旅游地农户生计资本评估与生计策略选择——以海螺沟景区为例
作者简介:刘俊(1979- ),男,四川乐山人,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为可持续旅游。E-mail: liujun_igsnrr@126.com
收稿日期: 2019-03-21
要求修回日期: 2019-05-30
网络出版日期: 2019-08-28
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41771163)
四川省重点研发项目(2018SZ0373)
四川大学创新火花项目库(2018HHS-44)
The evaluation of households' livelihood capital and their livelihood strategies in the tourist area: A case study in Hailuogou Scenic Area
Received date: 2019-03-21
Request revised date: 2019-05-30
Online published: 2019-08-28
Copyright
旅游地可持续发展需要重点关注当地居民生计的可持续。以海螺沟景区为案例地,基于可持续生计框架构建了适用的生计资本评估指标体系,量化识别了景区农户可持续的生计方式,明确了影响两类脆弱性农户生计策略选择的主要因素。结果表明:在研究区六种生计方式中,采用均衡兼收型和旅游主营型策略的农户其生计资本水平最高,而传统务农型和务工型农户生计资本水平最低。不同生计策略类型的农户在空间上集聚分布。缺乏金融资本是影响传统务农型和务工型农户选择均衡兼收型生计策略的主要因素,而物质资本和社会资本的缺乏则对他们选择旅游主营型生计策略有显著的影响。此外,海拔、距公路和核心景点的距离也对农户生计策略的选择有重要影响。
关键词: 可持续生计; 空间自相关; 多元logistic回归; 海螺沟景区
刘俊 , 张恒锦 , 金朦朦 , 李宁馨 . 旅游地农户生计资本评估与生计策略选择——以海螺沟景区为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019 , 34(8) : 1735 -1747 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20190813
Sustainable development of tourist destinations needs to focus on the sustainable livelihood of local residents. Based on the theory of sustainable livelihood, this paper takes Hailuogou Scenic Area as an example to analyze the livelihood capital, spatial distribution characteristics of local households and the main factors affecting the traditional and labor-oriented households' livelihood strategies. Firstly, through the household surveys and interviews, farmers in Hailuogou scenic spot are divided into six types according to their income sources and the direction of their main labor input. Secondly, according to the framework of livelihood capital evaluation and index weight, the sustainable livelihood conditions of local households are quantitatively analyzed. Then, with the multiple logistic regression model, the study identifies the main factors that affect the households' choice of high-level livelihood strategies and reveals the spatial distribution characteristics of different types of households. The results show that among the six livelihood strategies chosen by rural households in Hailuogou Scenic Area, balanced-income and tourism-oriented households have the highest level of sustainable livelihood. On the contrary, traditional and labor-oriented households, who are facing many livelihood risks, have the lowest level of livelihood capital. Besides, local households with different livelihood strategies are clustered and distributed spatially. Financial capital is the significant factor affecting the traditional and labor-oriented households' choice of balanced-income strategy, while material capital and social capital have a significant positive effect on the two types of low-level livelihood farmers' choice of tourism-oriented livelihood strategy. In addition, the elevation of rural residential areas, the distance from tourist attractions and roads also have an important impact on farmers' choice of strategies, which means that the lower the elevation of the residential area, the more likely the farmers will choose the balanced-income and tourism-oriented strategies. Similarly, the closer to the core tourist attractions and highways, the more likely local households are to choose two kinds of high-level livelihood strategies.
Fig. 1 Location of the study area图1 研究区区位示意 |
Table 1 Types of households' livelihood strategies and their classification basis表1 农户生计策略类型及划分依据 |
农户类型 | 划分依据 | 样本数/个 | 占样本量比/% | |
---|---|---|---|---|
收入来源 | 劳动力投入 | |||
传统务农型 | 务农收入≥60% | 种植及养殖活动 | 22 | 14 |
务工型 | 务工收入≥60% | 本地及外地打工 | 63 | 39 |
旅游主营型 | 旅游服务经营收入≥60% | 旅馆/餐饮/温泉等旅游经营活动 | 25 | 16 |
其他商贸型 | 其他个体经营收入≥60% | 日货/五金/运输等个体经营活动 | 24 | 15 |
公职收入型 | 政府事业单位收入≥60% | 政府事业单位任职 | 5 | 3 |
均衡兼收型 | 非农混合收入≥60% | 均衡参与务工/商品服务经营等 | 21 | 13 |
Table 2 Evaluation index and weight of households' livelihood capital in Hailuogou scenic area表2 海螺沟景区农户生计资本评价指标及权重 |
