国外气候变化对旅游业影响的定量研究进展与启示
作者简介:曾瑜皙(1990- ),女,湖南怀化人,博士研究生,研究方向为生态旅游与旅游地理。E-mail: zengyux007@sina.com
收稿日期: 2018-06-01
要求修回日期: 2018-10-09
网络出版日期: 2019-01-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41671527)
国家重点研发计划课题(2017YFC0506401)
Implications of overseas quantitative studies of climate change impact on tourism for domestic research
Received date: 2018-06-01
Request revised date: 2018-10-09
Online published: 2019-01-20
Copyright
加强气候变化对旅游业影响的定量研究,有助于旅游业在气候变化背景下实现可持续发展。基于SCI/SSCI文献数据库,梳理分析国外气候变化对旅游业影响的定量研究进展。结果显示,30余年来国外主要采用指标方法、需求模型与选择分析方法开展相关研究。20世纪80年代末出现的指标方法是运用最早、最广泛的方法,主要用于旅游资源环境变化等研究,呈现由单项指标转向综合指标的应用趋势;20世纪90年代末兴起的需求模型主要用于天气状况对旅游需求的影响等研究,呈现由时间序列模型转向累计需求模型的应用趋势;21世纪兴起的选择分析主要用于气候变化背景下的行为意愿等研究,呈现由描述统计转向离散选择模型的应用趋势。这些给我国研究的启示是:在研究方法与研究领域上,重点加强累计需求模型在旅游流相关研究中的运用,加强离散选择模型在旅游市场结构相关研究中的运用,加强系统科学方法与大数据技术在相关研究中的运用;在研究对象上,丰富中国境内气候敏感型旅游活动的相关研究,加强“一带一路”沿线国家、地区及青藏高原的相关研究。
曾瑜皙 , 钟林生 , 刘汉初 , 虞虎 . 国外气候变化对旅游业影响的定量研究进展与启示[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019 , 34(1) : 205 -220 . DOI: 10.31497/zrzyxb.20190117
The quantitative study on the impact of climate change on tourism in China is relatively weak, so it is urgent to learn from foreign experience. Therefore, based on the SCI/SSCI literature database, this article reviews the related research progress abroad from 1986 to 2017. The study finds that for more than 30 years, quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries has mainly used index methods, tourism demand models and selection analysis methods. Among them, the index method includes the single index method and the comprehensive index method. The tourism demand model includes the time series model and the cumulative demand model. The selection analysis includes the descriptive statistics and the discrete selection model. The indicator method is mainly used to study the environmental effects of tourism resources and environmental changes, changes in tourism climate conditions, changes in comprehensive factors, and the climate change response behavior of the main body of tourism. Due to the existence of offsetting effects of climate change, the comprehensive index method is more advantageous than the single index method. Although the comprehensive index method has difficulties such as computational complexity, it can comprehensively examine the impact of climate change on the comprehensive factors of tourism destinations, and is an important direction of development of indicators and methods. The indicator approach focuses on the changes in tourism destinations, and climate change responses need to understand the changes in tourism demand. Therefore, the use of tourism demand model has gradually increased. Among them, the time series method is mainly used to study the impact of weather conditions on tourism demand. The cumulative demand model is mainly used to study the structural impact of climate change on tourism demand and the impact of climate policy on tourism demand. With the development of computer technology and artificial intelligence, there is a great potential for future applications. The tourism demand model focuses on changes in the macro-tourism flow and ignores the heterogeneity of the tourism market. With the diversification and diversity of the tourism market becoming more apparent, the use of micro-individual-based selection analysis methods has increased. In related studies of selective analysis, descriptive statistics are often used to study the effects of climate change based on preference, behavioral willingness and climate change perception in the context of climate change. Discrete choice models are often used to study the influence of climate change based on preference and help to analyze the changes in the market structure of tourist destinations in the context of climate change. As more and more studies show that the impact of climate change on the tourism market is more reflected in the change in market structure, the application demand for discrete selection models has further increased. However, the basic theoretical assumptions of the discrete selection model still need to be studied in the correction of tourism scenarios. Combining the latest progress in the quantitative research on the impact of climate change on tourism in foreign countries, and linking with China's reality, future research needs to strengthen the application of cumulative demand models in tourism flow related research, the application of discrete selection models in tourism market structure research, and the use of systematic scientific methods and big data technologies in related research. In the future, we should enhance research on climate-sensitive tourism activities in China, and as relevant studies on "Belt and Road" countries and regions, as well as the Tibetan Plateau.
