坡面处理措施及土地利用方式是控制水土流失最重要的影响因素,通过合适的坡面措施与合理的土地利用方式可以有效地抑制土壤侵蚀,保护土地资源,改善生态坏境。论文通过对石匣小流域不同处理的径流试验小区的实测资料分析,研究了坡面综合水土保持措施对水土流失的影响。研究表明,与坡耕地、开荒地相比,梯田和水平条可以有效地拦蓄地面径流,控制水土流失,减沙率可达64.83%~91.81%,并且阴坡上的水平条的蓄水保土作用好于阳坡,有土埂的大水平条的减水拦沙效率好于无土埂的水平条;综合水保措施的水土保持效益更高,对径流量的拦蓄率高达96.21%~99.38%,并且进行综合措施处理的坡面的土壤侵蚀模数都小于水利部发布的北方土石山区允许土壤流失量200t/km2.a;对坡面的自然封禁能够有效地控制坡面水土流失;同时由于综合水保措施很大程度上改变了原有的地形,坡度对水土流失的影响不明显。
The control measures of the slope land and types of land use are the most important factors for controlling water and soil loss,and the appropriate control measures of the slope land and types of land use could control soil erosion,protect land resource,and improve the environment effectively.In this study,based on the survey data of runoff plots,the effect of integrated water and soil conservation measures on slope surface on water and soil loss was researched.The results showed that compared with the slope land,the sediment reduction rate of terrace and narrow terrace reaches 64.83%-91.81%,this shows terrace could control soil erosion effectively,and the water and soil reduction benefits from terrace on the shady slope are better than the terrace on the sunny slope and the wide narrow terrace with ridge is better than the one without ridge.The water and sediment benefits from comprehensive water and soil conservation measure are very high,which can get to 96.21%-99.38%.At the same time,the soil erosion modulus of runoff plots with comprehensive control measure is less than the soil loss tolerance of 200t/km2·a in earthy-rocky mountain area of northern China,which is promulgated by the Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China.The natural prohibition can also control water and soil loss effectively,but as a result of comprehensive control measure induced changes of the slope surface shape,slope grade has less impact on water and soil loss.
[1] 陈家琦,王浩,杨小柳. 水资源学[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2002. 25~26. [CHEN J ia-qi, WANG Hao, YANG Xiao-liu. Water Resource. Beijing: Science Press, 2002. 25-26.]
[2] 黄忠臣. 北京市水资源状况调查分析[J]. 北京建筑工程学院学报, 2003, 19 (4): 38 ~41. [HUANG Zhong-chen. Research and analysis ofwater resource in Beijing. Journal of B eijing Institute of Civil Engineering and A rchitecture, 2003, 19 (4): 38-41.]
[3] 李永贵. 北京市山区小流域治理及可持续发展示范研究[J]. 北京水利, 2000, (3): 9~10. [LI Yong-gui. Research on small watershed treatment and sustainable development in BeijingMountainous Area. B eijing W ater Resources, 2000, (3): 9-10.]
[4] 杜桂森,孟繁艳,李学东,等. 密云水库水质现状及发展趋势[J]. 环境科学, 1999, 20 (2): 110~112. [DU Gui-sen, MENG Fan-yan, L I Xue-dong, et al. Water quality and development trend ofMiyun Reservoir. Chinese Journal of Envi2 ronm ental Science, 1999, 20 (2): 110-112.]
[5] 于秀玲. 非点源污染对密云水库水质的影响[A]. 中国环境科学研究院环境科学论文集(1980~1990) [C]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1990. 27~31. [YU Xiu-ling. Effects of no-point pollution on water quality in Miyun Reservoir. In: Environmental Science Paper Corpus in Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (1980-1990) . Bei2 jing: China Environmental Science Press, 1990. 27-31.]
