2823.
[10]	TAO S, RU M Y, DU W, et al. Quantifying the rural residential energy transition in China from 1992 to 2012 through a representative national survey. Nature Energy, 2018,3(7):567-573.
[11]	吴燕红, 曹斌, 高芳, 等. 滇西北农村生活能源使用现状及生物质能源开发利用研究: 以兰坪县和香格里拉县为例. 自然资源学报, 2008,23(5):781-789.
	[ WU Y H, CAO B, GAO F, et al. Studies on current rural energy resources utilization and bio-energy development in Northwest Yunnan: The case study on Lanping and Shangri-La counties. Journal of Natural Resources, 2008,23(5):781-789.]
[12]	刘刚. 西藏能源消费格局及其环境效应. 北京: 中国科学院研究生院, 2007.
	[ LIU G. Tibet's energy consumption pattern and its environmental effects. Beijing: Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2007.]
[13]	蔡国田, 张雷. 西藏农村能源消费及环境影响研究. 资源开发与市场, 2006,22(3):238-244.
	[ CAI G T, ZHANG L. Research on rural energy consumption and environmental impact in Tibet. Resources Development and Market, 2006,22(3):238-244.]
[14]	吴彦潮, 赵翠薇. 贵州省低碳经济发展动态评价研究. 贵州师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 2016,2(34):19-26.
	[ WU Y C, ZHAO C W. Research on the dynamic evaluation of the development of low carbon economy in Guizhou province. Journal of Guizhou Normal University: Natural Science Edition, 2016,2(34):19-26.]
[15]	聂泓玮, 张晓妮, 勾思曼. 西南少数民族地区农户生活能源消费结构影响因素分析: 以云南省德宏、怒江自治州为例. 中国农学通报, 2019,35(23):159-164.
	[ NIE H W, ZHANG X N, GOU S M. The influencing factors of rural household energy consumption structure in southwest minorities areas: A case study of Dehong and Nujiang Autonomous Prefectures of Yunnan province. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2019,35(23):159-164.]
[16]	HUA H L, PAN Y J, YANG X Y, et al. Dynamic relations between energy carbon footprint and economic growth in ethnic minority autonomous regions, China. Energy Procedia, 2012,17(2):273-278.
[17]	JIANG L, YU L, XUE B, et al. Who is energy poor? Evidence from the least developed regions in China. Energy Policy, 2020,137(2):1-10.
[18]	杨小军, 王轶博, 徐晋涛. 少数民族地区农村家庭生活能源消费需求研究: 以甘肃省、云南省为例. 林业经济, 2016,38(6):14-21, 54.
	[ YANG X J, WANG Y B, XU J T. Research on rural households' energy consumption demands in minority areas: Taking Gansu and Yunnan provinces as examples. Forestry Economy, 2016,38(6):14-21, 54.]
[19]	胡芳. 土族人口的数量与性别年龄结构变动分析. 青海社会科学, 2016,7(6):119-125.
	[ HU F. An analysis of the change of Tu Nationality's population and gender and age structure. Qinghai Social Sciences, 2016,7(6):119-125.]
[20]	李林, 李晓东, 校瑞香, 等. 青藏高原东北部气候变化的异质性及其成因. 自然资源学报, 2019,34(7):1496-1505.
	[ LI L, LI X D, XIAO R X, et al. The heterogeneity of climate change and its genesis in the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources, 2019,34(7):1496-1505.]
[21]	王天穷, 顾海英. 我国农村能源政策以及收入水平对农户生活能源需求的影响研究. 自然资源学报, 2017,32(8):1286-1297.
	[ WANG T Q, GU H Y. Impacts of rural energy policy and income level on rural household's energy demand in China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2017,32(8):1286-1297.]
[22]	IEA (International Energy Agency). Real-world policy packages for sustainable energy transitions. https: //www.iea.org/events/ real-world-policy-packages-for-sustainable-energy-transitions, 2018-11-18.
[23]	IPCC. 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories: Volume II. Japan: The Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2008.
[24]	陈菡, 於世为. 中国生活能源消费的典型污染物排放及驱动因素研究. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2017,27(12):40-51.
