河川基流量是指地下水补给河川径流的水量。论文首次对黄河河川基流量50年来的时空演化规律和驱动因子做了较为全面的分析。研究表明:黄河河川基流量约占黄河河川径流量的44%,黄河河川基流量对维持健康黄河具有重要意义。受自然变化和人类活动影响,黄河干支流河川基流量50年来总体呈下降趋势;支流基流量变化可划分为双峰型、单峰型、直线下降型3种类型,干流区间基流量主要减少在黄河中游地区。黄河河川基流量具有维持河川径流、维护河流生态、湖泊以及表生生态植被良性发展等多种功能,河川基流量衰减导致湖泊萎缩、表生植被退化、加剧黄河断流等一系列生态环境负效应。通过对驱动因子进一步分析表明,降水量是维持河川基流量的主要来源,其变化影响黄河河川基流量变化趋势。人类活动是黄河河川基流量驱动因子中最活跃的因子,基流量衰减最明显的地区也是人类活动频繁的地区。因此维持健康的黄河必须要对黄河基流量进行科学保护和合理开发利用。
Base flow is one of the primary parts of the river runoff.In this paper,through the analysis of base flow of 10 control stations on the mainstream and 15 tributaries from the 1950's to 2000,the authors firstly analyzed the characteristics and driving forces of base flow of the mainstream and tributaries of the Yellow River basin.The result showed that first,the base flow of the Yellow River is 44% of runoff of the Yellow River,and so it is important to maintain sustainable development of the river.Second,influenced by the natural change and human activity,base flow of the mainstream and tributaries of the Yellow River basin is down generally in the past 50 years,base flow of tributaries of the Yellow River basin is divided into three types as double-humped curve,single-humped curve and linear decrease curve,base flow between two stations of the mainstream of the Yellow River is mainly reduced in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.Third,base flow of the Yellow River has such eco-environmental functions as maintaining runoff,keeping river eco-environment and improving surface vegetation.Reduction of base flow of the Yellow River leads to negative eco-environmental effect such as lake shrinkage,vegetation degeneration,aggravating Yellow River cut-off.Forth,formation,development and evaluation of base flow of the Yellow River are the integrative effect of natural factor and human factor.The result showed natural factor,mainly including precipitation,decides the structure in time and space of base flow of the Yellow River basin.Human factor,including riverside pumping,metal mining,building reservoir,soil and water conversation,exerts influence on increasing or decreasing base flow of the Yellow River.Exploitation and utilization of groundwater is the most important factor in all kinds of human factors.The human activity is intense and frequent in the middle reaches and Datonghe river,Huangshui river basin of the upper reaches of the Yellow River,where the base flow of the Yellow River is reduced significantly.So,maintaining normal Yellow River condition needs scientifically protecting and rationally exploiting and utilizing base flow of the Yellow River.
[1] 夏军,王中根,刘昌明. 黄河水资源量可再生性问题及量化研究[J]. 地理学报, 2003, 58 (4): 534～541. [XIA Jun, WANG Zhong-gen, L IU Chang-ming. The renewability ofwater resources and its quantification of the Yellow River basin in China. Acta Geographica S inica, 2003, 58 (4): 534-541.]
[2] 石建省,张发旺,秦毅苏,等. 黄河流域地下水资源、主要环境地质问题及对策建议[J]. 地球学报, 2000, 21 (2): 114～120. [SH I J ian-sheng, ZHANG Fa-wang, Q IN Yi-su, et al. Ground water resources and main environmentgeologi2 cal p roblems in the Huanghe River valley aswell as some countermeasures. Acta Geoscientia S inica, 2000, 21 (2): 114-120.]
[3] 尹国康. 黄河流域环境对水资源开发承受力的思考[J]. 地理学报, 2002, 57 (2): 225～235. [YIN Guo-kang. Sus-tainability of the Yellow River basin environment to development of water resources. Acta Geographica S inica, 2002, 57 (2): 225-235.]
[4] 沈珍瑶,杨志峰. 黄河流域水资源可再生性评价指标体系与评价方法[J]. 自然资源学报, 2002, 17 (2): 188～198. [SHEN Zhen-yao, YANG Zhi-feng. Index system andmethod for assessingwater resources renewability of the Yellow River basin. Journal of N atural Resources, 2002, 17 (2): 188-198.]
