受人类活动特别是城市化的影响,天然水文过程发生了显著变化。目前城市化的水文效应研究已经成为国际上的热点问题和前沿领域。文章回顾了国内外城市化过程所引起的水文效应研究现状,述评了现有研究方法和主要研究内容:①城市化对降水的影响具有地区差异和季节差异,其影响程度还存在争议,城市化降水效应机理有待研究;②城市化地区河网结构趋于简单,目前平原河网地区水系分级方法不明确;③不透水面变化改变长期径流量、水质以及暴雨洪水洪峰流量、洪峰过程,其定量关系的阈值需要确立;④变化下垫面条件下流域生态系统结构和功能,水文过程与生态过程耦合需要进一步研究。最后提出了存在问题和进一步研究的思路,以便作为城市水文学研究的参考。
The change in the natural hydrologic process and the crisis of the water resource due to the human activity especially urbanization has been accelerated with the rapid economic development and population growth. The research of the hydrologic process response to the urbanization has been the focus of attention and the international frontier. This paper reviews the status of hydrological response to the urbanization process and summarizes the existing research methods and research content from precipitation, runoff, water resources and ecosystem of watershed etc. Some conclusions of this paper were drawn as follows: 1) Imperious area extension driven by rapid urban development could change the urban climate, and cities tend to be hotter than the surrounding countryside and create what is known as an urban heat island. However, whether the precipitation in cities increasing is still controversial. 2) Imperious area increase and land use/land cover change (LUCC) have great effects on the natural structure of river channel and stream network. Main parameters in artificial stream network are discussed, such as Horton’s laws and fractal theory. 3) Imperious area and land use change also influence runoff coefficient, flood peak flow and frequency. And the qualities and quantities of water resources have degraded as a result of the urbanization. 4) Cities are widely regarded as having lower biodiversity, and urbanization will reduce the biodiversity of native species. Some researches show the riparian buffer zone by the river could improve the ecological system. So, ecological water requirements have come into notice in the recent years. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the methodology from statistics analyses, hydrological model, watershed experiment and GIS/RS spatial analyses etc. Finally, some ideas in the future research are discussed. Many affecting factors need to be considered and researched further, and hydrological response to urbanization should be assessed quantitatively so as to support scientific foundations for rational allocation and sustainable development of land and water resources. It could be used as reference for research of urban hydrology.
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