	[ CHEN H, YU S W. Emissions and driving forces of primary air pollutants from residential energy consumption in China. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2017,27(12):40-51.]
[25]	孙永龙, 牛叔文, 兰忠成, 等. 牧民家庭能源消费模式的演变及环境效应. 农业工程学报, 2014,30(16):256-262.
	[ SUN Y L, NIU S W, LAN Z C, et al. Evolution and environmental effect of household energy consumption pattern for herdsmen. Transactions of the CSAE, 2014,30(16):256-262.]
[26]	生态环境部. 大气细颗粒物一次源排放清单编制技术指南, 2014.
	[ Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Technical guidelines for the compilation of primary source emission inventory of atmospheric fine particles, 2014.]
[27]	李静, 刘丽雯. 中国家庭消费的能源环境代价. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2017,27(12):31-39.
	[ LI J, LIU L W. Research on energy and environment cost of household consumption in China. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2007,27(12):31-39.]
[28]	SHEKAR R M, CHANDRA V. Inventory of aerosol and sulphur dioxide emissions from India. Part II: Biomass combustion. Atmospheric Environment, 2002,36(4):699-712.
[29]	闫珍奇, 叶维超, 陈剑, 等. 浙江省农村能源结构及主要污染物排放量估算. 农业工程, 2017,7(4):60-64.
	[ YAN Z Q, YE W C, CHEN J, et al. Rural energy structure and emission estimation of main pollutant in Zhejiang province. Agricultural Engineering, 2017,7(4):60-64.]
[30]	HUANG Y, SHEN H Z, CHEN H, et al. Quantification of global primary emissions of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and TSP from combustion and industrial process sources. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014,48(23):13834-13843. doi: 10.1021/es503696k pmid: 25347079
[31]	ANDREAE M O. Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2001,15(4):4955-4966.
[32]	王天天, 卢笛音, 曹雅. 物质流分析方法及应用研究综述. 再生资源与循环经济, 2017,10(8):9-12, 16.
	[ WANG T T, LU D Y, CAO Y. A review of material flow analysis methods and application. Renewable Resources and Recycling Economy, 2017,10(8):9-12, 16.]
[33]	董梅, 徐璋勇. 农村家庭能源消费结构及影响因素分析: 以陕西省1303户农村家庭调查为例. 农林经济管理学报, 2018,17(1):45-53.
	[ DONG M, XU Z Y. Energy consumption structure of rural households and influencing factors: Based on 1303 rural households in Shaanxi province. Journal of Agro-Forestry Economics and Management, 2018,17(1):45-53.]
[34]	SMITH K R, APTE M G, YU M, et al. Air pollution and the energy ladder in Asian cities. Energy, 1994,19(5):587-600.
[35]	NIU S W, ZHANG X, ZHAO C S, et al. Variations in energy consumption and survival status between rural and urban households: A case study of the Western Loess Plateau, China. Energy Policy, 2012,49(9):515-527.
[36]	曹建军, 许雪赟, 杨书荣, 等. 青藏高原不同草地利用方式产生的原因及其对社会—生态系统的影响研究进展. 自然资源学报, 2017,32(12):2149-2159.
	[ CAO J J, XU X Y, YANG S R, et al. Advance in the reasons for two different grassland use patterns formed and their each effects on the socio-ecological system on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources, 2017,32(12):2149-2159.]
[37]	吴玲, 肖盼. 江苏省家庭能源消费及影响因素调查. 南京工程学院学报: 社会科学版, 2018,18(3):51-54.
	[ WU L, XIAO P. An investigation on household energy consumption and influencing factors in Jiangsu province. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Technology: Social Science Edition, 2018,18(3):51-54.]
[38]	JIANG L, XUE B, XING R, et al. Rural household energy consumption of farmers and herders in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Energy, 2020,192(1):1-9.
[39]	GOLDEMBERG J, TEIXERIA C S. Renewable energy-traditional biomass vs modern biomass. Energy Policy, 2004,32(6):711-714.