Key words: climate change; tourism; impacts; quantitative studies; overseas
Fig. 1 Annual distribution of quantitative research literatures on impacts of climate change on tourism from 1986 to 2017图1 1986-2017年国外气候变化对旅游影响的定量研究文献数量年度分布 |
Fig. 2 Trend of attention to tourism activities in oversea studies图2 国外研究对旅游活动的关注度变化 |
Fig. 3 Trend of attention to each continent in oversea studies图3 国外研究对各大洲的关注度变化 |
Table 1 Types of quantitative approaches used in oversea studies on impacts of climate change on tourism表1 国外气候变化对旅游业影响的定量研究方法分类 |
方法大类 | 方法亚类 | 具体方法 | 使用频率/% |
---|---|---|---|
指标方法 | 单项指标方法 | 环境指标(积雪深度等),气象指标,气候指数 (TCI、CIT、PET、UTCI等) | 43.89 |
综合指标方法 | 层次分析法,多维准则法,主成分分析 | 18.55 | |
需求模型 | 时间序列模型 | ARIMA模型,传递函数模型,自回归条件异方差,自回归分布滞后模型,误差纠正模型 | 15.84 |
累计需求模型 | Madison模型,HTM模型 | 6.79 | |
选择分析 | 描述统计 | 频度统计,Bofferoni校正、t检验 | 6.33 |
离散选择模型 | Logit模型 | 3.62 | |
其他 | 时期类比法、马尔科夫链转换模型、智能体模型、享乐价格模型、心理学实验等 | 4.97 |
注:对同一文献中运用的两种及以上定量方法进行分别统计。(英文缩写:TCI, Tourism Climate Index; CIT, Climate index of tourism; PET, Physiologically Equivalent Temperature; UTCI, Universal Thermal Climate Index; ARIMA: Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model; HTM, Hamburg Tourism Model) |
Table 2 The main topics and methods used in the study on impacts of climate change on tourism表2 气候变化对旅游业影响研究关注的主要研究问题及其方法 |
方法 | 研究问题 | 具体问题案例 | 具体方法运用案例 |
---|---|---|---|
指标方法 | 旅游资源环境变化 | 气候变化对滑雪条件的影响 | 积雪深度[13] |
气候变化对花卉节庆日期的影响 | 始花期[14] | ||
旅游气候条件变化 | 气候变化对旅游气候舒适度的影响 | TCI指数[15] | |
综合要素变化 | 海滩旅游地的气候变化脆弱性 | 脆弱性评估框架、多维准则评估法[16] | |
旅游主体气候变化响应行为的环境效应 | 气候变化背景下,旅游者行为变化对生物多样性的影响 | 生物多样性指标[17] | |
需求模型 | 天气状况对旅游需求的影响 | 气温对入境旅游人次与出境旅游人次的影响比较 | ARIMA模型[18] |
气候变化对旅游需求的结构性影响 | 气候变化对全球旅游流时空分布的影响 | HTM模型[19] | |
节能减排政策对旅游需求的影响 | 航空碳税对海岛旅游流时空分布的影响 | HTM模型[20] | |
选择分析 | 基于偏好的气候变化影响 | 气候变化背景下,旅游地要素变化对旅游者行为的影响 | 嵌套Logit模型[21] |
气候变化背景下的行为意愿 | 不同气候情景中,旅游者的重游意愿 | 频度统计[22] | |
气候变化感知 | 旅游经营者对气候变化的感知 | 频度统计[23] |
Table 3 Frequency of indicators used in quantitative studies on impacts of climate change on tourism表3 气候变化对旅游业影响的定量研究常用指标及其使用频度 |
指标 | 使用频率/% | 指标 | 使用频率/% |
---|---|---|---|
气温 | 21.38 | 生物指标 | 2.90 |
积雪指标 | 15.58 | 湿度 | 2.17 |
降水 | 11.96 | CIT | 1.45 |
海洋环境指标 | 11.23 | 北大西洋/南方涛动指数 | 1.45 |
风速 | 7.61 | 冰川指标 | 1.45 |
TCI | 6.52 | UTCI | 1.09 |
日照/太阳辐射 | 6.52 | BCI | 0.36 |
PET | 4.35 | HCI | 0.36 |
云/霜/雾 | 3.26 | 风寒指数 | 0.36 |
注:气候指数中所含的气象指标不做单独统计。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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