红领巾儿童对红色旅游资源与爱国主义的认知——雨花台烈士陵园案例实证及启示
钟士恩(1983-),男,山东滕州人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为儿童和家庭旅游、主题公园、遗产旅游等。E-mail: fgh1475@163.com |
收稿日期: 2021-02-16
要求修回日期: 2021-04-09
网络出版日期: 2021-09-28
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41971174)
版权
Red scarf children's cognition of red tourism resources and patriotism: Evidence from Yuhuatai Revolutionary Martyrs Memorial Area in Nanjing
Received date: 2021-02-16
Request revised date: 2021-04-09
Online published: 2021-09-28
Copyright
红色旅游资源利用需要重视儿童群体,强化儿童话语转换。采用妈妈语式访谈法、座谈访谈法、田野调查以及二手数据收集等多种方法,阐释儿童红色旅游的地方经验图式:(1)儿童认为红色旅游是以学校组织为主的、前往神圣/庄严的地方进行参观/仪式的研学旅行。雨花台不是一个“玩”的地方,而是美丽的风景空间、真实的历史空间和红色的神圣空间。(2)儿童认为“爱国主义=烈士精神+国家认同+信仰传承”;儿童对烈士产生了祖先崇拜的意识,并认为好好学习是对烈士最好的回报。(3)雨花台烈士陵园的解说词设计、小小讲解员及暑期夏令营、金牌讲解员进课堂等爱教活动设计,对于红色旅游资源利用如何强化儿童爱国主义教育具有启示意义。
钟士恩 , 陆文镔 , 彭红松 , 戴舒琪 . 红领巾儿童对红色旅游资源与爱国主义的认知——雨花台烈士陵园案例实证及启示[J]. 自然资源学报, 2021 , 36(7) : 1684 -1699 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20210705
This study illustrates how China uses red tourism to strengthen patriotic education among its children. Taking the Yuhuatai Revolutionary Martyrs Memorial Area in Nanjing (hereinafter referred to as Yuhuatai) as the research case, this study integrates multiple methods, including structured Motherese interview to allow children to speak for themselves, unstructured in-depth interviews, field survey, and second-hand data collection, etc., to interpret whether there is likely another reality in the children's understandings of red tourism resources and patriotism. This study aims to demonstrate why and how patriotic education should start from childhood. The results illustrate that: (1) In children's eyes, compared with other types of tourism activities, red tourism is equivalent to patriotic tourism, with special significances given to visiting solemn places and to commemorating revolutionary martyrs. The particularity of red tourism is also reflected in the on-site activities and ceremonies. In children's eyes, Yuhuatai is not a play place for fun and freedom, but a beautiful landscape space, a real and sacred historical space, and a learning space of spirits. "Sacred, solemn, and beautiful" are the three recurring concepts that the children most used to describe Yuhuatai. They thought Yuhuatai has great significance for their learning and growth. Yuhuatai is a sacred space to clarify the meaning of the red scarf and the mission of CYP (China Young Pioneers) members. Obviously, red tourism has become an affectionate tie to China and the Chinese people, as well as among Chinese children. (2) In general, they treat patriotism as a lofty ideal, and the pureness of their patriotism reflects that patriotism can be evoked and learned deeply through tourism practices, especially at the beginning stage of life. In children's eyes, patriotism is a compound of bearing in mind of the martyrs' spirit, shaping national identity, and inheriting the martyrs' spirit. Patriotism can be started with small and simple daily things. They can practice patriotism and do their best through the following means, such as, studying harder, loving life, protecting the environment, and respecting the elderly. In recent years, Yuhuatai has launched a variety of means to promote patriotic education among children, including childlike narration around several martyrs' learning and growth stories for children visitors, recruitment of children narrators to exercise their comprehensive abilities and to incorporate them to participate in the publicity of "red heritage faith", colorful summer camp activities to promote patriotic education in the name of edutainment, co-construction of ideological and political curriculum with primary and secondary schools in Nanjing, and ceremonial education around specific occasions. The practice of Yuhuatai has important enlightenment for how to innovate the ways of promoting patriotic education among children for red tourist areas, especially for museums and memorial halls.
