黄河上游现有水电站水库光伏开发的潜在效益评估
陈凯(1993-),男,河北定州人,博士研究生,研究方向为新能源与可持续发展。E-mail: kchen6335@sjtu.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2023-09-25
修回日期: 2024-10-22
网络出版日期: 2025-04-16
基金资助
国家社会科学基金重大项目(20ZDA085)
Evaluation of potential benefits from photovoltaic development on the existing hydropower reservoirs in the Upper Yellow River
Received date: 2023-09-25
Revised date: 2024-10-22
Online published: 2025-04-16
陈凯 , 冯玥扬 , 周妍汐 , 宋雯 , 周强 , 陈睿山 . 黄河上游现有水电站水库光伏开发的潜在效益评估[J]. 自然资源学报, 2025 , 40(5) : 1312 -1329 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20250511
To achieve the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the installed capacity of photovoltaic (PV) power generation in China will continue to grow rapidly, and the land use is a key issue facing its development. Floating PV, as an important PV development mode, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, shows significant benefits over land-based PV in terms of land conservation, water evaporation reduction, PV performance improvement and mitigation of aquatic weed growth. Also, if floating PV could be integrated with existing hydropower, it would contribute to the transmission and large-scale consumption of PV power generation. However, these benefits are often presented in a qualitative manner and systematic quantitative analysis has not yet been available. Based on hydropower plant information, meteorological data, PV system performance model and water evaporation model for water bodies covered by PV system, this paper evaluates the potential power generation, land conservation and water evaporation reduction benefits from floating PV in the "existing hydropower + floating PV" power generation system, and the feasibility of implementation of the system, taking the Upper Yellow River from Eling Lake estuary to Qingtong Gorge as the study area. The results show that if the floating PV system covers 10% of the water area at the existing hydropower reservoirs, the annual economic benefits in terms of power generation, land saving and water evaporation saving are 5.38 billion yuan, 0.078 billion yuan and 0.052 billion yuan, respectively, with a cumulative annual economic benefit of 5.51 billion yuan. The total investment and potential net income at the end of the lifecycle are 93.06 billion yuan and 41.47 billion yuan, respectively, with an average return on investment of 1.78%, which makes the construction economically feasible. The results of this paper confirm the comprehensive benefits of the "hydropower+floating PV" power generation system, which can help China to adjust and optimize the relevant policies as well as contribute to the sustainable development of PV projects.
图1 黄河上游流域运行水电站地理空间分布Fig. 1 Geospatial distribution of hydropower plants operational in the Upper Yellow River Basin |
