发展多维贫困度量方法和提高贫困识别精准度是近年国际贫困研究中的热点领域,也是中国未来提高农村扶贫实践质量和效率所面临的关键问题。本文借鉴国际上关于脆弱性—可持续生计框架模型在贫困研究中的学术思想,通过建立农村多维贫困测度指标体系和地理识别方法,对中国农村开展了县域尺度的贫困地理识别,并与单维度收入贫困以及国家最新认定的扶贫开发重点县进行了对比分析,最后对识别的多维贫困县按扶贫措施相似性进行了类型划分。研究结果表明：655个县级单元被识别为多维度贫困县,涉及农村人口1.41亿人;空间分布集中连片特征显著,青藏高原及其周边的南疆三地州、黄土高原西部、滇西—川西高山峡谷区为最大的连片贫困区;有71.79%的国家重点贫困县与识别结果重叠,与国家重点贫困县对比,识别的多维贫困县在各单维度和综合维度都处于更劣势水平;多维贫困县被划分为金融资本缺乏型、人力资本缺乏型、基础建设缺乏型、金融基建兼缺型、人力基建兼缺型、生计途径缺乏型、生存条件缺乏型和发展条件缺乏型8种类型。

Developing methods for measuring multi-dimensional poverty and improving the accuracy of poverty identification have been the hot topics in international poverty research for decades. In light of the academic thoughts of the vulnerability and sustainable livelihood analysis framework, this paper establishes an index system and a method for geographical identification of multi-dimensional poverty, and carries out a county-level identification in rural China. Furthermore, this study makes a comparison between the identification result, income poverty and the latest designated poor regions by the Chinese government. At last, the identified multi-dimensional poor counties are classified by the similarity of poverty reduction measures. The results show that: (1) Taking the vulnerability and sustainable livelihood analysis framework proposed by DFID as theoretical basis, we build an index system of multi-dimensional poverty identification to reflect the farmers' livelihoods that multiple factors work on. It is feasible to develop a composite Multi-dimensional Development Index (MDI) for the integrated method of geographical identification of multi-dimensional poverty in rural China. (2) A total of 655 counties are identified as multi-dimensional poor counties. They are concentrated and jointly distributed in space, in which the Tibetan Plateau and its neighboring areas of three prefectures in southern Xinjiang, western Loess Plateau, mountainous and gully areas in western Yunnan and Sichuan, are suffering greatly from poverty. Besides, poor counties are mainly in Wumeng-Daliang mountainous areas, Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi rocky desertification areas, border mountainous areas in Yunnan, Wuling mountainous areas, Qinling-Daba mountainous areas, Shanxi-Shaanxi gully areas and Yanshan-Taihang mountainous areas. (3) In comparison to the latest designated poor counties, this paper targets at poor counties with more disadvantages at both single and multiple dimensions. Some 71.79% of designated poor counties overlap with identified poor counties. By contrast, the majority of the designated poor counties located in mountainous areas of central or eastern China do not belong to identified poor counties because of much less disadvantage/deprivation dimensions. However, the identified poor counties, which are mainly distributed in marginal areas of plateau or mountainous areas in western China, and suffering from multiple dimensions of disadvantages and deprivations, are not included in the designated poor counties. (4) According to the disadvantage/deprivation situation of different dimensions, multi-dimensional poor counties are classified into eight types, i.e., lack of financial capital, lack of human capital, lack of infrastructure, lack of both financial capital and infrastructure, lack of both human capital and infrastructure, lack of means/strategies of livelihoods, lack of living condition, and lack of development condition.

