中国主体功能区划方案是刻画未来中国国土空间开发与保护格局的规划蓝图,主体功能区规划已上升为主体功能区战略和主体功能区制度。2004-2014年,笔者组织系列研究项目,配合国家编制主体功能区规划,研究地域功能基础理论和功能区划技术流程,提出国家和省区尺度进行空间管制的地域功能区域类型为城市化区域、粮食安全区域、生态安全区域、文化和自然遗产区域等4类,在此基础上转化为以县级行政区划为单元的优化开发、重点开发、限制开发和禁止开发4类主体功能区。研制了由水资源、土地资源,生态重要性、生态脆弱性、环境容量、灾害危险性、经济发展水平、人口集聚度和交通优势度等9类可定量指标及战略选择为1项定性指标构成的地域功能识别指标体系,进行了单项指标评价,开发并运用地域功能适宜程度综合评价指数进行了综合评价,测算了各省区保护类区域下限、开发类区域上限以及开发强度等关键参数;研讨了以规划为应用指向的主体功能区划分方法,形成中国首部主体功能区划方案,按照全国主体功能区规划口径,2020年与2010年相比,全国国土空间开发强度从3.48%增加到3.91%;按照省区集成的主体功能区规划口径,优化、重点、限制开发区域的土地面积比重分别为1.48%、13.60%、84.92%,城市化、粮食安全、生态安全区域的土地面积比重分别为15.08%、26.11%、58.81%。结合区域发展水平、资源环境承载状态、民生质量等相关分析,给出了主体功能区的主要特征。通过区划方案校验,国家和省区分两级采用笔者主持制定的《主体功能区划技术规程》互动完成的全国主体功能区划方案,同预判的吻合程度多为80%以上。

Major Function Oriented Zoning (MFOZ) is the blueprint for the future developmnt and protection pattern of China's territory, and has been raised to from major function zones planning to major function zoning strategy and major function zoning institution. From 2004 to 2014, the author organized a series of research projects to compose MFOZ for the country, studied basic theory of regional function and MFOZ technical process, and proposed that space controlling zones of national and provincial scales can be divided into four types: urbanized zones, foodstuff-security zones, ecological safety zones, cultural and natural heritage zones. On this basis, major function zones of county scale should be transferred to optimized, prioritized, restricted, and prohibited zones. In this paper, a regional function identification index system comprising nine quantitative indicators (including water resources, land resources, ecological importance, ecological fragility, environment capacity, disaster risk, economic development level, population concentration and transport superiority) and one qualitative indicator of strategic choice is developed. Based on the single index evaluation, comprehensive evaluation using regional function suitability evaluation index is conducted, aiming at testing several key parameters including lower limit of protection zones and upper limit of development zones at the provincial level. In addition, a planning-oriented zoning method of major function zones is also discussed, which has brought the first MFOZ planning in China. According to the MFOZ caliber, it is forecasted that national spatial development intensity will rise from 3.48% in 2010 to 3.91% in 2020. Furthermore, according to caliber of the provincial integrated MFOZ planning, the area of optimized, prioritized and restricted zones accounts for 1.48%, 13.60% and 84.92%, respectively, and that of urbanized, foodstuff-security and ecological safety zones accounts for 15.08%, 26.11% and 58.81%, respectively. In combination of analyses of development level, resources and environmental carrying status and quality of the people's livelihood, the main characteristics of MFOZ were identified. Through verification, MFOZ draft of national and provincial scales, which is interactively accomplished with "MFOZ Technical Process" put forward by the author, is mostly above 80% identical with what have been forecasted.

农业农村现代化是实施乡村振兴战略的总目标,科学编制乡村振兴规划事关国家乡村振兴战略的推进及实施成效。《全国乡村振兴战略规划（2018—2022）》提出以来,如何建立符合中国乡村发展基本特点与规律的乡村振兴规划基础理论,研制县域乡村振兴规划方法与方案,成为当前学术研究及政府决策的重要课题和重点任务。基于乡村地域多体系统理论,构建了乡村振兴规划理论模式,提出了“三主三分”乡村振兴规划方法。“三主三分”的基本原理是依据特定区域乡村地域系统结构与格局,进行地域系统主体功能分区、主导类型分类、主要用途分级,确立乡村振兴规划空间体系及其优化调整方案。该体系运用于宁夏回族自治区盐池县乡村振兴总体规划,制定了坚持生态优先、因地制宜、产业支撑、城乡融合的乡村振兴规划原则,提出应重点发展乡村专业合作组织和村镇混合制经济,加快建设以滩羊、黄花、小杂粮产业化为特色、生态文化旅游智慧化为亮点的优势产业体系;在空间上突出中心城镇地位,形成以县城和3个重点镇为中心、“三产”融合发展的村镇有机体、居业协同体。本研究是对创建中国乡村振兴规划体系的有益尝试,可为全国县级乡村振兴规划与乡村发展决策提供参考依据。