表1 黄河上游流域运行水电站基本特征Table 1 Basic characterization of hydropower plants operational in the Upper Yellow River Basin |
编号 | 名称 | 经度E/(°) | 纬度N/(°) | 水库面积/km2 | 装机容量/MW | 年发电量/亿kW∙h | 省域 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 班多 | 100.27 | 35.31 | 0.73 | 360 | 14.12 | 青海 |
2 | 龙羊峡 | 100.92 | 36.12 | 383.00 | 1280 | 60.00 | 青海 |
3 | 拉西瓦 | 101.19 | 36.07 | 13.94 | 4200 | 102.23 | 青海 |
4 | 尼那 | 101.27 | 36.06 | 2.40 | 160 | 7.63 | 青海 |
5 | 李家峡 | 101.81 | 36.12 | 31.58 | 2000 | 59.00 | 青海 |
6 | 直岗拉卡 | 101.87 | 36.11 | 1.60 | 190 | 7.62 | 青海 |
7 | 康扬 | 101.95 | 36.06 | 5.36 | 284 | 9.92 | 青海 |
8 | 公伯峡 | 102.23 | 35.88 | 22.00 | 1500 | 51.40 | 青海 |
9 | 苏只 | 102.34 | 35.87 | 6.72 | 225 | 8.79 | 青海 |
10 | 黄丰 | 102.43 | 35.87 | 8.87 | 225 | 8.65 | 青海 |
11 | 积石峡 | 102.71 | 35.83 | 13.61 | 1020 | 33.63 | 青海 |
12 | 大河家 | 102.75 | 35.84 | 0.98 | 142 | 5.59 | 青海 |
13 | 炳灵 | 103.01 | 35.81 | 7.85 | 240 | 9.74 | 甘肃 |
14 | 刘家峡 | 103.34 | 35.93 | 131.00 | 1700 | 57.90 | 甘肃 |
15 | 盐锅峡 | 103.27 | 36.06 | 16.10 | 510 | 22.80 | 甘肃 |
16 | 八盘峡 | 103.41 | 36.14 | 11.00 | 220 | 11.10 | 甘肃 |
17 | 河口 | 103.47 | 36.17 | 2.20 | 74 | 3.85 | 甘肃 |
18 | 柴家峡 | 103.54 | 36.12 | 2.54 | 96 | 4.91 | 甘肃 |
19 | 小峡 | 104.01 | 36.15 | 3.90 | 230 | 9.56 | 甘肃 |
20 | 大峡 | 104.16 | 36.31 | 7.00 | 330 | 14.80 | 甘肃 |
21 | 乌金峡 | 104.40 | 36.40 | 2.06 | 140 | 6.83 | 甘肃 |
22 | 沙坡头 | 105.02 | 37.45 | 3.92 | 120 | 6.10 | 宁夏 |
23 | 青铜峡 | 105.99 | 37.88 | 75.00 | 327 | 11.80 | 宁夏 |
合计 | 753.40 | 15573 | 528.00 |
注:表中水电大坝编号与图1中水电大坝位置序列(由鄂陵湖湖口至青铜峡)相互对应。 |
表2 参考光伏组件的技术规格Table 2 Technical specifications of the reference PV module |
参数 | 值 | 单位 |
---|---|---|
PSTC | 575 | W |
效率 | 22.26 | % |
温度系数 | -0.3 | %/℃ |
长度 | 2.278 | m |
宽度 | 1.134 | m |
面积 | 2.583 | m2 |
重量 | 28 | kg |
材料 | N-Type单晶硅 | — |
制造商 | 晶科能源 | — |
表3 参考逆变器的技术规格Table 3 Technical specifications of the reference inverter |
参数 | 值 | 单位 |
---|---|---|
交流额定电压 | 240 | V |
直流额定电压 | 380 | V |
最大交流功率 | 7680 | W |
最大直流功率 | 7889.23 | W |
最大功率点跟踪 | 270~46 | V |
运行损耗 | 29.65 | W |
夜间损耗 | 1.19 | W |
效率 | 97.5 | % |
制造商 | 天合光能 | — |
表4 水电站水库固定覆盖范围(10%和30%)用于光伏开发的潜在发电效益Table 4 Potential generation benefits from fixed coverage (10% and 30%) of hydropower reservoirs for PV development |
水电站/运行 | 光伏开发/10%覆盖范围 | 光伏开发/30%覆盖范围 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
编号 | 名称 | 水库面积/km2 | 年发电量/亿kW∙h | 经济效益/亿元 | 年发电量/亿kW∙h | 经济效益/亿元 | ||
1 | 班多 | 0.73 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.62 | 0.14 | ||
2 | 龙羊峡 | 383.00 | 103.30 | 23.52 | 309.89 | 70.56 | ||
3 | 拉西瓦 | 13.94 | 3.76 | 0.86 | 11.29 | 2.57 | ||
4 | 尼那 | 2.40 | 0.65 | 0.15 | 1.95 | 0.44 | ||
5 | 李家峡 | 31.58 | 8.21 | 1.87 | 24.64 | 5.61 | ||
6 | 直岗拉卡 | 1.60 | 0.42 | 0.10 | 1.25 | 0.28 | ||
7 | 康扬 | 5.36 | 1.39 | 0.32 | 4.18 | 0.95 | ||