表1 儿童访谈提纲Table 1 Interview outline of children |
编码 | 访谈问题 |
---|---|
Q1 | 你为什么来雨花台玩啊? |
Q2 | 来雨花台你都玩了什么呀? |
Q3 | 你觉得雨花台是个什么样的地方?(和你之前玩的其他地方有什么不一样?) |
Q4 | 你对雨花台哪里印象/记忆最深刻?(故事、烈士、建筑物、风景、图像、影片?为什么?) |
Q5 | 看了纪念碑和纪念馆,你有什么想法?(最小的烈士才16岁,你觉得他们为什么牺牲?) |
Q6 | 通过雨花台,你学习到了什么?(你以后打算怎么做?) |
Q7 | 雨花台是全国红色旅游经典景区,那你觉得什么是红色旅游? |
Q8 | 你认为,什么是爱国(主义)?(你觉得雨花台有没有加强你的爱国主义?) |
Q9 | 你喜不喜欢雨花台?(为什么?) |
Q10 | 你愿不愿意再来雨花台玩?(或者你愿不愿意推荐其他小朋友来雨花台玩?) |
表2 人工编码表Table 2 Top themes of the narrative questions (%) |
访谈 问题 | 主题叙事内容 | 总人数(N=131) | 高年级 (N=100) | 低年级 (N=31) | 学校组织(N=74) | 家庭出游(N=57) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | 1. 学校组织的研学旅游 | 55.7 | 65.0 | 25.8 | 89.2 | |
2. 这里好看,好玩 | 20.6 | 14.0 | 41.9 | 6.8 | 38.6 | |
3. 和家人一起出来玩 | 15.3 | 13.0 | 22.6 | 33.3 | ||
4. 纪念烈士 | 11.5 | 13.0 | 6.5 | 9.5 | 14.0 | |
5. 散步/闲逛/放松 | 5.3 | 3.0 | 12.9 | 0.0 | 12.3 | |
Q2 | 1. 看纪念碑 | 66.4 | 70.0 | 54.8 | 74.3 | 56.1 |
2. 参观纪念馆 | 41.2 | 37.0 | 54.8 | 43.2 | 38.6 | |
3. 看烈士雕塑、忠魂亭、倒影池等 | 16.8 | 14.0 | 25.8 | 10.8 | 24.6 | |
4. 献花/默哀/拍照等仪式 | 11.5 | 14.0 | 3.2 | 17.6 | 3.5 | |
5. 玩游乐场、看红领巾广场、买雨花石等 | 11.5 | 11.0 | 12.9 | 6.8 | 17.5 | |
Q3 | 1. 神圣/庄严/壮观 | 34.4 | 36.0 | 29.0 | 40.5 | 26.3 |
2. 气氛庄重严肃,让人敬畏/悲伤 | 29.0 | 32.0 | 19.4 | 37.8 | 17.5 | |
3. 祭祀/纪念/缅怀烈士 | 28.2 | 30.0 | 22.6 | 24.3 | 40.4 | |
4. 好看/好玩 | 26.7 | 22.0 | 41.9 | 20.3 | 35.1 | |
5. 学习革命历史/烈士事迹与精神/爱国主义 | 16.8 | 20.0 | 6.5 | 21.6 | 8.8 | |
Q4 | 1. 纪念碑 | 42.7 | 49.0 | 22.6 | 50.0 | 33.3 |
2. 烈士的事迹与精神 | 19.8 | 18.0 | 25.8 | 18.9 | 21.1 | |
3. 烈士雕塑 | 16.8 | 18.0 | 12.9 | 21.6 | 10.5 | |
4. 纪念馆 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 9.7 | 14.9 | 10.5 | |
5. 美丽的风景/花卉/雨花石 | 12.2 | 9.0 | 22.6 | 13.5 | 10.5 | |
Q5 | 1. 烈士们很伟大,我们要记住他们 | 61.1 | 64.0 | 51.6 | 63.5 | 57.9 |
2. 为国争光/保护国家/爱国主义 | 39.7 | 40.0 | 38.7 | 51.4 | 24.6 | |
3. 热爱和平,珍惜现在的美好生活 | 15.3 | 15.0 | 16.1 | 18.9 | 10.5 | |
4. 好好学习,天天向上 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 9.5 | 1.8 | |
