城镇用地生态适宜性评价有助于引导城镇用地合理扩展。针对传统评价方法的不足及生态适宜性的模糊性,提出基于局部惩罚型变权的空间模糊综合评价方法,并选择7项生态适宜性影响因素,在GIS软件的支持下对江苏省太仓市城镇用地的生态适宜性进行综合评判。结果显示,变权模型可灵活而合理地处理各评价单元各因素的权重值;研究区内适宜、基本适宜、较不适宜和不适宜于城镇扩展的土地分别占土地面积的25.89%、8.35%、37.43%和28.33%,其生态敏感性评价结果及其空间分布与实际相符,通过生态敏感性综合分值的比较可为城镇用地扩展区位选择提供依据。研究表明,基于变权的空间模糊综合评价凸显了"瓶颈"因素的否决作用,更能精确、合理地反映城镇用地扩展的生态适宜性状况。
Assessment of ecological suitability for urban land is playing an increasingly important role in urban planning because much more pressures on regional ecosystem are put by urban expansion, which has met the needs of regional economic development. Though great achievements have been made in related researches, constant weight assessment, as normally used method, should be substituted because it possibly gets unscientific results due to the neutralization of excellent indicators and bad ones. However, the theory of variable weights proposed by Wang Peizhuang could help to overcome those problems by considering the relationship of all indicators and enhance the impacts of prominent indicators. Therefore, based on the local punishment model of variable weights, the paper presents a method of spatial fuzzy comprehensive assement in order to settle the problems of traditional methods and to reflect the characteristics of fuzziness and spatial accuracy. The evaluation index system is established by choosing seven indexes which have influence on ecological suitability for urban expansion, and a case study in Taicang city was taken under the support of GIS software, so as to guide the urban land expand rationally.It is found that the model of variable weights could calculate the weights of various indexes of every grid flexibly and reasonably, thus make initial weights of different indexes change diversely according to relationship of all indexes of different grid units. Take the index of "distance to coastline of the Yangtze River and reservoir" as an example, the index weights in different locations change from 0.0388 to 0.5774, and the weights in the locations of the Yangtze River and reservoirs reach to 0.5774, which is 198.86% higher than initial weight (0.1932), so the index could increase the comprehensive value of ecological sensitivity for urban land expansion of those grids. According to the result of ecological suitability assessment, the study area was divided into four types: suitable land, moderately suitable land, little unsuitable land and unsuitable land. The area of each type respectively is 20871.09, 6727.41, 30169.71 and 22836.51 hm2, which is 25.89%, 8.35%, 37.43% and 28.33% of the study area accordingly. Moreover, the result of ecological sensitivity value also shows that the values of the grid units range from 0 to 8.9570, and their spatial distribution accords with the fact. The study indicates that the method of spatial fuzzy comprehensive assessment based on variable weights theory could not only make scientific evaluation on the ecological suitability for urban land expansion from microcosmic and spatial perspectives, but also highlight the importance of restrictive factors and make the vetoes of bottleneck factors effective, thus it could reflect the land ecological suitability status for urban expansion more accurately and reasonably. So it is of great help to provide a scientific basis for decision-making in urban planning and land use planning.
[1] 张林波,李伟涛,王维,等.基于GIS的城市最小生态用地空间分析模型研究——以深圳市为例[J].自然资源学报, 2008,23(1):69-78.
[2] Malczewski J. GIS-based land-use suitability analysis: A critical overview [J]. Progress in Planning,2004,62:3-65.
[3] LIU Yan-sui, WANG Jie-yong, GUO Li-ying. GIS-Based assessment of land suitability for optimal allocation in the Qinling Mountains, China [J]. Pedosphere,2006,16(5):579-586.
[4] Sharareh Pourebrahim, Mehrdad Hadipour, Mazlin Bin Mokhtar. Integration of spatial suitability analysis for land use planning in coastal areas: Case of Kuala Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2011(101):84-97.
[5] Kalogirou S. Expert systems and GIS: An application of land suitability evaluation [J]. Computers Environment and Urban Systems,2002(26):89-112.