面向“两个一百年”奋斗目标的需要,当前中国贫困地区乡村发展正逐渐由低层次的脱贫向更高层次的振兴转变,两者的紧密关联使得减贫对于推动乡村振兴战略目标的实现具有重要意义。通过分析精准扶贫与乡村振兴的基本内涵,探讨两者的内在逻辑关系,进而从多个维度剖析贫困地区的精准扶贫实践如何助推其乡村振兴。结果表明：① 贫困地区的精准扶贫旨在科学诊断致贫因子的基础上采取针对性措施实施帮扶,从根本上消除导致贫困的各种障碍性因素;乡村振兴则重点在于通过构建城乡融合发展的体制机制,最终实现农业农村的现代化。② 精准扶贫与乡村振兴的内在一致性使得两者存在紧密的逻辑顺承性,精准扶贫是乡村振兴的关键和基本前提,而乡村振兴是精准扶贫的深化和保障,可以说农村减贫的过程也是乡村逐步振兴的过程。③ 通过要素资源合理流动和配置补齐乡村人、地、业等发展短板,贫困地区重塑了要素耦合、结构合理、功能复合的乡村地域系统,从而推动乡村产业、人才、文化、生态、组织等振兴,最终实现农业强、农民富和农村美的发展目标。

Targeting at the needs of Two Centenary Goals, rural development in poverty-stricken areas of China is gradually transforming from poverty alleviation to rural revitalization. Since there is a close relationship between these two stages, targeted poverty alleviation practices in rural areas are of great significance to promote the realization of rural revitalization. This study analyzed the connotations of targeted poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, and investigated the internal logic between them. Then it discussed how antipoverty practices promote the rural revitalization in poverty-stricken areas. Results show that targeted poverty alleviation aims at taking countermeasures to help those who truly need them based on scientific diagnosis of the factors leading to poverty, thus all kinds of factors causing poverty can be eliminated fundamentally. The key of rural revitalization lies in establishing the system and mechanism for urban-rural integrated development, eventually realizing the modernization of agriculture and countryside. In term of the relationship between targeted poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, the former is the key and basic premise of the latter since poverty reduction guided by targeted poverty alleviation makes up the shortboard of rural development, and the latter is the higher stage and guarantee of the former since it steadily improves the abilities of rural sustainable development. Therefore, it can be said that the process of poverty alleviation in rural areas is also a process of gradual rejuvenation of the countryside. Through the rational flow and allocation of factors, such as human, land and capital, poverty-stricken areas have constructed a benign rural regional system with enough elements, proper structure and multiple functions to promote the revitalization of industries, talent, culture, ecology and organizations. Eventually, it helps to achieve the goals of strong agriculture, beautiful countryside and well-off farmers. Rural development has obvious path dependence; thus, its cyclic accumulation effect determines that the current antipoverty in poor areas should focus on the effective connection with rural revitalization, laying a solid foundation for rural sustainable development.

Rural settlement in previously sparsely occupied areas of the Brazilian Amazon has been associated with high levels of forest loss and unclear long-term social outcomes. We focus here on the micro-level processes in one settlement area to answer the question of how settler and farm endowments affect household poverty. We analyze the extent to which poverty is sensitive to changes in natural capital, land use strategies, and biophysical characteristics of properties (particularly soil quality). Cumulative time spent in poverty is simulated using Markovian processes, which show that accessibility to markets and land use system are especially important for decreasing poverty among households in our sample. Wealtheir households are selected into commercial production of perennials before our initial observation, and are therefore in poverty a lower proportion of the time. Land in pasture, in contrast, has an independent effect on reducing the proportion of time spent in poverty. Taken together, these results show that investments in roads and the institutional structures needed to make commercial agriculture or ranching viable in existing and new settlement areas can improve human well-being in frontiers. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

贫困人口及其分布区域的有效瞄准和识别是新阶段连片特困区农村扶贫开发需要解决的首要问题。从多维角度把握贫困的实质并进行多维贫困的具体度量和分析成为近年来国内外研究的焦点。在系统设计多维贫困识别指标体系及多维贫困测算算法流程的基础上,以河南省南阳市连片特困区扶贫重点县为研究区域,构建基于“双临界值”的“维度加总/分解”算法进行了“县级-村级”的贫困人口多维贫困量算和分析;借助Kriging法对村级多维贫困测算结果进行空间插值处理,系统分析研究区多维贫困状况空间分布格局。结果显示：研究区多维贫困发生率和多维贫困指数都呈现“西高东低”趋势,其中,内乡县和淅川县的综合贫困指数MPI最大,镇平县MPI最小。其主要致贫因素为收入和健康,收入指标对贫困的贡献度在空间上呈现“西北-东南”条带状分布,健康问题集中在镇平县;次要致贫因素为教育年限、儿童入学率以及燃料类型。此外,淅川县山区地区多维贫困发生率最高,县城附近的MPI相对较低。