[6] 王晓燕,胡秋菊,朱风云,等. 密云水库流域降雨径流土壤中氮磷流失规律———以石匣试验区为例[J]. 首都师范大 学学报(自然科学版) , 2001, 22 (2): 79~85. [WANG Xiao-yan, HU Qiu-ju, ZHU Feng-yun, et al. Loss of nutrients in runoff and soil in the watershed ofMiyun Reservoir-As an examp le of Shixia ExperimentalArea. Journal of CapitalN orm al University, 2001, 22 (2): 79-85.]
[7] 蔡新广. 石匣小流域水土保持措施蓄水保土效益试验研究[J]. 资源科学, 2004, 26 (增): 144 ~150. [CA I Xin-guang. Benefits from soil and water conservation measures on reducing runoff and sediments in Shixia SmallWatershed. Resources Science, 2004, 26 (supp.): 144-150.]
[8] 刘振国,付素华. 密云石匣小流域水土流失规律研究[J]. 北京水利, 2000, (3): 11~12. [L IU Zhen-guo, FU Su-hua. Research on water and soil loss rule in Shixia SmallWatershed ofMiyun. B eijing W ater Resources, 2000, (3): 11-12.]
[9] 蒋定生. 黄土高原水土流失与治理模式[M]. 北京:中国水利水电出版社, 1997. 331~379. [J IANG Ding2sheng. Soil Erosion and ControlModels in the Loess Plateau. Beijing: ChinaWater and Electricity Press, 1997. 331-379.]
[10] 唐克丽. 中国水土保持[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2004. 414~416. [TANG Ke-li. ChineseWater and Soil Conservation. Beijing: Science Press, 2004. 414-416.]
[11] 尹传逊,尹贻亮. 坡耕地蓄水保土耕作技术措施的探讨[J]. 水土保持通报, 1992, 12 (6): 40~49. [YIN Chuan-xun, YIN Yi-liang. Primary discussion on tillage techniqueswith storing water and conservating soil in slope fields. B ulletin of Soil and W ater Conservation, 1992, 12 (6): 40-49.]
[12] 尹传逊,常根富. 隔坡梯田效益研究[J]. 中国水土保持, 1984, (6): 16~18. [YIN Chuan-xun, CHANG Gen-fu. The benefits on slope2separated terrace. Soil and W ater Conservation in China, 1984, (6): 16-18.]
[13] 张金慧,徐乃民. 水平梯田减水减沙效益计算探讨[J]. 人民黄河, 1993, (4): 31 ~33. [ZHANG J in-hui, XU Nai-min. Discussions on calculation of water and sediment reduction benefits of terrace. Yellow R iver, 1993, (4): 31-33.]
[14] 陈浩,方海燕,蔡强国,等. 黄土丘陵沟壑区沟谷侵蚀演化的坡向差异———以晋西王家沟小流域为例[J]. 资源科 学, 2006, 28 (9): 176~184. [CHEN Hao, FANG Hai-yan, CAI Qiang-guo, et al. Comparison of different aspects of erosion evolvement in the loess hilly area: A case study ofWangjiagou Catchment ofWestern Shanxi Province. Resources Science, 2006, 28 (9): 176-184.]
[15] Penman G F. Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil, and grass[J]. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. , Ser. A, 1948, 193: 120-145.
[16] DavenportD C. Variations of evaporation in time and space, 1. Study of diurnal changes using evaporimeters and grass lysimeters[J]. J. Hydrol. , 1967, 5: 312-328.
[17] 温美丽,刘宝元,叶芝菡,等. 免耕与土壤侵蚀研究进展[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2006, 14 (3): 1~3. [WEN Mei-li, L IU Bao-yuan, YE Zhi-han, et al. Research advance on no tillage and soil erosion. Chinese Journal of Eco-agriculture, 2006, 14 (3): 1-3.]
[18] 王晓燕,高焕文,李洪文,等. 保护性耕作对农田地表径流与土壤水蚀影响的试验研究[J]. 农业工程学报, 2000, 16 (3): 66~69. [WANG Xiao-yan, GAO Huan-wen, LI Hong-wen, et al. Experimental study on runoff and erosion under conservative tillage. Transactions of the CSAE, 2000, 16 (3): 66-69.]