收入分组/元	低收入 3000~6550	中低收入 6551~10000	中等收入 10001~16000	中高收入 16001~23000	高收入 23001~50000
问卷数量/份	16	23	21	21	19
家庭收入/元	12250	18609	21571	35333	57526
家庭规模/人	4.5	4.3	4.6	4.8	4.7
非劳动力人口/人	2.1	2.3	2.2	2.2	2.3
户主受教育年限/年	9.7	9.0	8.9	8.6	9.0
高于初中学历人数/人	2.6	2.0	2.5	2.3	2.1
户主年龄/岁	52	49	53	50	49

类型	低收入		中低收入		中收入		中高收入		高收入
类型	kgce	%	kgce	%	kgce	%	kgce	%	kgce	%
煤炭	1200	34.43	1021	30.10	1307	41.14	1150	34.46	1364	34.32
汽油	200	5.73	191	5.62	153	4.81	241	7.22	195	4.91
柴油	67	1.94	220	6.50	50	1.56	49	1.47	152	3.83
液化气	103	2.95	134	3.94	182	5.72	214	6.42	257	6.47
电力	96	2.75	109	3.22	124	3.91	120	3.61	132	3.32
薪柴	1100	31.56	998	29.41	486	15.31	726	21.77	664	16.70
秸秆	314	9.01	290	8.56	277	8.73	647	19.39	857	21.55
畜粪	406	11.64	429	12.65	598	18.81	189	5.66	354	8.90

类型	非常困难	比较困难	一般	比较容易	非常容易	平均分值
电力	0.95	43.82	38.54	14.83	1.86	3.28
煤炭	16.75	54.48	20.67	4.52	3.49	3.78
汽油/柴油	23.34	29.96	11.24	0.51	34.96	3.10
液化气	31.20	13.95	3.33	0.81	50.70	2.67
薪柴	5.97	41.61	24.25	23.92	4.26	3.22
秸秆	4.72	33.21	28.38	30.95	2.73	2.95
畜粪	8.12	25.46	30.96	13.32	22.15	2.97
太阳能	20.04	24.93	15.34	9.30	30.39	2.80

类型	获取途径	主要用途	使用率
类型	获取途径	主要用途	低收入	中低收入	中等收入	中高收入	高收入
电力	购买	炊事、照明等家用	87.50	100.00	100.00	95.24	100.00
煤炭	购买	炊事、取暖	81.25	100.00	85.71	100.00	94.74
汽油/柴油	购买	交通出行	93.75	82.61	95.24	95.24	84.21
液化气	购买	炊事	12.50	47.83	47.62	38.10	42.11
薪柴	室外采集	炊事、取暖	87.50	91.30	71.43	85.71	78.95
秸秆	自家生产、室外采集	炊事、取暖	81.25	60.00	76.19	60.48	73.68
畜粪	自家生产、室外采集	炊事、取暖	37.50	65.22	52.38	71.43	63.16
太阳能	室外采集	照明等家用	12.50	39.13	52.38	47.62	52.63

类型	CO₂	N₂O	CH₄	NO_X	SO₂	TSP
煤炭/(g/kg)	1963.35	0.04	1.47	1.83	9.59	1.82
汽油/(g/kg)	3448.94	0.06	1.12	7.94	0.20	0.12
柴油/(g/kg)	3515.04	0.06	1.11	12.60	0.12	0.12
液化气/(g/kg)	3127.81	0.02	0.05	2.20	0.18	0.00
电力/[g/(kW·h)]	147.61	0.06	0.36	0.89	1.37	2.55
薪柴/(g/kg)	1522.99	0.14	2.36	1.44	0.46	5.34
秸秆/(g/kg)	1318.45	0.14	4.78	1.75	0.45	18.77
畜粪/(g/kg)	903.59	0.10	3.76	2.45	2.64	20.40

