从生态系统响应和游客主观认知的双重视角,对六盘山旅游区旅游步道对人类旅游践踏干扰的响应进行了研究。结果表明:①自然状态下旅游践踏干扰主要集中在旅游步道边缘1~3m范围内,但不同生态系统差异较大。在调查的3个景区中,小南川景区乔灌草生态统主要集中在旅游步道1m左右;凉殿峡景区高山草甸生态系统集中在1~2m之间;野荷谷景区华北落叶松林下生态系统则达到3m左右;②采用地表覆盖物响应指数(Index of Land Cover Impact,ILCI)和游客可接受改变限度(Limits of Acceptable Change,LAC)来衡量受干扰旅游步道响应程度,在1m范围内各调查样区ILCI均达到4级或5级严重冲击程度;1~2m间以凉殿峡景区ILCI值较高(39%),介于1~2级之间,而小南川与野荷谷景区ILCI值属1级轻微影响;3m及以外三者影响基本较小。游客对游道沿线土壤裸露度可接受改变限度为55.7%,3个调查样区1m范围内植被覆盖减少率(CR)均超过此水平;③调查样区旅游步道响应强弱与游道坡度、边坡坡度以及游道宽度具有一定相关性;④地表覆盖物响应指数因与其它各响应变量间显著相关,可作为评估旅游干扰系统响应的一项简易而有效的指标。研究结果也表明,目前旅游践踏干扰已对游道沿线环境以及游客游憩体验产生了一定的负面影响。因此,改变目前景区开发无序状态,加强旅游步道规划设计和游客行为规范,建立长期环境监测系统,将对制定防治游憩冲击策略,促进六盘山生态旅游区可持续发展具有重要指导价值。
From the angles of the response of ecosystem and tourist perceptions,the response of Liupan mountain ecological tourism attraction trails to human being tourism trampling disturbance was studied.This study was conducted to investigate the patterns and extent of trampling impacts along the main tourism trails.In addition to vegetation change represented by cover reduction (CR) and floristic dissimilarity (FD),leftover reduction(LD),increase of soil hardness (SHI) and Index of Land Cover Impact (ILCI),the Limits of Acceptable Change(LAC) was also added as indicator for tourist impact.The results show that trampling disturbance mainly were limited in 1 to 3 miles along the trail;the composite ecosystem in Xiao Nanchuan with arbor,bosk and grass got most serious disturbance.Using ILCI and LAC Index the responses of the three typical ecosystems were assessed.The ILCI values of the investigating sections along the 1-meter trail impact is seriousy disturbed,then 2-3 meters, and beyond 3 meters,it is seldomly disturbed.Based on Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) questionnaires filled out by visitors,the standard of acceptable change in ground coverage was found to be 55.7 % of the coverage reduction from the trail.from this standard,the investigating areas along the 1-meter trail far exceed the LAC.The impac variables are correlated to the gradient,border area gradient and width of the trail.The Index of Land Cover Impact (ILCI) could be an useful index to evaluate the tourism disturbance.The results also indicate that the current tourism disturbance has had some negative effect on the tourist experience and ecosystem.Some suggestions for management were offered to minimize the trampling impacts of this trail.Improving the development environment,strengthening the planning of tourism attraction,and establishing the forest system and tourism information system would offer important guidance to the promotion of sustainable development of Liupan Mountain.
[1] 刘燕华,葛全胜,方修琦,等.关于中国全球环境变化人文因素研究发展方向的思考[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(6):889~895.
[2] UNEP.Principles on the Implementation of Sustainable Tourism.www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/policy/principles.htm.
[3] 陈利顶,傅伯杰.干扰的类型、特征及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2000,20(4):581~586.
[4] Bates G H.The vegetation of footpaths,sidewalks,car tracks and gateways[J].Journal of Ecology,1935,23:470-487.
[5] Bates G H.Life forms of pasture plants in relation to treading[J].Journal of Ecology,1938,26:452-455.
[6] Ceballos Lascurain.Tourism,Ecotourism and Protected Area[M].IUCN(The World Conservation Union),1996.
[7] Bayfield N G.Recovery of four montane heath communities on Cairngorm,Scotland,from disturbance by trampling[J].Biological Conservation,1979,15:165-179.
[8] Goldsmith F B,Munton R J C,Warren A.The impact of recreation on the ecology and amenity of seminatural areas:Methods of investigation used in Isles of Scilly[J].Biological Journal,Linnean Society,1970,2:287-306.