贫困包括区域贫困和个体贫困,两者均具有多维属性。区域多维贫困是贫困地理学研究的重要内容,深度贫困地区是区域多维贫困的集中表现,是当前和未来脱贫攻坚的贫中之贫、困中之困、坚中之坚。本文以空间贫困理论为基础,界定了贫困地域系统和区域多维贫困的概念,并探究了区域多维贫困测度指标体系与评估方法。据此,以中国334个深度贫困县为研究对象,运用BP神经网络模型和ESDA技术刻画了中国深度贫困地区的多维贫困空间格局。结果表明：① 区域多维贫困是贫困地域系统发展演化过程中“人”“地”“业”三个核心要素耦合失调的一种外在表现形式,是特定地域在生态环境劣势、经济劣势、社会福利劣势上的综合表现,包括生态贫困、经济贫困和福利贫困3个维度。② 深度贫困地区最“深”的地方在青藏高原,最“深”的短板在公共服务和基础设施。从单一维度的贫困指数来看,深度贫困地区的福利贫困指数（WPI）>经济贫困指数（EPI）>生态贫困指数（NPI）,三者平均值分别为2.77、2.66、1.89,贫困人口社会福利供给不足和公共服务短缺是深度贫困地区最突出的问题;从多维贫困指数来看,青藏高原是区域多维贫困指数（RMP）的高集聚区或热点区,生态贫困、经济贫困和福利贫困程度均显著高于其他地区。③ 区域多维贫困指数能较好地揭示特定区域的贫困状况。在地理位置偏远、生态环境极其脆弱、区域劣势突出的地区,区域贫困和个体贫困在空间上高度重叠。

Poverty includes regional poverty and individual poverty, both of which are featured by multidimensional concept. Regional multidimensional poverty (RMP) is a major theme and content in poverty geography. Because of harsh natural environment, vulnerable economy and inadequate public services, severely impoverished areas (SIAs) are typical and highlighted areas of RMP, which have been the biggest obstacle to poverty alleviation in China. Based on the theory of spatial poverty, this paper defines the notion of impoverished areal system (IAS) and regional multidimensional poverty (RMP), explores their internal connections and proposes the evaluation indictors and measurement method for RMP. Taking 334 severely impoverished counties as research samples, we analyze the multidimensional poverty patterns of SIAs in 2016 by BP neural network model and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA). Results show that: (1) RMP is an external manifestation of the coupling imbalance of "human", "environment" and "industry" in the evolution of IAS. It reveals regional disadvantages in natural environment, economic development and social welfare, corresponding to natural poverty, economic poverty and welfare poverty, respectively. (2) The most severely impoverished county, with the poorest services and infrastructure, is found in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. From a single dimension of regional poverty, the Welfare Poverty Index (WPI) > Economic Poverty Index (EPI) > Natural Poverty Index (NPI) in the SIAs, whose average is 2.77, 2.66 and 1.89, respectively, indicating that the lack of social welfare and public services for the poor has become the prominent problem in the SIAs. From the perspective of multidimensional poverty, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a high agglomeration region or "hot spot" of RMP, which is significantly higher than other areas in terms of natural poverty, economic poverty and welfare poverty. (3) Both RMP and individual multidimensional poverty are effective measures of poverty targeting. Their matching coefficient (M) can help us to judge the poverty status of some specific areas, e.g., RMP is superior to individual multidimensional poverty in the remote areas, extremely fragile ecological environment and obvious regional disadvantage, where the matching coefficient (M) is higher. RMP can more objectively reflect the true level of geographical capitals, effectively target poor areas and identify determinant impoverishing factors.