Agricultural and rural modernization is the general goal of the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. The scientific formulation of the rural revitalization planning is related to the implementation effect of the national rural revitalization strategy. How to establish the basic theory of rural revitalization and develop the methods of rural revitalization planning have become important tasks of academic research and government decision-making. This paper constructed the theoretical model and method system of rural revitalization planning, tried to carry out the main function-oriented zoning, dominant type classification and principal purpose classification of rural regional system, and established the spatial system of rural revitalization planning and its optimal adjustment scheme. This system was applied to the overall rural revitalization planning in Yanchi County of Ningxia. By establishing the principle of rural revitalization planning that sticks to ecological priority, adaptation to local condition, industrial support and urban-rural integration, it put forward that the priority should be given to the development of rural professional cooperation organizations and the mixed economy of villages and towns, and the acceleration of the construction of advantageous industrial system characterized by the industrialization of tan-sheep, day lily, and minor cereals, and highlighted by the wisdom of eco-cultural tourism. Moreover, it was encouraged to give prominence to the position of the central town in space, and form the village organism and housing industry coordination body with the county seat and three key towns as the center of integrated industry development. The typical case study of Yanchi County has shown that the main contents and technical points of rural revitalization planning were embodied in the following four aspects: (1) determining the overall orientation of rural revitalization planning, and clarifying the phased development mode, key areas; (2) developing the county area based on the main function-oriented zoning, leading type classification and main purpose classification system, and exploring the territorial pattern and differentiation rules; (3) establishing the county development mode and industrial system, formulating coordination schemes of different main function-oriented zones, and revealing the spatial configuration and structural relationship of different dominant types; (4) exploring the local association and hierarchical system of each dominant type in its scale and level. The main task of implementing the rural revitalization planning is to promote the formation of a new pattern of urban-rural development with factors gathering, reasonable structure and orderly space in accordance with the objective requirements of "industrial prosperity, ecological livability, rural civilization, effective governance and prosperous life". China is facing great differences in rural development and many problems in transformation. Regional disparities and urban-rural differences determine the complexity, diversity and differences of rural governance and rural revitalization planning. China's rural transformation-urban and rural integration-rural revitalization-high quality development will become the major development logic and new normal in the future. The research on rural revitalization planning in the new era should focus on the overall situation of regional coordination and urban-rural integration, and solve the practical problems of "rural disease", so as to serve the national rural revitalization planning and scientific decision-making.

土地系统科学的研究视角可为促进城乡融合发展的土地利用转型研究提供参考借鉴。本文在梳理国际上土地系统科学发展历程基础上,基于土地系统科学研究视角探讨了土地利用转型影响城乡融合发展的理论框架、方式与路径以及促进城乡融合发展的土地利用转型调控途径与措施。土地系统科学致力于监测土地变化,解释驱动因素和反馈机制,理解发生于土地上的人类—环境相互作用,实现将对土地系统的科学发现转化为可持续土地利用解决方案。土地系统运行以土地可持续利用与人类福祉为准绳,显化为土地利用的多维效应。通过科学管控土地利用转型实现土地系统的良好运行能够影响城乡融合发展进程。土地利用转型通过效率提升、价值显化、要素流通与结构优化4大渠道,在“强整体”效应与“补短板”效应的作用下助推城乡融合发展。基于土地系统科学视域下促进城乡融合发展的土地利用转型调控需要重塑土地权能体系,推进国土空间综合整治,健全土地利用转型管控体系。

The research perspective of land system science can provide a reference for the study of urban-rural integrated development promoted by land use transitions. Based on the review of the development of land system science, this paper discusses the theoretical framework concerning land use transitions affecting urban-rural integrated development guided by land system science, the influential ways and paths of land use transitions on urban-rural integrated development, and the measures of promoting urban-rural integrated development via adjusting and controlling land use transitions. Land system science is committed to monitoring land use change, explaining the driving forces and feedback mechanism, understanding the human-environment interactions occurring on land, and translating scientific findings on land system into solutions for sustainable land use. The operating of land system takes sustainable land use and human well-being as the criterions, and manifests as multi-dimensional effects of land use. Operating well the land system via scientifically adjusting and controlling land use transitions can affect the process of urban-rural integrated development. Land use transitions promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas under the effects of strengthening the whole and reinforcing weak links through four channels, i.e., efficiency improvement, value embodiment, development elements circulation and structure optimization. In order to promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas from the perspective of land system science, the adjustment and control of land use transitions need to reshape the land use rights system, to promote the integrated consolidation of territorial space, and to improve the management and control system of land use transitions.

