以南京市九乡河流域为研究区域,以2003、2009年两期遥感影像数据为基本信息源,在调整生态系统服务价值系数的基础上,计算流域生态系统服务价值,并利用ArcGIS的空间分析功能,研究流域生态系统服务价值的空间异质性及其变化,以及城市化与生态系统服务价值之间的关系。结果表明:2003—2009年,流域生态系统服务价值损失2.63%,达643.1×104元,其中上游生态系统服务价值增加1.57%,而中游和下游则分别减少2.18%和10.58%,耕地流失是中游、下游和流域总生态系统服务价值减少的主要原因;食物生产、保持土壤等单项生态系统服务价值降低,而水文调节和提供美学功能的生态服务价值增加;九乡河流域生态系统服务价值的空间异质性发生了明显的变化,生态系统服务价值降低的区域主要集中在下游的仙林大学城以及中游靠近主城区的西村一带,而升高的区域主要分布在九乡河沿岸;城市化对流域生态系统服务价值的负效应明显。制定严格的生态规划,加强对流域开发建设的分类指导,是恢复和维护九乡河流域生态系统服务功能的有效途径。
Taking Jiuxiang River watershed in Nanjing city (Jiangsu, China) as a case study area, its two phases of remote sensing images obtained in 2003 and 2009 as the basic data source for assessment of ecosystem service values, and based on the adjustment of value coefficient, the ecosystem service values of Jiuxiang River watershed were calculated. In addition, the spatio-temporal characteristics of ecosystem service values and the interrelations between urbanization and ecosystem service values were studied by using the spatial analysis function of ArcGIS. The results showed: the loss of ecosystem service values of Jiuxiang River watershed was 2.63%, equaling to 643.1×104 yuan, of which the upstream increased by 1.57%,the midstream and the downstream decreased by 2.18% and 10.58% respectively,and the decrease of cropland was the major cause for the decrease of ecosystem service values. The values of individual ecosystem service of food production and maintain soil conservation decreased,while the values of hydrologic regulation and aesthetical function increased;the regions with higher ecosystem service values were mainly concentrated along the Qinlong Mountain at the upstream,Linshan Mountain at the midstream and Qixia and Yangshan mountains in the downstream,and the region with lower ecosystem service values was found mainly in Xianlin University Town,and the moderate one was mainly distributed in agricultural area of the midstream;the spatial distribution of ecosystem service values changed significantly in Jiuxiang River,the region with reduced ecosystem service values was mainly concentrated along the Xianlin University Town in the upstream and Xicun in the midstream, and the region with increasing values was distributed mainly along Jiuxiang River; urbanization had a negative effect on ecosystem service values, which showed the reduction of ecosystem service values was related with urbanization. So, we should conduct a watershed ecological planning to strengthen the classification guidance of watershed development and construction, and this was an effective way to restore and maintain Jiuxiang River watershed ecosystem service function.
[1] Costanza R, d’ Arge R, De Groot R, et al. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and nature capital [J]. Nature,1997,387:253-260.
[2] 辛琨,肖笃宁.生态系统服务功能研究简述[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2000,10(3):20-22.
[3] 谢高地,鲁春霞,成升魁.全球生态系统服务价值评估研究进展[J].资源科学,2001,23(6):5-9.
[4] 王宗明,张柏,张树清.吉林省生态系统服务价值变化研究[J].自然资源学报,2004,19(1):55-61.
[5] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Board. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Frameworks [M]. Washington D C: World Resources Institute, 2005.
[6] Gren IM, Groth K H, Sylvén M. Economic values of Danube Floodplains[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,1995, 45:333-345.
[7] Pauutanayak S K. Valuing watershed services: Concepts and empirics from Southeast Asia [J]. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,2004,104:171-184.
[8] Turner R, Bergh, Jereon C, et al. Ecological-economic analysis of wetlands: Scientific integration for management and policy [J]. Ecological Economics,2000,35:7-23.
[9] Lal P. Economic valuation of mangroves and decision-making in the Pacific [J]. Ocean & Coastal Management,2003,46: 823-846.
[10] Mendonça M, Sachsida A, Loureiro P. A study on the valuing of biodiversity: The case of three endangered species in Brazil [J]. Ecological Economics,2003,46:9-18.
[11] Bandara R, Tisdell C. The net benefit of saving the Asian elephant: A policy and contingent valuation study [J]. Ecological Economics,2004,48:93-107.
[12] 李文华,张彪,谢高地. 中国生态系统服务研究的回顾与展望[J].自然资源学报,2009,24(1):1-10.
[13] 欧阳志云,王如松,赵景柱.生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(5):635-640.
[14] 赵同谦,欧阳志云,贾良清,等.中国草地生态系统服务功能间接经济价值评价[J].生态学报,2004,24(6):1101-1110.
[15] 吴大千,刘建,贺同利,等.基于土地利用变化的黄河三角洲生态服务价值损益分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(8):256-261.
[16] 周德成,罗格平,许文强,等.1960-2008年阿克苏河流域生态系统服务价值动态[J]. 应用生态学报,2010,21(2): 399- 408.
[17] 谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,等.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.
[18] 南京市统计局.南京统计年鉴,2004—2009[M].南京:南京出版社,2004—2009.
[19] 曾辉,江子瀛.深圳市龙华地区快速城市化过程中的景观结构研究——Ⅰ城镇建设用地的结构及异质性分析[J].应用生态学报,2000,10(4):567-572.
[20] 肖玉,谢高地,安凯.莽措湖流域生态系统服务功能经济价值变化研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(5):676-680.
[21] Thomlinson J R, Rivera L Y. Suburban growth in Luquillo, Puerto Rico: Some consequences of development on natural and semi-natural systems [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2000,49(1/2):15-23.
[22] 李书娟,曾辉.快速城市化地区建设用地沿城市化梯度的扩张特征——以南昌地区为例[J].生态学报,2004,24(1):55-62.
[23] 郭泺,杜世宏,薛达元.快速城市化进程中广州市景观格局时空分异特征的研究[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2009,45(1):129-136.
[24] 李双成,赵志强,王仰麟.中国城市化过程及其资源与生态环境效应机制[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(1):63-70.
[25] 周锐,李月辉,胡远满,等.苏南典型乡镇景观梯度变化[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(2):320-326.
[26] 李杨帆,朱晓东,孙翔,等.快速城市化地区景观生态规划研究——以江苏连云港港湾地区为例[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2008,30(4):53-57.
[27] LI Yang-fan, ZHU Xiao-dong, SUN Xiang, et al. Landscape effects of environmental impact on bay-area wetlands under rapid urban expansion and development policy: A case study of Lianyungang, China [J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2010,94(3/4):218-227.
