研究自然保护区人类活动动态状况,对于加强自然保护区建设与管理具有重要意义。研究以三期高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,运用GIS技术和景观指数定量分析方法,分析了茂兰国家级自然保护区自1963年以来聚落(人类活动的中心场所)空间格局演变的梯度效应。结果表明:①在自然保护区自核心区到外围区,聚落规模、等级、形态等格局信息及其动态演变的梯度效应明显;②根据不同梯度区聚落空间格局演变及其对土地覆盖的影响特点,今后茂兰保护区规划管理应该考虑将洞多聚落迁出,使其不对核心区自然环境造成影响。同时,要加大对实验区聚落用地的管理力度,尽量减少人类活动对原生生态系统的不良影响;③设立保护区后,自核心区到外围区,景观多样性降低,土地利用综合程度指数变化进一步接近200,景观基质(森林)斑块增多,生态环境明显改善;④应加强保护区缓冲区距聚落200~800 m内的土地利用方式管理与生态建设。

To study the dynamic status of human activities in nature reserves is of great significance to the construction and management of natural reserves. This study, taking three high-resolution remote sensing images as data source, and using GIS technology and landscape indices quantitative analysis method, analyzes the gradient effect of the space patterns and evolution of settlement (the central place of human activities) in the Maolan National Nature Reserve since 1963. The results show that: 1) In the Nature Reserve, from the core zone to the peripheral zone, the gradient effect of settlement size, grade and shape and its dynamic evolution is obvious. In the core zone of the Nature Reserve, the extent of settlements change has been generally small in the three periods; in the buffer zone of the Nature Reserve, changes of settlements area and shape were obviously different before and after 1987 (the establishment of the Nature Reserve), in the previous stage settlement increased largely and shape was regular, and the settlement area and the space shapes are in steady state after 1987; in the experimental zone, settlements area first decreased and then increased, the number and the degree of irregular shape of settlements have always increased, the spatial variation occurs mainly in smaller, lower-rank settlements; in the peripheral zone, since the establishment of the Nature Reserve, the settlements have expanded significantly, the rank has markedly increased, the shape tends to be irregular. 2) The adverse effects of environment from settlement is small in the core zone of the Nature Reserve, but that cannot be ignored; after establishing of the Nature Reserve, because of human activities being more restricted, human activity has released in the peripheral zone, settlements in the peripheral zone, the proportion that the land of degradation settlements transferring as arable land has largely increased (the rate of the area transferred (R) was 66.66), and the proportion of new settlements (occupied arable land) has reduced. 3) According to the characteristics of the evolution of spatial patterns of settlement and its impact on land cover in different gradient zones, for not affecting the natural environment in the core zone, the future planning and management in the Maolan Nature Reserve should consider to move out the Dongduo settlement. Meanwhile, the management for settlement land should be enhanced in the experimental zone to minimize the adverse effects of human activities on native ecosystems. 4) After the establishment of the Nature Reserve, from the core zone to the peripheral zone, landscape diversity decreased and the land use comprehensive index is closer to 200, the landscape matrix (forest) patches increased significantly and the ecological environment improved obviously. 5) The management of land use and ecological construction within 200-800 m away from the settlement in the buffer zone of the Nature Reserve should be strengthened.