城乡国土空间统一用途管制背景下,乡村空间治理成为国土空间治理体系的重要组成部分。从乡村空间治理的理论内涵出发,构建了乡村空间治理理论分析框架,探讨了乡村空间治理作用于国土空间规划的内在机制和可行路径。结论如下：① 乡村空间治理是以乡村空间为治理对象,通过规划和协商等方式,实现乡村空间用途有效管制,空间权利有序配置,凸显多元主体参与的“自上而下”和“自下而上”相结合的综合治理过程;② 通过“举措—效能—目标”体系,构建了刚性与弹性结合、物质空间与空间关系交互、空间权属与空间组织叠加的乡村空间“物质—组织—权属”综合治理分析框架;③ 多级尺度互联互通（区域—村域—地块）的乡村空间治理特征有利于完善乡村空间治理体系;④ 乡村空间治理通过多种手段并施、多元主体参与、多重价值共享,完善国土空间规划体系,推进多规融合,细化国土空间用途管制,促进乡村善治和生态治理;⑤ 乡村空间治理通过“自上而下”和“自下而上”相结合的动员和行动策略,构建新型村庄运营模式和组织机制,为落实实用性村庄规划和乡村振兴战略创造条件。

Under the background of unified management of urban and rural space, rural spatial governance has become an important part of the spatial governance system. Conducting in-depth theoretical and practical research on rural spatial governance and analyzing the mechanisms and path of rural spatial governance in national spatial planning will be conducive to improving the planning and control system of rural space. Starting from the connotation rural spatial governance, this paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework of rural spatial governance based on the comprehensive perspective of spatial governance, discusses the internal mechanism and feasible paths of rural spatial governance in territorial spatial planning, and then realizes the theoretical and practical research of rural spatial governance. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Rural spatial governance starts from the coordination theory of human-land relations in the rural regional system. Through planning and negotiation, it realizes effective control of rural space usage, and orderly allocation of space rights. Rural spatial governance highlights the comprehensive governance process that combines "top-down" and "bottom-up" participation by multiple subjects. (2) Through the "action-efficiency-target" system, the comprehensive governance analysis framework of "matter-organization-ownership" in rural space provides an effective scheme for the construction of multiple rural spatial governance that combines rigidity and flexibility, interaction between material space and space relationship, and superposition of spatial ownership and spatial organization. (3) The rural spatial governance features of interconnecting various scales (region-village-plot) are conducive to improving the rural spatial governance system. (4) The multiple governance means, participation modes and value-sharing mechanisms of rural spatial governance are conducive to enriching the territorial spatial planning system, promoting the integration of multiple regulations, refining the control of territorial space use, and ensuring good rural governance and ecological governance. (5) Rural spatial governance uses mobilization strategies of "top-down" and "bottom-up", and creates conditions for the implementation of practical village planning and revitalization strategies through the construction of new village operation models and reconstruction of organizational mechanisms.

中国工业化、城镇化已进入转型发展新阶段,创新驱动发展与体制机制约束的矛盾加剧,资源短缺性及其配置低效性日益凸显,“多规合一”受到各级政府和学术界的广泛关注。推进“多规合一”,创新区域规划理论与技术方法,构建中国特色的国土空间规划体系成为当前全面深化改革的重要议题之一。本文深入分析了中国“多规不一”现实问题,总结了“多规”矛盾的本质特征,探讨了“多规合一”的战略定位,构建了“三主三分”的“多规合一”基本理论框架,提出了“三步走”多规逐步调适的技术途径及其长效机制。“多规合一”的核心在于从区域空间优化的战略高度统筹协调各项规划,科学引导城乡土地优化配置,实现“多规”在空间上的同一性、在功能上的融合性、在发展过程中的协同性。“多规合一”的重点是推进形成一个总分有序、层级清晰、职能精准的区域规划体系。

同近年国外人文地理学呈现人文化趋势相比,中国人文与经济地理学秉承吴传钧先生关于人文与经济地理学是研究自然圈与人文圈相互作用下、人类活动分布格局形成和演变规律的一门交叉学科的定位,形成了以不同空间尺度的地域、重要的生产生活领域、以及典型的地域空间类型的可持续发展时空规律作为研究指向的中国人文与经济地理学主流学派。吴先生提出的“人地关系地域系统”理论不仅为人文与经济地理学,而且是为整个地理学的综合研究提供了重要的理论基石。地域功能性、系统结构化、时空变异有序过程、以及人地系统效应的差异性及可调控性,是该理论的精髓,这与“未来地球”研究计划的前沿思想完全契合。近10年来,以城镇化科学模式、主体功能区划、一带一路路线图、京津冀城市群、农村空心化和精准扶贫、东北振兴与资源型城市转型、行政区划优化等为研究对象,发展了人文与经济地理重要的可持续过程、地域功能形成和综合地理格局有序化规律、城市群形成演化机理及其资源环境效应、问题地区可持续生命周期与振兴路径、地缘政治地缘经济和区域间相互作用关系、人文界线对可持续发展的影响等理论方法。人文与经济地理学科建设取得重要进展,应用成果对近年来中国生态文明建设和可持续发展产生了重要影响。中国人文与经济地理学在全球范围内发展态势最佳、总体水平领先,以此告慰吴传钧先生,并以此纪念吴传钧先生百年诞辰。

