针对黄河流域水资源匮乏日益严重的状况,根据国家气象局整编的1957~2001年(45a)黄河流域93个气象站点气象资料,应用1998年FAO最新推荐的Penman-Monteith法计算潜在蒸散量,研究黄河流域水分变化特点,尤其是水分亏缺时空格局。 同时,应用克里格(Kriging)插值法生成黄河流域区域的水分亏缺分布图。研究结果显示黄河流域水分亏缺的空间分布格局变化十分复杂,受气候、地形和地貌等多种因素影响,具有明显的地域特点。总体上,水分亏缺由北向南逐步递减,流域北部水分亏缺由西北向东南依次递减;流域水分亏缺在年际间的变幅具有增大趋势,在年内也表现出明显的季节变化特点,春季、夏季的亏缺量比较大,而冬季和秋季的亏缺量比较小,且在不同区域之间存在明显差别。
The water surplus and deficiency (WSD) was calculated with precipitation and reference crop evapotranspiration which were calculated with Penman-Monteith method recommended by FAO in 1990,based on climatic data of 93 meteorological stations in the Yellow River Basin(YRB) authorized by the National Climatic Bureau from 1957 to 2001. Meanwhile, the WSD distribution map of the YRB was also generated through the Kriging method. The result shows the spatial distribution of WSD is strongly affected by climatic and geographical factors,and WSD decreases from north to south in the YRB,and from northwest to southeast in the northern part of the YRB. From 1957 to the end of the 1990s,the WSD presented an increasing trend. At the same time,the seasonal variation of WSD was obvious,being more obvious in spring and summer but less in winter and autumn, and with distinct regional variation.
[1] 张国胜,李林,时兴合,等.黄河上游地区气候变化及其对黄河水资源的影响[J].水科学进展,2000,11(3):277~283.
[2] 任国玉,郭军.中国水面蒸发量的变化[J].自然资源学报,2006,21(1):31~44.
[3] 陈峪,高歌,任国玉,等.中国十大流域近40多年降水量时空变化特征[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(5):637~643.
[4] 邵晓梅,严昌荣,魏红兵.基于Kriging插值的黄河流域降水时空分布格局[J].中国农业气象,2006,27(2):65~69.
[5] 赵秉栋,赵庆良,焦士兴,等.黄河流域水资源可持续利用研究[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(4):102~104.
[6] 刘钰,蔡甲冰,蔡林根,等.黄河下游灌区农田灌溉制度与供需平衡分析[J].水利学报,2005,36(6):701~708.
[7] 刘钰,L S Pereira.对FAO推荐的作物系数计算方法的验证[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(5):26~30.
[8] 吴绍洪,尹云鹤,郑度,等.青藏高原近30年气候变化趋势[J].地理学报,2005,60(1):3~11.
[9] 杨建平,丁永建,陈仁升,等.近40a中国北方降水量与蒸发量变化[J].干旱区资源与环境,2003,17(2):6~11.
[10] 段永红,陶澍,李本纲.北京市参考作物蒸散量的时空分布特征[J].中国农业气象,2004,25(2):22~25.
[11] 刘钰,蔡林根.参照腾发量的新定义及计算方法对比[J].水利学报,1997,6:27~33.
[12] 李海滨,林忠辉,刘苏峡.Kriging方法在区域土壤水分估值中的应用[J].地理研究,2001,20(4):446~452.
[13] 王政权.地统计学及在生态学中的应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.