土地整治是助推精准扶贫,实现脱贫解困的重要途径。根据土地整治作用于农村减贫发展的实现路径,将全国土地整治助推精准扶贫的典型模式概括为四种：① 单项土地整理模式。通过开发低效未利用地,建设高标准农田,改善农业生产条件,促进农业规模化经营。② 三生空间优化模式。将农村宅基地复垦与易地扶贫搬迁相结合,改善人居环境,恢复脆弱生态,优化乡村三生空间。③ 土地资产显化模式。实施补充耕地指标有偿异地调剂,积累扶贫开发资金,促进城乡要素双向流动,统筹城乡发展。④ 土地资本流动模式。将土地整治与土地流转及作价入股相结合,整合贫困地区劳动力、资本等要素资源,推动农业现代化和乡村振兴。

Poverty is an obstacle for rural revitalization and development. As the largest developing country in the world, China has been struggling against poverty for decades and has achieved a great success. Land consolidation is regarded as an indispensable path to poverty alleviation in rural China, where residents are suffering from agriculture recession such as fragmentation of arable land, soil impoverishment, and infrastructure damage, etc. According to the path in promoting poverty alleviation, land consolidation can be categorized as four typical models. Firstly, the key of land consolidation is to increase the amount of arable land and improve the conditions of agricultural production. And land consolidation is generally composed of exploiting uncultivated land, levelling uneven land, merging scattered land as well as constructing irrigation and drainage facilities. Then poor peasants can obtain concentrated and contiguous farmland equipped with improved infrastructures and roads, which makes contribution to agriculture mechanization and large-scale operation. This kind of project is categorized as "Elementary Land Consolidation Model". In addition, impoverished people usually live in mountainous areas or remote valleys, featured by inconvenient transportation and fragile ecology. Therefore, it is important to resettle these people and restore the fragile eco-environment so that peasants can enjoy livable residential space, convenient production space and sustainable ecological space. Considering the multifunction of land consolidation for optimizing rural production, living and ecological spaces, this kind of project is named "Reconstruction of Three Spaces Model". Although there is sufficient land space for construction in rural areas, cities are short of construction land for further expansion. Accordingly, a new scheme was innovated that peasants can reclaim rural settlements to increase arable land, and urban departments can buy these quotas to obtain more construction land. In this way, rural departments acquire additional capital for poverty alleviation and economic development. This new project is named "Mobilizing Land Assets Model" as it can turn rural land into actual property and bring revenues to farmers. Furthermore, rural areas also face another obstacle on the way to prosperity except for capital, that is the enormous labor flow from rural areas into cities. A large quantity of farmland has been abandoned due to the lack of adequate labors, resulting in agriculture decline and rural poverty. To resolve these rural issues, farmers are encouraged to transfer their land use rights to rural collective economic organization with identifying them as stockholders. Then the transferred land is leased to professional enterprises or farmers which will bring profits to local farmers. During this process, land plays a role of stock capital, so this project is named "Land Capitalization Model". In general, land consolidation integrated with land rights transaction conduces to agriculture modernization and rural revitalization. Nonetheless, there are still some problems during land consolidation which need to be addressed, including the single financing channels, the absence of supporting system and the lack of advanced planning. The governments are supposed to take measures to promote land consolidation in poor rural areas, such as expanding financing channels, establishing perfect supporting system, and enhancing advanced planning.

人力资本是构建农户生计的关键要素,从人力资本视角探讨农户生计选择对于推动农户生计转型、实现乡村振兴具有重要意义。论文以西南贫困山区四川省凉山彝族自治州为案例区,采用2018年508个农户样本数据,应用回归模型,估算了人力资本对农户生计策略的影响。结果表明：人力资本是山区农户生计选择的重要影响因素,不同类型人力资本对农户生计策略的影响不同,且具有明显的空间差异。教育文化、健康状况对非农生计策略的选择具有正向影响,且高山区>二半山区>河谷区,健康状况对河谷区农户生计选择影响不显著;非农技能培训对非农生计策略选择具有显著的正向影响,且高山区>二半山区>河谷区;农业技能培训对非农生计策略选择具有负向影响,且高山区