8 | 公伯峡 | 22.00 | 5.73 | 1.30 | 17.19 | 3.91 | ||
9 | 苏只 | 6.72 | 1.75 | 0.40 | 5.26 | 1.20 | ||
10 | 黄丰 | 8.87 | 2.32 | 0.53 | 6.95 | 1.58 | ||
11 | 积石峡 | 13.61 | 3.62 | 0.82 | 10.85 | 2.47 | ||
12 | 大河家 | 0.98 | 0.26 | 0.06 | 0.78 | 0.18 | ||
13 | 炳灵 | 7.85 | 2.05 | 0.63 | 6.16 | 1.90 | ||
14 | 刘家峡 | 131.00 | 34.32 | 10.56 | 102.96 | 31.69 | ||
15 | 盐锅峡 | 16.10 | 4.21 | 1.30 | 12.63 | 3.89 | ||
16 | 八盘峡 | 11.00 | 2.88 | 0.89 | 8.63 | 2.66 | ||
17 | 河口 | 2.20 | 0.57 | 0.18 | 1.72 | 0.53 | ||
18 | 柴家峡 | 2.54 | 0.67 | 0.21 | 2.02 | 0.62 | ||
19 | 小峡 | 3.90 | 1.04 | 0.32 | 3.12 | 0.96 | ||
20 | 大峡 | 7.00 | 1.86 | 0.57 | 5.57 | 1.71 | ||
21 | 乌金峡 | 2.06 | 0.55 | 0.17 | 1.65 | 0.51 | ||
22 | 沙坡头 | 3.92 | 1.08 | 0.45 | 3.24 | 1.36 | ||
23 | 青铜峡 | 75.00 | 20.36 | 8.55 | 61.07 | 25.65 | ||
合计 | 753.40 | 201.20 | 53.80 | 603.60 | 161.40 |
表5 水电站水库固定覆盖范围(10%和30%)用于光伏开发的潜在土地节省效益Table 5 Potential land savings benefits from fixed coverage (10% and 30%) of hydropower reservoirs for PV development |
水电站/运行 | 光伏开发/10%覆盖范围 | 光伏开发/30%覆盖范围 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
编号 | 名称 | 水库面积/km2 | 土地节省/km2 | 年经济效益/亿元 | 土地节省/km2 | 年经济效益/亿元 | ||
1 | 班多 | 0.73 | 0.18 | 0.001 | 0.55 | 0.002 | ||
2 | 龙羊峡 | 383.00 | 99.28 | 0.372 | 297.83 | 1.117 | ||
3 | 拉西瓦 | 13.94 | 3.61 | 0.014 | 10.82 | 0.041 | ||
4 | 尼那 | 2.40 | 0.62 | 0.002 | 1.86 | 0.007 | ||
5 | 李家峡 | 31.58 | 8.22 | 0.031 | 24.66 | 0.092 | ||
6 | 直岗拉卡 | 1.60 | 0.42 | 0.002 | 1.25 | 0.005 | ||
7 | 康扬 | 5.36 | 1.39 | 0.005 | 4.18 | 0.016 | ||
8 | 公伯峡 | 22.00 | 5.68 | 0.021 | 17.05 | 0.064 | ||
9 | 苏只 | 6.72 | 1.74 | 0.007 | 5.21 | 0.020 | ||
10 | 黄丰 | 8.87 | 2.29 | 0.009 | 6.87 | 0.026 | ||
11 | 积石峡 | 13.61 | 3.50 | 0.013 | 10.50 | 0.039 | ||
12 | 大河家 | 0.98 | 0.25 | 0.001 | 0.76 | 0.003 | ||
13 | 炳灵 | 7.85 | 2.02 | 0.011 | 6.05 | 0.032 | ||
14 | 刘家峡 | 131.00 | 33.80 | 0.177 | 101.39 | 0.532 | ||
15 | 盐锅峡 | 16.10 | 4.17 | 0.022 | 12.51 | 0.066 | ||
16 | 八盘峡 | 11.00 | 2.86 | 0.011 | 8.57 | 0.032 | ||
17 | 河口 | 2.20 | 0.57 | 0.002 | 1.71 | 0.006 | ||
18 | 柴家峡 | 2.54 | 0.66 | 0.002 | 1.98 | 0.007 | ||
19 | 小峡 | 3.90 | 1.02 | 0.004 | 3.05 | 0.011 | ||
20 | 大峡 | 7.00 | 1.83 | 0.011 | 5.50 | 0.033 | ||
21 | 乌金峡 | 2.06 | 0.54 | 0.003 | 1.62 | 0.010 | ||
22 | 沙坡头 | 3.92 | 1.06 | 0.010 | 3.18 | 0.031 | ||
23 | 青铜峡 | 75.00 | 20.48 | 0.046 | 61.44 | 0.138 | ||
合计 | 753.40 | 196.20 | 0.780 | 588.50 | 2.330 |
表6 水电站水库固定覆盖范围(10%和30%)用于光伏开发的潜在水蒸发节省效益Table 6 Potential water evaporation savings benefits from fixed coverage (10% and 30%) of hydropower reservoirs for PV development |
水电站/运行 | 光伏开发/10%覆盖范围 | 光伏开发/30%覆盖范围 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
编号 | 名称 | 水库面积/km2 | 年蒸发节省/万m3 | 经济效益/万元 | 年蒸发节省/万m3 | 经济效益/万元 | ||
1 | 班多 | 0.73 | 5.03 | 3.91 | 15.09 | 11.72 | ||
2 | 龙羊峡 | 383.00 | 2913.33 | 2263.37 | 8739.99 | 6790.10 | ||
