Chinese protected areas have double values of ecology and culture. Since cultural landscape is the interface of nature and culture, its value identification would be the important basis for protected area management. This study, taking Mount Tai as a case, using the methods of textual criticism and field investigation with locations of 191 buildings from 3 areas and the scope of the city, analyzes cultural landscape value evolution of Mount Tai from the diachronic perspective. The study found that the process of cultural landscape value evolution within Mount Tai can be divided into five main stages, which are the natural value as Mountain Worship, the political value as divine right monarchy, the religious value as Buddhist and Taoist beliefs, the folk custom value as pilgrimage, sightseeing and dwelling, and the last stage is the comprehensive value as conservation and wise use. This study reveals cultural landscape value evolution rules of Chinese Protected Area. Firstly, the value phases of cultural landscape within famous mountain protected area are changing from natural to cultural to comprehensive, from the emperor to the public, from single to comprehensive, and from separation to integration. Secondly, the form of symbiotic relationship between nature and culture is a continual process where the people and the nature function were together with each other, which was influenced by a range of factors, such as historical period, social culture, and natural esthetics. On the whole, the cultural landscape value in protected area includes four elements, namely, ideas, conditions, behaviors and results in space, and therefore, it has the characteristics of integrity, systematicness and dynamics. At the end of this study, the strategies of cultural landscape value identification in protected area are discussed. The identification strategies should follow the basic principles of overall continuity, authenticity and integrity. The main measures are clarifying the formation and evolution, building the complete value index system and setting up a scientific landscape character assessment. Scientific analysis and identification of cultural landscape value within Chinese protected areas could provide references to the corresponding type of National Park and other protected areas construction.
[1] BRUNER A G, GULLISON R E, RICE R E, et al.Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science, 2001, 291(5501): 125-128.
[2] KINNON K M, DUDLEY N, SANDWITH T.Natural solutions: Protected areas helping people cope with climate change. Oryx, 2011, 45(4): 461-462.
[3] BALMFORD A, BRUNER A, COOPER P, et al.Economic reasons for conserving wild nature. Science, 2002, 297(5583): 950-953.
[4] BROWN G, HAUSNER V H, JURCZAK M G, et al.Cross-cultural values and management preferences in protected areas of Norway and Poland. Journal for Nature Conservation, 2015, 28: 89-104.
[5] COLLEN B.Conservation prioritization in the context of uncertainty. Animal Conservation, 2015, 18(4): 315-317.
[6] MALLARACH J M.Values of protected landscapes and seascapes: Protected landscapes and cultural and spiritual values. Heidelberg: GTZ, IUCN and Obra Social de Caixa Catalunya, 2008: 9-20. http://www.environmentportal.in/files/file/Protected%20Landscapes.pdf, 2019-01-10.
[7] AGNOLETT M.Rural landscape, nature conservation and culture: Some notes on research trends and management approaches from a (Southern) European perspective. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2014, 126: 66-73.
[8] VLAMI V, KOKKORIS I P, ZOGARIS S, et al.Cultural landscapes and attributes of "culturalness" in protected areas: An exploratory assessment in Greece. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 595: 229-243.
[9] MARTINEZ S, RAMIL P, CHUVIECO E.Monitoring loss of biodiversity in cultural landscapes: New methodology based on satellite data. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2010, 94(2): 127-140.
[10] SPEED J D M, AUSTRHEIM G, BIKS H J B, et al. Natural and cultural heritage in mountain landscapes: Towards an integrated valuation. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 2012, 8(4): 313-320.
[11] PLIENINGER T, HOCHTL F, SPEK T.Traditional land use and nature conservation in European rural landscapes. Environmental Science & Policy, 2006, 9(4): 317-321.
[12] SAUER C O.The morphology of landscape. University of California Publications in Geography, 1925, 2(2): 19-54.
[13] 王云才. 传统地域文化景观之图式语言及其传承. 中国园林, 2009, 25(10): 73-76.