Human capital is the key factor for building farmers' livelihoods and examining farming households' livelihood strategy is important for promoting livelihood transformation and rural revitalization. Taking Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province in the mountainous area of southwest China as the case study area, this study measured the impact of human capital on farming households' livelihood strategy by using the survey data from 508 farmers in 2018 and applying regression models. The results show: human capital is an important factor of farmers' livelihood choices in mountainous areas, and different types of human capital have different impacts on farmers' livelihood strategy, with clear spatial differences. Education level and health condition have positive effects on off-farm livelihood strategy, with most significant impacts in the high mountain villages, followed by the semi-mountain villages, and health condition has no significant effect on farmers' livelihood choices in the river valley villages. Off-farm skill training has a significant positive impact on off-farm livelihood strategy choices, with most significant impact in the high mountain villages, followed by the semi-mountain and river valley villages; agricultural skill training has a negative impact on off-farm livelihood strategy choices, with most significant impact in the river valley villages, followed by the semi-mountain villages, and agricultural skill training has no significant effect on farmers' livelihood choices in the high mountain villages. Young adult labor force tend to choose off-farm livelihood, and the aging problem of farming population is getting worse, with the high mountain villages being the most significant, followed by the semi-mountain villages, and the river valley villages being less obvious. Income gaps between farm and off-farm livelihood types is the fundamental reason affecting farmers' livelihood choices, and poor rural public services and lack of development opportunity are important reasons that affect farmers' livelihood choices. Finally, based on the above conclusions, this article explored the dialectical relationship between human capitals, labor off-farm employment, and rural development and its policy implications.

目前,中国新型工业化、城镇化和农业现代化的推进仍缺乏重要抓手和空间支撑平台,严重影响了城乡一体化发展进程。亟需通过开展农村土地综合整治,重构乡村生产、生活和生态空间,为推进新农村建设和城乡一体化发展搭建新平台。本文在界定了乡村空间重构,即在快速工业化和城镇化进程中,伴随乡村内生发展需求和外源驱动力综合作用下导致的农村地区社会经济结构重新塑造,乡村地域上生产空间、生活空间和生态空间的优化调整乃至根本性变革的过程,及其产业发展集聚、农民居住集中和资源利用集约3 个方面内涵的基础上,分析了工业化和城镇化进程对乡村生产、生活和生态空间的影响;探讨了乡村空间重构的土地整治类型及助推机制;结合农用地整治、"空心村"整治和工矿用地整治提出了乡村生产、生活和生态空间重构的模式与途径,以及依托土地整治的以"自下而上"为主、"自上而下"为辅的乡村空间重构战略。作为城乡一体化发展根基的乡村空间其重要性和基础平台作用应受到足够重视,乡村集约高效的生产空间、宜居适度的生活空间和山清水秀的生态空间的优化重构,有赖于区域农村土地整治工程技术、政策机制与模式的创新。

Currently, the implementation of new type industrialization, new type urbanization and agricultural modernization strategy lacks of a major hand grip and spatial sustain platform, due to long-term existed "dual-track" structure of rural-urban development in China as well as unstable rural development institution and mechanism and backward rural and agricultural infrastructures, which greatly affects the advancement of urban-rural integration development. It is necessary to restructure rural production, living and ecological space by carrying out land consolidation, so as to establish a new platform for building new countryside and realize urban-rural integration development in China. This paper develops the concept and connotation of rural spatial restructuring, i.e., an optimization and adjustment even utterly changing process of rural production, living and ecological space accompanied by rural socio-economic structure reshaping under the pressure of rapid industrialization and urbanization. The connotations of rural spatial restructuring involve three aspects of assembling industrial development, centralizing farmers' living and intensive resources utilization. Based on the effects analysis of industrialization and urbanization on rural production, living and ecological space, this paper also probes the mechanism which push forward rural spatial restructuring by carrying out land consolidation, an important approach to supplying cultivated land, revitalizing the stock land, optimizing rural-urban land, utilizing land intensively, and increasing land productivity. A conceptualization of the models of rural production, living and ecological environment spatial restructuring is analyzed in combination with agricultural land consolidation, hollowed villages consolidation and industrial and mining land consolidation. Finally, the author argues that a "bottom-up" restructuring strategy accompanied by a few "top-down" elements is helpful for smoothly pushing forward current rural spatial restructuring in China. The optimization and restructuring of rural intensive and high-efficient production space, suitable living space with amenity and ecological space with beautiful mountain and clean water will rely on the innovation of regional engineering technology, policy mechanism and mode of rural land consolidation, and more attentions should be paid to rural space, the foundation base and platform for realizing urban-rural integration development.