3 | 拉西瓦 | 13.94 | 129.63 | 100.71 | 388.88 | 302.12 | ||
4 | 尼那 | 2.40 | 22.32 | 17.34 | 66.95 | 52.01 | ||
5 | 李家峡 | 31.58 | 293.66 | 228.14 | 880.97 | 684.43 | ||
6 | 直岗拉卡 | 1.60 | 14.88 | 11.56 | 44.63 | 34.68 | ||
7 | 康扬 | 5.36 | 49.84 | 38.72 | 149.53 | 116.17 | ||
8 | 公伯峡 | 22.00 | 188.40 | 146.37 | 565.20 | 439.11 | ||
9 | 苏只 | 6.72 | 57.55 | 44.71 | 172.64 | 134.13 | ||
10 | 黄丰 | 8.87 | 75.96 | 59.01 | 227.88 | 177.04 | ||
11 | 积石峡 | 13.61 | 127.82 | 99.30 | 383.45 | 297.90 | ||
12 | 大河家 | 0.98 | 9.20 | 7.15 | 27.61 | 21.45 | ||
13 | 炳灵 | 7.85 | 67.52 | 67.07 | 202.56 | 201.21 | ||
14 | 刘家峡 | 131.00 | 1126.78 | 1119.23 | 3380.35 | 3357.70 | ||
15 | 盐锅峡 | 16.10 | 139.72 | 138.79 | 419.17 | 416.36 | ||
16 | 八盘峡 | 11.00 | 95.46 | 94.82 | 286.39 | 284.47 | ||
17 | 河口 | 2.20 | 19.09 | 18.97 | 57.28 | 56.90 | ||
18 | 柴家峡 | 2.54 | 22.04 | 21.90 | 66.13 | 65.69 | ||
19 | 小峡 | 3.90 | 37.35 | 37.10 | 112.06 | 111.31 | ||
20 | 大峡 | 7.00 | 67.04 | 66.59 | 201.12 | 199.78 | ||
21 | 乌金峡 | 2.06 | 19.73 | 19.60 | 59.19 | 58.79 | ||
22 | 沙坡头 | 3.92 | 38.43 | 27.97 | 115.28 | 83.92 | ||
23 | 青铜峡 | 75.00 | 758.35 | 552.08 | 2275.06 | 1656.24 | ||
合计 | 753.40 | 6279.10 | 5184.40 | 18837.40 | 15553.20 |
表7 水电站水库固定覆盖范围(10%)用于光伏开发的投资回报率Table 7 Return on investment from fixed coverage (10%) of hydropower reservoirs for PV development |
水电站/运行 | 光伏开发/10%覆盖范围 | 光伏开发/相同容量覆盖平坦土地 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
编号 | 总投资/亿元 | 净收益/亿元 | 投资回报率/% | 总投资/亿元 | 净收益/亿元 | 投资回报率/% | ||
1 | 1.02 | 0.23 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.27 | 1.30 | ||
2 | 471.76 | 116.24 | 0.99 | 386.65 | 178.74 | 1.89 | ||
3 | 17.29 | 4.21 | 0.97 | 14.19 | 6.41 | 1.85 | ||
4 | 3.08 | 0.67 | 0.87 | 2.55 | 1.01 | 1.62 | ||
5 | 39.01 | 7.74 | 0.79 | 32.00 | 12.78 | 1.64 | ||
6 | 2.10 | 0.40 | 0.77 | 1.74 | 0.53 | 1.24 | ||
7 | 6.73 | 1.27 | 0.76 | 5.53 | 2.07 | 1.53 | ||
8 | 27.22 | 5.28 | 0.78 | 22.32 | 8.91 | 1.64 | ||
9 | 8.04 | 1.60 | 0.76 | 6.91 | 2.65 | 1.57 | ||
10 | 11.05 | 2.20 | 0.80 | 9.07 | 3.55 | 1.60 | ||
11 | 16.88 | 3.62 | 0.86 | 13.86 | 5.91 | 1.75 | ||
12 | 1.33 | 0.17 | 0.51 | 1.11 | 0.31 | 1.15 | ||
13 | 9.79 | 5.96 | 2.43 | 8.12 | 7.05 | 3.59 | ||
14 | 161.44 | 102.56 | 2.54 | 133.56 | 120.07 | 3.72 | ||
15 | 19.95 | 12.55 | 2.52 | 16.53 | 14.58 | 3.65 | ||
16 | 13.67 | 8.58 | 2.51 | 11.23 | 10.02 | 3.66 | ||
17 | 2.83 | 1.67 | 2.35 | 2.35 | 1.90 | 3.32 | ||
18 | 3.25 | 2.00 | 2.46 | 2.69 | 2.26 | 3.44 | ||
19 | 4.93 | 3.07 | 2.49 | 4.06 | 3.59 | 3.62 | ||
20 | 8.74 | 5.51 | 2.52 | 7.29 | 6.40 | 3.65 | ||
21 | 2.66 | 1.59 | 2.39 | 2.23 | 1.81 | 3.36 | ||
22 | 4.95 | 6.30 | 5.06 | 4.24 | 6.66 | 6.68 | ||
23 | 92.48 | 121.27 | 5.25 | 75.16 | 131.45 | 7.10 | ||
合计 | 930.60 | 414.70 | 764.20 | 529.00 |
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