Q6 | 1. 学习烈士伟大的精神,以他们为榜样 | 38.2 | 39.0 | 35.5 | 37.8 | 38.6 |
2. 热爱/报效/保卫祖国,为祖国作贡献/争光 | 37.4 | 41.0 | 25.8 | 41.9 | 31.6 | |
3. 好好学习,天天向上 | 29.0 | 32.0 | 19.4 | 40.5 | 14.0 | |
4. 从小事做起力所能及(热爱生活/生命,孝敬父母,尊敬师长,关爱同学,保护环境等) | 9.9 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 10.8 | 8.8 | |
Q7 | 1. 联想到革命、鲜血、红领巾、国旗、共产党 | 36.6 | 39.0 | 29.0 | 40.5 | 31.6 |
2. 祭祀/纪念/缅怀烈士 | 32.1 | 37.0 | 16.1 | 31.1 | 33.3 | |
3. 象征爱国精神 | 9.2 | 11.0 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 3.5 | |
4. 前往神圣、庄重、有重要意义的地方 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 9.7 | 6.8 | 7.0 | |
5. 红色旅游活动(纪念馆、纪念碑、仪式等) | 4.6 | 5.0 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 7.1 | |
访谈 问题 | 主题叙事内容 | 总人数(N=131) | 高年级 (N=100) | 低年级 (N=31) | 学校组织(N=74) | 家庭出游(N=57) |
Q8 | 1. 热爱/保卫/报效/建设祖国,为国家作贡献 | 79.4 | 79.0 | 80.6 | 86.5 | 70.2 |
2. 从小事做起力所能及(热爱生活/劳动,遵纪守法,保护环境,文明礼貌,唱国歌升国旗) | 27.5 | 29.0 | 22.6 | 24.3 | 31.6 | |
3. 加强了我的爱国主义意识 | 25.2 | 26.0 | 22.6 | 32.4 | 15.8 | |
4. 好好学习,天天向上 | 16.8 | 15.0 | 22.6 | 24.3 | 12.3 | |
Q9 | 1. 喜欢 | 85.5 | 85.0 | 87.1 | 87.8 | 86.0 |
2. 学习烈士伟大的精神 | 33.6 | 38.0 | 19.4 | 41.9 | 22.8 | |
3. 这里好看/好玩 | 25.2 | 19.0 | 45.2 | 14.9 | 38.6 | |
4. 这里氛围神圣、壮观,能够看到雕塑、纪念碑、长明灯、烈士物品等平时看不到的东西 | 11.5 | 11.0 | 12.9 | 13.5 | 8.8 | |
5. 能够激励我好好学习,增强了爱国主义意识 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 6.5 | 10.8 | 3.5 | |
Q10 | 1. 愿意推荐 | 92.4 | 91.0 | 96.8 | 91.9 | 93.0 |
2. 学习烈士伟大的精神 | 27.5 | 30.0 | 19.4 | 36.5 | 15.8 | |
3. 这里非常有教育意义,体会爱国主义 | 13.0 | 15.0 | 6.5 | 20.3 | 3.5 | |
4. 这里好看/好玩 | 6.9 | 5.0 | 12.9 | 4.1 | 10.5 |
表3 爱国主义的成人版本与儿童版本Table 3 The comparison of patriotism between adults' and children's versions |
成人版本 | 儿童版本 | |
---|---|---|
情感涉入 | 归属感,安全感,依赖与依恋 | 牢记英雄精神,热爱祖国,忠诚祖国 |
目标导向 | 帮助国家的自我激励 | 保卫祖国,报效祖国,为国争光,传承信仰 |
自我涉入 | 通过国家认同获得自我认同和自尊 | 我生活在中国,我是中国人 |
中国语境 | 不忘初心,牢记使命 | 好好学习,天天向上 |
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