Compared with the increasingly obvious humanistic tendency in foreign human geography, China's human and economic geography still follows Academician Wu Chuanjun's theory, with human and economic geography as an interdisciplinary subject which is the study of the formation and evolution of the distribution pattern of human activities under the interaction of natural circle and human circle. And China's mainstream school on human and economic geography has been formed with studies on spatio-temporal rule of sustainable development on territories with different space scales, territories with important production and living, and territories with typical geospatial patterns as the main research points. "Territorial System of Human-environment Interaction", developed by Academician Wu Chuanjun, is the important theoretical foundation not only for human and economic geography, but also for the comprehensive research on geography. The essence of the theory, which includes territorial functional, system structured, orderly process for spatio-temporal variation, and the difference and controllability of human-environment interaction system effect, is entirely harmonious with the forefront of thought of the "Future Earth" studies program. In recent decade, with scientific mode of urbanization, major function oriented zoning, road map for the Belt and Road Initiative, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, rural hollowing and targeted poverty alleviation, revitalization of Northeast China and transformation of resource-based cities, and administrative area optimization as the main research objects, theoretical methods have been developed in the aspects of important sustainable process of human and economic geography, territorial function formation and ordering rules for comprehensive geographical pattern, formation and evolution mechanism of urban agglomeration and its resources and environmental effects, sustainable life cycle and the revitalization of the path for problem areas, the interaction between geopolitics, geo-economy and regions, and effect of cultural boundaries on sustainable development. China's human and economic geography has made great progress in discipline development, and the application results have produced profound influences on the ecological civilization construction and sustainable development in recent years. With decades of hard work, China's human and economic geography has reached a world-class advanced level, so as to console the soul and spirit of Wu Chuanjun on the occasion of commemoration of the centenary of his birth.

人地关系地域系统理论系统提出30 a来，对促进地理学综合研究、学科建设和服务国家重大战略决策发挥了重要的科学支撑与导向作用。深入解析了人地关系地域系统理论的科学内涵及时代价值，诠释了现代人地系统的类型与环境，提出了“人地圈”与人地系统科学研究的主要内容和前沿领域。初步研究表明：① 现代人地系统具有复杂性、地域性和动态性特征，人?地交互作用过程、格局及其综合效应正在发生深刻变化，地球表层人地系统成为现代地学综合研究的核心内容和重要主题。② 科学认知和有效协调人地关系，亟需深入探究人地系统耦合格局与机理，探明人地关系地域系统类型、结构及其动力机制。依据城乡关系将人地关系地域类型划分为城市地域系统、城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统。乡村地域系统可细分为农业系统、村庄系统、乡域系统、城镇系统等子系统，分别对应于作土关系、人居关系、居业关系、产城关系。③ 现代人类活动强烈地作用于地球表层人地系统，形成了人地系统耦合与交互作用的地表圈层——“人地圈”，其实质是现代人类活动与地表环境相互联系、耦合渗透而形成的自然–经济–技术综合体或人地协同体。④ 人地系统科学或人地科学是研究人地系统耦合机理、演变过程及其复杂交互效应的新型交叉学科。它是现代地理科学与地球系统科学的深度交叉和聚焦，以现代人地圈系统为对象，致力于探究人类活动改造和影响地表环境系统的状态，以及人地系统交互作用与耦合规律、人地协同体形成机理与演化过程。人地系统耦合与可持续发展是人地系统科学的研究核心。传承创新人地关系地域系统理论和发展人地系统科学，更能凸显地球表层人类的主体性、人地协同的过程性和可持续发展的战略性，为人地系统协调与可持续发展决策提供科学指导。