[WANG Y C.The pattern language and its inheritance of traditional local cultural landscape. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2009, 25(10): 73-76.]
[14] TAYLOR K.Cultural landscapes: A bridge between culture and nature?. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2011, 17(6): 537-554.
[15] 汤茂林. 文化景观的内涵及其研究进展. 地理科学进展, 2000, 19(1): 70-79.
[TANG M L.The inventory and progress of cultural landscape study. Progress in Geography, 2000, 19(1): 70-79.]
[16] 李和平, 肖竞. 我国文化景观的类型及其构成要素分析. 中国园林, 2009, 25(2): 90-94.
[LI H P, XIAO J.Analysis on the types and composing of cultural landscapes of China. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2009, 25(2): 90-94.]
[17] 赵智聪. 作为文化景观的风景名胜区认知与保护. 北京: 清华大学, 2012.
[ZHAO Z C.Perception and conservation of Chinese national parks as cultural landscapes. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2012.]
[18] 韩锋. 世界遗产“文化自然之旅”与中国文化景观之贡献. 中国园林, 2019, 35(4): 47-51.
[HAN F.The world heritage "Culture Nature Journey" and the contribution of Chinese cultural landscapes. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2019, 35(4): 47-51.]
[19] 张永勋, 闵庆文, 徐明, 等. 农业文化遗产地"三产"融合度评价: 以云南红河哈尼稻作梯田系统为例. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(1): 116-127.
[ZHANG Y X, MIN Q W, XU M, et al.The evaluation of industrial integration level of important agricultural heritage sites: A case study of Yunnan Honghe Hani rice terraces. Journal of Natural Resources, 2019, 34(1): 116-127.]
[20] 朱里莹, 徐姗, 兰思仁. 基于灰色统计分析的中国国家公园景观特征要素选择. 中国园林, 2018, 34(10): 98-102.
[ZHU L Y, XU S, LAN S R.Selection of National Park's landscape character factors in China based on grey statistical analysis. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2018, 34(10): 98-102.]
[21] 虞虎, 钟林生, 曾瑜皙. 中国国家公园建设潜在区域识别研究. 自然资源学报, 2018, 33(10): 1766-1780.
[YU H, ZHONG L S, ZENG Y X.Research on identification of potential regions of National Parks in China. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018, 33(10): 1766-1780.]
[22] 佘高红, 韩爱惠. 遗产保护视角下的国家公园建设. 华中建筑, 2015, 33(6): 11-14.
[SHE G H, HAN A H.Study on the China's National Park construction in the view of heritage preservation. Huazhong Architecture, 2015, 33(6): 11-14.]
[23] 李亚娟, 钟林生, 虞虎. 全球国家公园资源分类和评价体系特征分析与借鉴. 世界林业研究, 2017, 30(4): 35-40.
[LI Y J, ZHONG L S, YU H.Characteristics analysis of resource classification and evaluation system for global National Park and its implication. World Forestry Research, 2017, 30(4): 35-40.]
[24] XU W H, PIMM S L, DU A, et al.Transforming protected area management in China. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2019, 34(9): 762-766.
[25] 徐晓力. 从山水观念到山水图式. 上海: 复旦大学, 2006.
[XU X L.From to the concep to schematism of Shanshui. Shanghai: Fudan University, 2006.]
[26] 杨锐. 国家公园与自然保护地研究. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2016.
[YANG R.Papers on National Parks and Protected Areas. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2016.]
[27] 周年兴, 俞孔坚, 黄震方. 关注遗产保护的新动向: 文化景观. 人文地理, 2006, (5): 61-65.
[ZHOU N X, YU K J, HUANG Z F.New chanllenges of World Heritage conservation: Cultual landscape. Human Geography, 2006, (5): 61-65.]
[28] 周维权. 中国名山风景区. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 1996: 8-16.