一级指标 | 二级指标 | 符号 | 权重 | 指标说明 |
---|---|---|---|---|
自然资本(N) | 耕地资源 | N1 | 0.327 | 户均耕地播种面积/hm2 |
林地资源 | N2 | 0.673 | 户均林地播种面积/hm2 | |
物质资本(P) | 房屋情况 | P1 | 0.333 | 采用房屋面积和房屋类型两个指标 土木房=0.25;砖木房=0.5;砖混房=0.75;混凝土房=1 房屋面积0~100 m2=0.2;100~200 m2=0.4;200~400 m2=0.6;400~600 m2=0.8;600 m2及以上=1 |
耐用消费品数量 | P2 | 0.667 | 家庭拥有家用电器、交通工具、农机具的数量 | |
金融资本(F) | 家庭年现金收入 | F1 | 0.455 | 家庭年现金收入/万元 |
收入来源种类数 | F2 | 0.486 | 户均现有生计活动种类数 | |
获得借贷款机会 | F3 | 0.059 | 包括银行贷款、亲朋借款、政府无偿捐助 无=0;能够获得1种=0.5;能够获得2种及以上=1 | |
人力资本(H) | 户均家庭人口数 | H1 | 0.294 | 户均家庭人口数 |
家庭整体劳动力 | H2 | 0.352 | 非劳动力=0;半劳动力=0.5;全劳动力=1 | |
成员受教育程度 | H3 | 0.354 | 文盲=0;小学=0.25;初中=0.5; 高中=0.75;大专及以上=1 | |
社会资本(S) | 获得技能培训机会 | S1 | 0.480 | 有=1;无=0 |
参与社区组织状况 | S2 | 0.108 | 极少参加=0;有时参加= 0.5;经常参加=1 | |
亲属是否有村干部 | S3 | 0.412 | 3代直系亲属中是否有乡镇、村干部:有=1;无=0 |
Table 3 Basic characteristics of households with six livelihood strategies表3 六类生计策略农户的基本特征 |
农户类型 | 传统务农型 | 务工型 | 公职收入型 | 旅游主营型 | 其他商贸型 | 均衡兼收型 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
各类农户占比/% | 14 | 39 | 3 | 16 | 15 | 13 |
生计多样性指数a | 1.23 | 1.79 | 2 | 1.52 | 1.79 | 3.05 |
户均家庭人口数/人 | 3.64 | 4.24 | 3.2 | 4.36 | 3.92 | 4.48 |
户均耕地播种面积/hm2 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.07 |
户均林地播种面积/hm2 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
家庭房屋面积/m2 | 156.18 | 268.38 | 156.20 | 517.84 | 396.42 | 558.33 |
耐用消费品数量/件 | 4.18 | 6.21 | 6.80 | 15.72 | 6.25 | 15.29 |
户均年现金收入/万元 | 1.71 | 4.25 | 7.37 | 9.18 | 10.15 | 10.16 |
农业收入/万元 | 1.44 | 0.38 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 0.04 | 0.91 |
务工收入/万元 | 0.23 | 3.63 | 1.78 | 0.32 | 0.77 | 2.40 |
公职收入/万元 | 0 | 0 | 5.55 | 0.36 | 0.16 | 1.64 |
旅游收入/万元 | 0 | 0.04 | 0 | 8 | 0.48 | 2.68 |
其他经营收入/万元 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.08 | 8.71 | 2.52 |
注:a为生计多样性指数,对家庭从事的每种生计活动赋值为1,如某个家庭从事两种生计活动,则其多样化指数值为2。 |
Fig. 2 Column diagram of households'livelihood capital图2 农户生计资本 |
Table 4 The quantized livelihood capital values of different types of households表4 不同类型农户生计资本量化值 |
农户类型 | N自然资本 | P物质资本 | F金融资本 | H人力资本 | S社会资本 | 生计资本总指数 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Te | 0.094 | 0.413 | 0.479 | 0.583 | 0.590 | 2.158 |
Tc | 0.092 | 0.413 | 0.222 | 0.517 | 0.629 | 1.872 |
Th | 0.015 | 0.201 | 0.282 | 0.435 | 0.487 | 1.420 |
Td | 0.032 | 0.253 | 0.272 | 0.454 | 0.371 | 1.381 |
Tb | 0.129 | 0.224 | 0.217 | 0.470 | 0.314 | 1.353 |
Ta | 0.207 | 0.132 | 0.087 | 0.321 | 0.308 | 1.055 |
Table 5 Spatial autocorrelation results of households' livelihood strategy types and livelihood capital value表5 农户生计策略类型及生计资本值的空间自相关结果 |
自相关指标 | Moran's I | E(I) | 方差 | Z得分 | 阈值(α=0.05) | P值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
农户生计策略类型 | 0.2177 | -0.0062 | 0.0024 | 4.5734 | 1.96 | 0.0000 |
农户生计资本值 | 0.0694 | -0.0062 | 0.0023 | 1.5474 | 1.96 | 0.1217 |
Table 6 Multiple logistic regression of livelihood capital, geographical elements and livelihood strategies表6 农户生计资本、空间要素与生计策略的多元logistic回归分析 |
较高水平生计策略 | 主要影响因素 | 以传统务农型为参考 | 以务工型为参考 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
回归系数 | 敏感性 | 回归系数 | 敏感性 | |||||
B | Exp(B) | B | Exp(B) | |||||
旅游主营型 | 物资资本 | 15.737*** | 6.83E+06 | 10.051** | 2.32E+04 | |||
社会资本 | 2.174** | 8.795 | 3.684** | 39.820 | ||||
海拔高度 | -21.132*** | 6.64E-10 | -16.471*** | 7.03E-08 | ||||
景点距离 | -40.506*** | 1.00E-13 | -36.232*** | 1.00E-13 | ||||
公路距离 | -46.272*** | 1.00E-13 | -39.521*** | 1.00E-13 | ||||
常数项 | 26.707*** | — | 22.629*** | — | ||||
均衡兼收型 | 金融资本 | 25.472*** | 1.15E+11 | 10.121*** | 2.49E+04 | |||
海拔高度 | -18.311*** | 1.12E-08 | -13.65*** | 1.18E-06 | ||||
景点距离 | -32.272*** | 1.10E-13 | -27.997*** | 7.93E-13 | ||||
公路距离 | -46.477*** | 1.00E-13 | -39.726*** | 1.00E-13 | ||||
常数项 | 17.863*** | — | 13.785** | — |
注:*、**和***分别在0.1、0.05和0.01上显著。 |
Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of six types of farmer residential areas图3 六类农户居民点的空间分布 |
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