In the past 30 years, the theory of human-earth areal system has played an important support and guidance role in promoting the comprehensive research, disciplinary development and serving national strategic decision of geography. This study analyzes the scientific connotation and era value of human-earth areal system, explores the types and environment of modern human-earth system, and puts forward 'human-earth sphere' and the main contents and frontier fields of human-earth system science. The results show that: 1) The modern human-earth system is characterized by complexity, regionalism and dynamicity. The processes, pattern and comprehensive effect of human-earth interaction are undergoing profound changes, and the human-earth system on the surface of the earth has become the critical content and important theme of modern geosciences. 2) To scientifically understand and effectively coordinate the human-earth relationship, it is urgent to explore the coupling pattern and mechanism of human-earth relationship and to analyze the type, structure and dynamic mechanism of human-earth areal system. Based on the urban-rural relationship, the human-earth areal system can be divided into urban regional system, urban-rural integration system and rural regional system. Furthermore, the rural regional system is subdivided into agricultural system, village system, rural system and township system. 3) Modern human activities strongly affect the human-earth system on the surface of the earth, forming a new surface with the coupling and interaction between human and earth. In essence, it is a natural-economic-technological synthesis or human-earth coordination. They are also the main contents of deepening the researches on the coupling of human-earth system and supporting decision-making for coordinated development of human-earth system. 4) Human-earth system science or human-earth science is a new interdisciplinary subject which studies the coupling mechanism, evolution process and complex interaction effect of man earth system. It is the deep intersection and focus of modern geographic science and earth system science. Taking the modern human-earth sphere system as the research object, it is committed to exploring the state of human activities transforming and affecting the surface environment system, the interaction and coupling law of human-earth system, the formation mechanism and evolution process of human-earth coordination.Human-earth system coupling and sustainable development is the core of human-earth system science. Inheriting and innovating the theory of human-earth areal system and developing the human-earth system science will highlight the subjectivity of human on the earth surface, the process of human-earth coordination and the strategy of sustainable development, thus providing scientific guidance for the coordination of human-earth system and sustainable development decision-making.

基于要素视角考察耕地功能还处于探索阶段,并且已有的耕地功能分类体系与国家乡村振兴战略及国土空间规划体系衔接性较弱。论文通过对耕地构成要素的系统分析,界定了耕地、耕地功能及耕地生产-生活-生态功能的内涵,理论上建构了耕地“三生”功能的测评框架及分区概念模型。实证表明,南安市80%的耕地生产与生活功能以及60%的耕地生态功能为中等及以上,说明耕地利用功能强度较高。耕地生产、生活与生态功能分别在自然生产潜力与地理区位条件、耕作可达水平与耕地依赖程度、生态基底条件与生态保护政策等因素的影响下,表现出较为明显的地域趋同性。南安市耕地多功能利用水平较低且耕地开发已经危及区域生态安全,为此需要依据耕地功能分区的空间分布、组合结构及功能强度采取差异化的利用、保护与管理策略。

The rapid social and economic development led to the gradual emergence of the multi-functionality of cultivated land. However, existing studies mainly evaluate the function of cultivated land from the perspective of a single function, while the comprehensive investigation of the production-living-ecological function of cultivated land based on elements still remained in the exploratory stage. Therefore, the connotations of cultivated land, cultivated land function, and cultivated land production-living-ecological function were defined based on the systematic analysis of the cultivated land system as well as its elements, and the evaluation framework and the zoning conceptual model of the production-living-ecological function of cultivated land were theoretically constructed. The empirical results showed that the production and living functions of more than 80% of cultivated land and the ecological function of more than 60% of cultivated land were medium or above, which indicated that the degree of development and utilization of cultivated land in Nan′an City was at a high level, and there might be overlap, occupation, and agglomeration between different functions. Under the influence of natural production potential and geographical location conditions, arable land reach level and cultivated land dependence, ecological base condition and ecological protection policy, the production-living-ecological function of cultivated land showed evident regional convergence. About 50% of the cultivated land in Nan′an City had a single function, indicating that the comprehensive level of cultivated land function was still low. The area proportions of function combination models indicated that although cultivated land still provided important food security and social security, the development of cultivated land had been endangering regional ecological security. Therefore, it is necessary to take differentiated utilization, protection, and management strategies according to the spatial distribution, combination pattern, and function intensity of cultivated land functional zoning. Our study could provide theoretical and methodological support for the multifunctional utilization and management of cultivated land under the background of rural revitalization strategy and national spatial planning system construction.