[6] Rajesh Bahadur Thapa, Yuji Murayama. Land evaluation for peri-urban agriculture using analytical hierarchical process and geographic information system techniques: A case study of Hanoi [J]. Land Use Policy,2008, 25: 225-239.
[7] Wandahwa P, van Ranst E. Qualitative land suitability assessment for pyrethrum cultivation in west Kenya based upon computer-captured expert knowledge and GIS [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment,1996, 56: 187-202.
[8] Saswati Mukhopadhyay, Vadakepuram Chacko Joy. Influence of leaf litter types on microbial functions and nutrient status of soil: Ecological suitability of forest trees for afforestation in tropical laterite wastelands [J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2010, 42: 2306-2315.
[9] Store R, Kangas J. Integrating spatial multi-criteria evaluation and expert knowledge for GIS-based habitat suitability modeling [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2001,55(2):79-93.
[10] Liu Jie, Ye Jing, Yang Wang, et al. Environmental impact assessment of land use planning in Wuhan City based on ecological suitability analysis [J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences,2010, 2: 185-191.
[11] Joan Marull, Joan Pino, Josep Maria Mallarach, et al. A land suitability index for strategic environmental assessment in metropolitan areas [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2007, 81: 200-212.
[12] Pham Duc Uy, Nobukazu Nakagoshi. Application of land suitability analysis and landscape ecology to urban green space planning in Hanoi, Vietnam [J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,2008,7(1): 25-40.
[13] 杨少俊,刘孝富,舒俭民.城市土地生态适宜性评价理论与方法[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(1):380-385.
[14] Miller W, Collins W M G, Steiner F R, et al. An approach for greenway suitability analysis [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,1998,42(2/4):91-105.
[15] Westman W E. Ecological Impact Assessment and Environmental Planning [M]. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1985.
[16] 刘康,李团胜.生态规划——理论、方法与应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004:7-55.
[17] 陈绪冬,李剑,陈眉舞,等.基于损益分析的城市用地生态适宜性评价研究——以福建长汀为例[J].规划师,2008, 24(7):86-90.
[18] 周建飞,曾光明,黄国和,等.基于不确定性的城市扩展用地生态适宜性评价[J].生态学报,2007,27(2): 774-783.
[19] 刘孝富,舒俭民,张林波.最小累积阻力模型在城市土地生态适宜性评价中的应用——以厦门为例[J].生态学报, 2010,30(2):421-428.
[20] 宗跃光,王蓉,汪成刚,等.城市建设用地生态适宜性评价的潜力-限制性分析——以大连城市化区为例[J].地理研究,2007,26(6):1117-1127.
[21] 李德清,李洪兴.变权决策中变权效果分析与状态变权向量的确定[J].控制与决策,2004,19(11):1241-1245.
[22] LI Hong-xing, LI Ling-xia, WANG Jia-yin, et al. Fuzzy decision making based on variable weights [J]. Mathematical and Computer Modelling,2004,39: 163-179.
[23] 汪培庄.模糊集与随机集落影[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1985.
[24] 李洪兴.因素空间理论与知识表示的数学框架(IX)[J].模糊系统与数学,1996,10(3):12-19.
[25] 姚炳学,李洪兴.局部变权的公理体系[J].系统工程理论与实践,2000(1):106-110.
[26] 龚建周,夏北成,陈健飞.快速城市化区域生态安全的空间模糊综合评价——以广州市为例[J].生态学报,2008, 28(10):4992-5011.
[27] 顾彭涛,邱金波,许保桐,等.太仓—奉贤北西向活动断裂带及其地震地质意义初探[J].上海地质,1990(3): 1-6.
[28] 陈燕飞,杜鹏飞,郑筱津,等.基于GIS的南宁市建设用地生态适宜性评价[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2006, 46(6):801-804.
[29] 朱虹.基于GIS的工业园土地生态适宜性评价研究.大连:大连理工大学,2007.
[30] 杜栋,庞庆华.现代综合评价方法与案例精选[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[31] Kaufmann M, Tobias S, Schulin R. Quality evaluation of restored soils with a fuzzy logic expert system [J]. Geoderma,2009,151:290-302.