[ZHOU W Q.China's Famous Mountains Scenic Spot. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 1996: 8-16.]
[29] (清)黄钤. 泰安县志, 卷二·疆围·形胜. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shuzifangzhi, 2019-01-10.
[HUANG Q.County annals of Tai'an, Book 2. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shuzifangzhi, 2019-01-10.]
[30] (汉)刘安. 淮南子. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.
[LIU A.Huai-nan tzu. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.]
[31] 陈水云. 中国山水文化. 武汉: 武汉大学出版社, 2001: 18.
[CHEN S Y. Chinese Shanshui Culture.Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2001: 18.]
[32] (汉)班固. 白虎通义, 卷五·封禅·巡狩. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.
[BAN G. Bai Hu Tong, Book 5. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.]
[33] (清)黄钤. 泰安县志, 卷一下·巡望. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shuzifangzhi, 2019-01-10.
[HUANG Q.County annals of Tai'an, Book 1. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shuzifangzhi, 2019-01-10.]
[34] 王鲁民. 泰山祭祀方式、场所与规制的变迁及其他. 建筑师, 2013, (2): 91-96.
[WANG L M.Study on the Mount Tai sacrifice method, the changes of the worship places and the regulation, and the relevant issues. The Architect, 2013, (2): 91-96.]
[35] (汉)司马迁. 史记·卷二十八·封禅书·卷六. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.
[SIMA Q.Records of the grand historian of China, Book 28, Book 6. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.]
[36] (清)唐仲冕撰, 孟昭水校. 岱览校点集注, 卷一·原岱上. 泰安: 泰山出版社, 2007: 3.
[TANG Z M, MENG Z S.The checking and annotation of Dai Lan, Book 1. Tai'an: Mount Tai Publishing House, 2007: 3.]
[37] (明)王圻. 读文献通考. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.
[WANG Q.Verifying documents. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.]
[38] (春秋)公羊高. 春秋公羊传. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.
[GONGYANG G.Spring and autumn biography gongyang. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.]
[39] (清)金棨. 泰山志, 卷四·图考. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shuzifangzhi, 2019-01-10.
[JIN Q.Mount Tai annals, Book 4. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shuzifangzhi, 2019-01-10.]
[40] (汉)班固. 汉书·郊祀志. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.
[BAN G.The history of Han dynasty. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.]
[41] (明)汪子卿撰写, 周郢校证. 泰山志校证, 卷四·笺证. 合肥: 黄山书社, 2006: 648.
[WANG Z Q, ZHOU Y.The Checking and Annotation of Mount Tai Chorography in Ming Dynasty, Book 4. Hefei: Huangshan Publish House, 2006: 648.]
[42] (春秋)管仲. 管子·乘马. http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.
[JI G. Guan Zi.http://mylib.nlc.cn/web/guest/shanbenjiaojuan, 2019-01-10.]
[43] 周郢. 从"神圣山"到"文化山": 唐宋金元时期泰山文化之变. 泰山学院学报, 2014, 36(2): 16-23.
[ZHOU Y.A transform from a sacred mountain to a cultural mountain: Taishan culture at the period of Tang, Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties. Journal of Taishan University, 2014, 36(2): 16-23.]
[44] 刘素芬. 泰安古城山水境域营造智慧研究. 西安: 西安建筑科技大学, 2013.
[LIU S F.Study on landscape construction condition of intelligence of Tai'an city. Xi'an: Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 2013.]
[45] 曲进贤. 泰山通鉴. 济南:齐鲁书社, 2005: 14.
[QU J X.Comprehensive Mirror to Moumt Tai. Jinan: Shandong Qilu Press, 2005: 14.]
[46] 山东省地方史志编纂委员会. 山东省志·泰山志. 北京: 中华书局, 1993: 523-648.
[Local Chronicles Compilation Committee of Shandong Province. Shandong Local Chronicles, Mount Tai Chronicles. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1993: 523-648.]