城市与乡村是一个有机体,只有二者可持续发展,才能相互支撑。依据人地关系地域系统学说,城乡融合系统、乡村地域系统是全新认知和理解城乡关系的理论依据。针对日益严峻的“乡村病”问题,全面实施乡村振兴,既是推进城乡融合与乡村持续发展的重大战略,也是破解“三农”问题,决胜全面建成小康社会的必然要求。本文探讨了新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴的基础理论,剖析了乡村发展面临的主要问题,提出了问题导向的中国城乡融合与乡村振兴科学途径及研究前沿领域。结果表明：① 城乡融合与乡村振兴的对象是一个乡村地域多体系统,包括城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体,乡村振兴重在推进城乡融合系统优化重构,加快建设城乡基础网、乡村发展区、村镇空间场、乡村振兴极等所构成的多级目标体系。② 中国“三农”问题本质上是一个乡村地域系统可持续发展问题,当前乡村发展正面临主要农业生产要素高速非农化、农村社会主体过快老弱化、村庄建设用地日益空废化、农村水土环境严重污损化和乡村贫困片区深度贫困化等“五化”难题。③ 乡村是经济社会发展的重要基础,城乡融合与乡村振兴战略相辅相成,乡村振兴应致力于创建城乡融合体制机制,推进乡村极化发展,按照产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的要求,构建乡村地域系统转型—重构—创新发展综合体系。④ 乡村振兴地理学研究应着眼于乡村地域系统的复杂性、综合性、动态性,探究以根治“乡村病”为导向的新型村镇建设方案、模式和科学途径,为实现新时代中国乡村振兴战略提供理论参考。

Cities and villages are components of a specific organism. Only the sustainable development of two parts can support the prosperous development as a whole. According to the theory of man-earth areal system, urban-rural integrated system and rural regional system are the theoretical bases for entirely recognizing and understanding urban-rural relationship. To handle the increasingly severe problems of "rural disease" in rapid urbanization, accelerating rural revitalization in an all-round way is not only a major strategic plan for promoting the urban-rural integration and rural sustainable development, but also a necessary requirement for solving the issues related to agriculture, rural areas, and rural people in the new era and securing a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This study explores the basic theories of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization and analyzes the main problems and causes of rural development in the new era, proposing problem-oriented scientific approaches and frontier research fields of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization in China. Results show that the objects of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization is a regional multi-body system, which mainly includes urban-rural integration, rural complex, village-town organism, and housing-industry symbiosis. Rural revitalization focuses on promoting the reconstruction of urban-rural integration system and constructs a multi-level goal system including urban-rural infrastructure networks, zones of rural development, fields of village-town space and poles of rural revitalization. Currently, the rural development is facing the five problems: high-speed non-agricultural transformation of agriculture production factors, over-fast aging and weakening of rural subjects, increasingly hollowing and abandoning of rural construction land, severe fouling of rural soil and water environment and deep pauperization of rural poverty-stricken areas. The countryside is an important basis for the socioeconomic development in China, and the strategies of urban-rural integration and rural revitalization are complementary. The rural revitalization focuses on establishing the institutional mechanism for integrated urban-rural development and constructs the comprehensive development system of rural regional system, which includes transformation, reconstruction and innovation in accordance with the requirements of thriving businesses, pleasant living environments, social etiquette and civility, effective governance, and prosperity. Geographical research on rural revitalization should focus on the complexity and dynamics of rural regional system and explore new schemes, models and scientific approaches for the construction of villages and towns, which are guided by radical cure of "rural disease", implement the strategy of rural revitalization polarization, construct the evaluation index system and planning system of rural revitalization, thus providing advanced theoretical references for realizing the revitalization of China's rural areas in the new era.

Land cover change has always had a central role in land change science. This central role is largely the result of the possibilities to map and characterize land cover based on observations and remote sensing. This paper argues that more attention should be given to land use and land functions and linkages between these. Consideration of land functions that provide a wide range of goods and services makes more integrated assessments of land change possible. The increasing attention to multifunctional land use is another incentive to develop methods to assess changes in land functions. A number of methods to quantify and map the spatial extent of land use and land functions are discussed and the implications for modeling are identified based on recent model approaches in land change science. The mixed use of land cover, land use and land function in maps and models leads to inconsistencies in land change assessments. Explicit attention to the non-linear relations between land cover, land use and land function is essential to consistently address land change. New methods to map and quantify land function dynamics will enhance our ability to understand and model land system change and adequately inform policies and planning.

“双评价”（资源环境承载能力和国土空间开发适宜性评价）作为构建国土空间的基本战略格局、实施功能分区的科学基础,为主体功能区降尺度传导、国土空间结构优化、国土开发强度管制等提供了一系列重要参数。以地域功能理论为基础,从人地关系演化出发,探索“双评价”的理论内涵,建立“双评价”到地域功能优化分区的科学逻辑,指出“双评价”集成实现综合效益最大化时所形成的主体功能分区方案为地域功能优化分区的最优方案。以福建省、六盘水市为案例,将人类生产生活的合理需求转化为用地需求参数,通过降尺度的参数分解与测算,结合上位规划及政府与专家系统研判,确定总量控制、结构化控制、空间结构或战略格局控制等目标参数,并在“双评价”基础上,通过不断调整指标、参数及阈值,逐步进行格网单元地域功能优化。着重考虑相邻区域功能冲突与协调、差异化的主体功能定位、土地利用现状及规划、区域发展战略格局以及海陆统筹等区域特征,不断校核与优化。从数据的可获取性、数据集满足理论模型及评估方法的适应程度、可使用的分析方法及模型的不确定性以及尺度效应等方面,探讨功能分区方案不确定性及其解决途径,增强优化结果的鲁棒性,以此作为“三区三线”划定等国土空间规划的科学基础。