[9] Liddle M J.A selective review of the ecological effects of human trampling on natural ecosystems[J].Biological Conservation,1975,7:17-36.
[10] Cole D N.Disturbance and recovery of trampled Montana grassland and forests in Montana.Research paper INT 389.Ogden,Utah:USDA Forest Service,1988.
[11] Kuss R F,Morgan J M.Estimating the physical carrying capacity of recreational areas:A rationale for application of the universal soil loss equation[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1980,35:87-89.
[12] Cole D N.Estimating the susceptibility of wildland vegetation to trailside alternation[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1978,15:281-286.
[13] Sun D,Liddle M J.The more vegetation phological responses of some Australian tussock grasses and the importance of tiller number in their resistance to trampling[J].Biological Conservation,1993,65:43-50.
[14] Liddle M J.Recreation ecology:Effects of trampling on plants and corals[J].Trees,1991,6:13-17.
[15] Kuss R F,Hall C N.Ground flora trampling studies:Five years after closure[J].Environmental Management,1991,15:715-727.
[16] Liddle M J.Recreation and the Environment:The Ecology of Recreation Impacts.Section 2,Vegetation and Wear.School of Australian Environmental Studies,working paper.Griffith University,Brisbane,Australia,1988.
[17] Sun D.Trampling resistance,recovery and growth rate of eight plant species[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,1992,38:265-273.
[18] Sun D,Liddle M J.A survey of trampling effects on vegetation and soil in eight tropical and subtropical sites[J].Environmental Management,1993,17:497-510.
[19] Cole D N,Bayfield N G.Recreational trampling of vegetation:Standard experimental procedures[J].Biological Conservation,1993,63:209-215.
[20] Waston A E,Niccolucci M J,Williams D R.Hikers and recreational stock users:Predicting and managing recreation conflicts in three wildernesses.Research paper INT 468,1993.
[21] 刘儒渊,曾家琳.登山步道游憩冲击之长期监测——以玉山国家公园塔塔加步道为例[J].资源科学,2006 28(3):120~127.
[22] 刘儒渊.践踏对玉山步道沿线高山植群冲击之研究[J].台大实验林研究报告,1993,7(3):58~70.
[23] 冯学钢,包浩生.旅游活动对风景区地被植物-土壤环境影响的初步研究[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(1):75~78.
[24] 程占红,张金屯,等.不同旅游干扰下草甸种群生态优势度的差异[J].西北植物学报,2004,24(8):1476~1479.
[25] 刘鸿雁,张金海.旅游干扰对香山黄栌林的影响研究[J].植物生态学报,1997,(2):29~33.
[26] 谭周进,肖启明,杨海君,等.放牧对张家界索溪峪景区土壤微生物区系及活度的影响[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(6):885~890.
[27] 谭周进,肖启明,杨海君,等.旅游对张家界国家自然保护区土壤酶及微生物作用强度的影响[J].自然资源学报,2006,21(1):133~138.
[28] 谭周进,戴素明,谢桂先,等.旅游踩踏对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(11):1921~1926.
[29] Burden R F,P F Randerson.Quantitative studies of the effects of human trampling on vegetation as an aid to the management of semi-natural areas[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,1972,9:439-457.
[30] Stankey G H,McCool S F,Stokes G L.Limits of acceptable change:A new framework for managing the bob marshall wilderness complex[J].Western Wildlands,1984,10(3):33-37.
[31] Hammitt W E,D N Cole.Wildland Recreation:Ecology and Management(2nd ed.)[M].John Wiley and Sons,Inc.,N.Y.,1998.
[32] 陈立桢,简益章.减少游乐活动对自然环境冲击之对策[J].台湾林业,1988,14(8):29~38.
[33] Cynthia L M Chin,Susan A Moore,Tabatha J Wallington.Ecotourism in Bako National Park,Borneo:Visitors’perspectives on environmental impacts and their management[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2000,8(1):20-35.
[34] Cole D N.Effects of three seasons of experimental trampling on five montane forest communities and a grassland in western Montana,USA[J].Biological Conservation,1987,40:219-244.
[35] Kuss F R,A R Graefe,J J Vaske.Visitor impact management:A review of research.National Parks and Conservation Association,Washington,D.C.,1990.
[36] 张森永,应绍舜,刘儒渊,等.东北角草岭古道沿线植群与土壤冲击之研究[J].台大实验林研究报告,2005,19(2):89~101.