在明确耕地细碎化内涵空间尺度特征的基础上,从资源规模性、空间集聚性和生产便利性3方面构建耕地细碎化空间测度体系,以江苏省为例,综合运用地理空间分析、数理统计分析等方法,开展了省域尺度耕地细碎化多维评价及相应的土地整治协同探讨。研究表明：① 江苏省资源规模属性值总体偏低,呈现苏北-苏中-苏南逐级递减的分异格局;空间集聚属性值总体较高,但区域差异明显,高值区主要集中在徐淮平原及里下河平原地区;利用便利属性值总体呈现与资源规模及集聚状况相反的格局特征,苏南明显高于苏中和苏北地区,两极分化明显,地域差异较大;② 在乡镇尺度对各分维属性进行耦合形成江苏省耕地细碎化指数,省域尺度下该指数呈现从北到南逐渐增加的格局特征,表现为北部的低值聚集区和西南部的高值聚集区;③ 基于区域耕地细碎化不同属性特征的层次组合特点,全省可划分为利用提升区、集约归并区、设施改造区、规模流转区、资源优配区和综合整治区6种类型分区,据此提出不同分区土地整治的主要整治方向及关键问题。

The macro social security function of cultivated land resources and the livelihood maintenance function of micro farmers determine that the connotation and characteristics of the fragmentation of cultivated land are quite different in different spatial scales. In view of the fact that the connotation of cultivated land fragmentation is single, the spatial index measurement is limited, and few attention has been paid to the regional differences in land consolidation, such as the characteristics and spatial distribution of cultivated land resources. This study takes a case study in Jiangsu Province, and constructs an evaluation system of cultivated land fragmentation from aspects such as resource scale, spatial agglomeration and production convenience which based on the definition of spatial scale characteristics of the connotation of cultivated land fragmentation. The results show that: 1) The value of resource scale is generally low, showing a pattern of gradual decline from north to south in Jiangsu; The value of spatial agglomeration is generally high, but the regional differences are obvious, and the high value areas are mainly distributed in Xuhuai Plain and Lixiahe Plain; The value of convenience property was significantly higher in southern than that in central and northern of Jiangsu Province, and the regional differences are obvious; 2) At the township scale, the fractal dimension of cultivated land was coupled to form the index of cultivated land fragmentation in Jiangsu Province. The index showed a gradually increasing pattern from north to south under the provincial scale, which was characterized by the low value aggregation areas in the north and the high value aggregation areas in the southwest; 3) Combined with the characteristics of different attributes of cultivated land fragmentation, Jiangsu Province has been classified into six categories: the utilization efficiency improvement area, the intensive merging area, the facility reformation area, the scale circulation area, the resource optimization area and the comprehensive consolidation area. The study can provide a useful reference for identifying the problems of regional cultivated land resource, determining the key direction of land consolidation, and making the consolidation plans for the stage.

针对目前贫困分布研究以大尺度为主而缺乏对小尺度的关注和致贫因素分析忽略个体效应或背景效应的不足,基于空间贫困视角,以乌蒙山片区为研究区域、贫困村为研究对象,运用空间点模式分析方法探究贫困村空间分布特征,并设计多层线性回归模型从贫困村和县域两个层面综合定量剖析贫困影响因素。研究发现：① 贫困村的空间聚集特征较为明显,总体分布呈现大分散小集中、散点-极核-轴带-团块并存的空间格局。② 贫困村的贫困程度受多层因素的显著影响。其中,村级影响因素为：人口密度、通路率、劳动力比例、遭受自然灾害频次、安全饮用水比例;县级影响因素为：人均地方生产总值、高中阶段毛入学率、植被覆盖率。③ 农村贫困来源于贫困村与县域的双重作用。因此在精准扶贫工作中,政府及相关部门可针对不同尺度对象有针对性地施策,合理配置扶贫资金。