As the scientific basis for constructing the basic strategic structures of territorial land space and implementing functional zoning, the "Double Evaluation" (i.e. resources and environmental carrying capacity and territorial development suitability evaluation) provides a series of important parameters for the downscaling of the major function zoning, the optimization of the spatial structure, and the intensity control of the land development. Based on territorial function theory, this paper explores the theoretical connotation of "Double Evaluation" from the evolution of human-land relationship, establishes the scientific logic of "Double Evaluation" to territorial function optimization, and points out that the major function regionalization scheme from "Double Evaluation" comprehensive integration that realizes the comprehensive benefit maximization is the optimal result of territorial function optimization. Taking Fujian province and Liupanshui city as two cases, we transform the rational demand of human production and living activities into the demand control parameters of land use. Combined with the superior planning and the government and expert system, we determine the critical target parameters, including the total control parameters, structural control parameters, spatial structure or strategic pattern control parameters, through the parameter decomposition and measurement of downscaling. By adjusting the indicators, parameters and thresholds, the gird cell territorial function optimization is continuously carried out, and the grid cell territorial function optimization regionalization schemes under different scenarios is obtained. Then continuous evaluation, check and optimization are carried out by the comparison with the planning of major function zones, land use status, neighboring areas, the construction needs of regional development and spatial strategy, as well as the relationship between land and sea. Given the influence of the uncertainty of available data, the adaptability of the data set to the theoretical model, the uncertainty of a usable analytical model and the scale effect, the uncertainty of the major function regionalization scheme and its solution are discussed to enhance the robustness of the optimization results as the scientific basis for territorial planning such as the "Three Zones and Three Lines" (Three Zones represent ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space; Three Lines represent ecological conservation redline, permanent capital farmland, and urban development boundary).

地域功能-结构的空间组织规律是人地系统耦合研究的基本理论问题,也是开展国土空间规划、塑造可持续地理格局的基础理论。从地理学对地理过程的重复、预测、调控、优化的讨论入手,阐释了空间治理体系是现代地理学用于调控和优化可持续地理过程与格局的重要途径。采用生态-生活-生产等三生空间构成的地域功能空间结构呈现的时空演变特征,表达了地域功能-结构的空间有序性法则,阐释了地域功能与自然地理环境相协调、同一地域单元各类功能及不同单元之间冲突最小化、地域功能在不同空间尺度有效传导、以及长时间尺度综合效益最大化等空间组织目标。从可持续性出发,建立自然要素的资源、环境、生态和灾害四大属性的概念,并通过四大属性集成构成自然承载力,分析承载力的原值、余量和潜力在空间规划中的作用,形成自下而上解析空间组织的基本方法。从新空间均衡出发,基于承载力、融入位置和空间结构参量后构成的地域功能适宜性,形成自上而下解析空间组织的基本方法。进而讨论了集成两种方法形成的主体功能区具备的对空间组织与规划的基础价值和战略价值,提出主体功能区的区划、战略、制度和规划用途分离及相互关联的新思路。以实施主体功能区战略为主线、以空间降尺度传导主体功能为核心科学问题、以关键约束参数为空间结构控制性指标,讨论了数据库与地域功能谱系、功能和尺度依赖的承载力评价方法与模型库、“三区三线”的建构框架,论证了空间规划实施主体功能区战略的途径,提出地理学应着力加强大、中空间尺度（区域性）国土空间规划基础理论和方法、强化技术等科技支撑体系建设的建议。

面对中国经济、社会转型的实践背景和地理学“文化转向”、社会学“空间转向”的理论背景,空间生产为旅游地空间研究提供了新的重要视角,推动着旅游地空间研究范式的转型。在认识旅游地空间系统性的基础上,界定了空间涌现性的概念,提出了空间生产视角下的旅游地空间研究新范式。这一新范式主要表现在：① 新的空间研究视角,厘清旅游地空间生产研究的理论逻辑和学科理路;② 新的空间观,树立以内涵复杂性、尺度嵌套性、过程非守恒性为核心特征的新的旅游地涌现空间观,实现空间认识从要素到系统、从简单环境系统到过程系统再到复杂耦合系统的转变;③ 新的空间研究路径,更加注重社会空间、微观解构、尺度转换;④ 新的空间研究框架,遵循“过程-格局-机制”的研究路线,建立复杂系统涌现空间研究框架,开展多尺度、多类型旅游地空间生产的系统研究。空间生产视角下的旅游地空间研究范式转型,将有助于拓展旅游地理学研究视角和范式,增强旅游地理学对中国旅游发展实践的响应和指导。

