With the great progress of nature conservation in the last decades, human-wildlife conflict (HWC) has emerged as a new issue regarding protected areas. It is important to understand the causes for HWC and take effective measures to reduce HWC. However, research on HWC, characterized by systematicity, complexity, composed by multi-agents, and having feedback mechanism among agents, is difficult for us. Taking the Changtang Plateau in Tibet as an example, with the concept of social-ecological system of human-wildlife interactions, the distribution and quantity of agents of HWC is illustrated by field survey, statistical data and remote sensing data. Three main types of HWC in the study area is identified: (1) Forage competition between domestic livestock (sheep, goats and domestic yak) and herbivore wildlife (Pantholops hodgsonii, Equus kiang, Procapra picticaudata, Gazelle); (2) Living space competition between human settlements and wildlife habitats; (3) Fence separated the pasture and blocked the migratory routes of wildlife like Tibetan antelope. The pasture carrying capacity is examined by integrating wildlife with domestic livestocks. The overlaying of grazing pasture with wildlife habitat was modelled with the Maxent niche model and analyzed with the aid of GIS (geographic information system). Carrying capacity rate including both domestic livestock and herbivore wildlife was 110%, while domestic livestock stock rate was only 98%. Spatial overlapping rate was more than 50% for Tibetan antelope and domestic livestock. The impact of fence on habitat and migratory route of wildlife is also analyzed. Finally, causes for HWC are assembled from the aspects of the resource competition, the overlaying of living space, and the disturbance from human activities such as fence. The study is helpful to clarify the HWC cause and formation mechanism, and to improve the performance of conflict reduction measures.
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