青藏高原东北部土族家庭能源消费特征

Household energy consumption characteristics of the Tus ethnic group in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

赞

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 9

参考文献 39

相关文章 15

Metrics

本文评价

推荐阅读 0

	CO₂	N₂O	CH₄	NOx	SO₂	TSP
低收入	1924.91	0.12	2.96	2.52	4.56	5.02
中低收入	1930.58	0.12	2.94	2.81	4.25	5.07
中收入	1652.67	0.10	2.64	2.34	4.95	4.95
中高收入	1714.07	0.11	2.72	2.22	3.95	4.66
高收入	2062.13	0.13	3.49	2.83	4.89	6.33
平均值	1856.87	0.12	2.95	2.54	4.52	5.21

[1]	李东昇, 张仁勇, 崔步礼, 赵云朵, 王莹, 姜宝福. 1986—2015年青藏高原哈拉湖湖泊动态对气候变化的响应[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(2): 501-512.
[2]	张锐, 刘焱序, 赵嵩, 傅伯杰. 中国城市居民对青藏高原生态资产的支付意愿——以中国27市为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2020, 35(3): 563-575.
[3]	马伟东, 刘峰贵, 周强, 陈琼, 刘飞, 陈永萍. 1961—2017年青藏高原极端降水特征分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2020, 35(12): 3039-3050.
[4]	陈舒婷, 郭兵, 杨飞, 韩保民, 范业稳, 杨潇, 何田莉, 刘悦, 杨雯娜. 2000—2015年青藏高原植被NPP时空变化格局及其对气候变化的响应[J]. 自然资源学报, 2020, 35(10): 2511-2527.
[5]	李林, 李晓东, 校瑞香, 申红艳. 青藏高原东北部气候变化的异质性及其成因[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(7): 1496-1505.
[6]	段健, 徐勇, 孙晓一. 青藏高原粮食生产、消费及安全风险格局变化[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(4): 673-688.
[7]	孙从建, 李伟, 李新功, 张子宇, 陈若霞, 陈伟. 青藏高原西北部近地表气温直减率时空分布特征[J]. 自然资源学报, 2018, 33(7): 1270-1282.
[8]	曹建军, 许雪贇, 杨书荣, 李梦天, 龚毅帆, 周俊菊. 青藏高原不同草地利用方式产生的原因及其对社会-生态系统的影响研究进展[J]. 自然资源学报, 2017, 32(12): 2149-2159.
[9]	周扬, 徐维新, 张娟, 白爱娟, 刘晓敬, 徐国元. 2013—2015年青藏高原玛多地区两次动态融雪过程及其与气温关系对比分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2017, 32(1): 101-113.
[10]	蔡虹, 李文军. 不同产权制度下青藏高原地区草地资源使用的效率与公平性分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2016, 31(8): 1302-1309.
[11]	赵忠贺, 徐增让, 成升魁, 鲁春霞, 刘高焕. 西藏生态系统碳蓄积动态的土地利用/覆被变化归因分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2016, 31(5): 755-766.
[12]	贡布泽仁, 李文军. 草场管理中的市场机制与习俗制度的关系及其影响：青藏高原案例研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2016, 31(10): 1637-1647.
[13]	徐成龙, 程钰. 新常态下山东省环境规制对工业结构调整及其大气环境效应研究[J]. 自然资源学报, 2016, 31(10): 1662-1674.
[14]	孙永龙, 牛叔文, 胡嫄嫄, 齐敬辉. 高寒藏区农牧村家庭能源消费特征及影响因素——以甘南高原为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2015, 30(4): 569-579.
[15]	林厚博, 游庆龙, 焦洋, 闵锦忠. 基于高分辨率格点观测数据的青藏高原降水时空变化特征[J]. 自然资源学报, 2015, 30(2): 271-281.