生态系统服务是人类从生态系统中所获得的各种的惠益,自20世纪90年代提出后在国际上迅速成为生态学、地理学和环境科学等领域的研究前沿热点。联合国大会于2012年正式批准生物多样性与生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台（IPBES）建设,制定概念框架,确定近期研究主要任务包括三项快速的评估和两项政策决策性的评估。本文探索了生态系统服务权衡及区域集成方法,并以黄土高原地区为例进行了应用。研究结果表明,土地利用变化与土壤保持、碳固定具有正效应,与产水量间存在负效应;粮食生产能力与农业生产条件改善、人工投入增加和技术进步密切相关。生态系统服务之间的消长和权衡具有尺度依赖性,植被恢复的区域适宜性评价及水分效应方面还需要进一步研究。

：Ecosystem services are the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. Research on ecosystem services has been a hotpot in the fields of ecology, geography and environmental sciences since 1990s. Towards a better understanding of ecosystem services and a strengthened linkage between science and policy, Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services （IPBES） was established officially by the United Nations General Assembly in 2012. To date, IPBES has built a conceptual framework for assessment of ecosystem services, and determined the main tasks, including three rapid assessments and two assessments for policy decision. To provide insights into the main tasks, we synthesized trade-off analyses and synthetic integrated method of multiple ecosystem services, and took the Loess Plateau as a case to identify the potential and effectiveness of the above method. The results showed that there was a positive relationship between land use and soil conservation, carbon sequestration, while there was a negative relationship between land use and water yield. In addition, the grain productive capacity was closely related to agricultural production condition, artificial input and technical progress. As trade-off and synergy among the multiple ecosystem services are scale-dependent, more research should be carried out in the aspects of regional suitability assessment of vegetation restoration and water effect.

通过分析乡村生产空间系统的耗散结构特征,建立系统熵模型,运用关联熵和运行熵,从系统的主体（多元主体）、客体（地）和环境三要素入手构建指标体系,讨论系统内部结构和运行状态的有序性,并以重庆市合川区龙市镇为研究区予以实证,研究表明：研究区乡村生产空间系统关联熵先增后减,系统内部结构有序性呈现阶段性特征,2008—2011年主要受城市化无序扩张和土地利用方式低效粗放等因素影响,系统内部结构趋于混乱无序,2011—2015年主要因财政支农力度增强、农业投入产出水平提高、生态修复力度加大等因素刺激,系统内部结构逐渐趋于有序化;2008—2015年,乡村生产空间系统运行熵逐年减小,在农业综合开发投入大幅增加引起的生产条件改善、产业结构调整与提档升级等驱动下,呈现出持续有序化的发展态势;围绕乡村生产空间系统的内部结构及运行状态的演化规律,从优化土地利用结构、构建现代农业产业体系、编制和完善相关规划、培育新产业新业态入手,提出相关策略,以促进乡村生产空间系统有序健康发展。

By analyzing the dissipative structure characteristics of rural production space system, and establishing system entropy model using correlation entropy and running entropy, this study establishes an index system following three elements: the subjects of rural production space system (the multiple subjects), the objects (the land), and the environment. Then, taking Longshi Town in Hechuan district in Chongqing as an example, this study discusses the order of internal structure and the order of running state of rural production space system. The results show the following aspects. The correlation entropy of the rural production space system of the study area increased first and then decreased, with its internal structure presenting a periodic characteristic from disordering to ordering. From 2008 to 2011, the system internal structure tended to be chaotic and disordered, resulting in irregular urban expansion and extensive land use. From 2011 to 2015, driven by the strengthened financial support to agriculture, the improvement of agricultural input-output level, the enhancement of ecological restoration and so on, the system internal structure gradually entered the stage of orderly development. From 2008 to 2015, the running entropy of rural production space system decreased year by year, which showed a law of continuous ordering. This phenomenon is attributed to the industrial structure adjustment as well as the production conditions improvement brought by the substantially increased investment of comprehensive agricultural development. Therefore, centering on the evolution law of the internal structure and running state of rural production space system, this study puts forward strategies from the land use structure optimization, the modern agricultural industry system construction, the planning preparing and perfection, and the rise of new industries and new types of business. Hereby, rural production space system is expected to develop towards orderly and healthy way.