[5] 黄河水文水资源研究所. 黄河河川基流量计算与变化分析[R]. 黄河水文水资源研究所, 2004. [Water Resources Institute of Yellow River. Base-flow calculation and analysis. Water Resources Institute of Yellow River, 2004.]
[6] 王文科,王雁林,段磊,等. 变异条件对黄河流域地下水的影响[Z]. 西安:长安大学, 2004. [WANG Wen-ke, WANG Yan-lin, DUAN Lei, et al. Influence of variable factor to groundwater of Yellow River. Xi’an: Chang’an University, 2004.]
[7] 林学钰,王金生,等. 黄河流域地下水资源及其可更新能力研究[M]. 郑州:黄河水利出版社, 2006. [L IN Xue-yu, WANG J in-sheng, et al. Groundwater resources and renew ability in the Yellow riverBasin. Zhengzhou: HuangheWater Resources Publishing Press, 2006.]
[8] 黄河水利委员会. 黄河水资源公报(1998—2005 年) [Z]. [Yellow River Conservancy Commission. Water Resource Bulletin of Yellow River Basin (1998-2005) .]
[9] 姜淑云,刘秀娟,王德霞. 黄河流域地下水资源分布与开发前景[J]. 人民黄河, 1990, (1): 8～16. [J IANG Shu-yun, L IU Xiu-juan, WANG De-xia. Exp loitation and distribution of groundwater in Yellow River basin. Journal of Yellow R iver, 2006, 28 (2): 141-149.]
[10] 万力,曹文炳,周训,等. 黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因[J]. 地质通报, 2003, 22 (7): 521～528. [WAN Li, CAO Wen-bin, ZHOU Xun, et al. Changes of the water environment in the headwater area of the yellow river and the cause for the zero2flow of the river occurring in winter. Geological B ulletin of China, 2003, 22 (7): 521-528.]
[11] 王文科,王雁林,杨泽元,等. 鄂尔多斯盆地主要地质生态环境问题与防治对策探讨[J]. 自然灾害学报, 2004, 13 (6): 236～243. [WANGWen-ke, WANG Yan-lin, YANG Ze-yuan, et al. Main geology environment ecological p roblems in the ErdosBasin aswell as some countermeasures. Journal of N atural Hazard, 2004, 135 (6): 236-243.]
[12] 王文科,王雁林,杨泽元,等. 陕北风沙滩地区地下水开发前景探讨[J]. 地下水, 2004, (4): 52～54. [WANG Wen-ke, WANG Yan-lin, YANG Ze-yuan, et al. Discussion of exp loration and utilization p rospect of groundwater in wind2sand north Shaanxi Province. Groundwater, 2004, (4): 52-54.]
[13] 王文科,孔金玲,段磊,等. 黄河流域河水与地下水转化关系研究[J]. 中国科学E辑, 2004: z1. [WANG Wen-ke, KONG J in-ling, DUAN Lei. et al. Analysis of interaction of surface water and groundwater in Yellow river basin. Science in China (Series E) , 2004: z1.]
[14] 王文科,王雁林,段磊,等. 关中盆地地下水环境演化及其可再生维持途径[M]. 郑州:黄河水利出版社, 2006. [WANGWen-ke, WANG Yan-lin, DUAN Lei, et al. Groundwater environment evaluation and renew abilitymeasure in the Guanzhong Basin. Zhengzhou: HuangheWater Resources Publishing Press, 2006.]
[15] 王文科,王钊,孔金玲,等. 水资源管理决策支持系统及其应用———以关中地区为例[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 2007. [WANGWen-ke, WANG Zhao, KONG J in-ling et al. Decision Support System ofWater Resources-Taking Guanzhong Basin as Examp le. Beijing: Science Press, 2007.]
[16] 侯春梅,张志强,刘小伟,等. 黄河源区生态环境问题与可持续发展对策[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2001, (11): 51～53. [HOU Chun-mei, ZHANG Zhi-qiang, LIU Xiao-wei, et al. Eco-environmental p roblem in Yellow River sources region and corresponding solutions in sustainable development. China Population, Resources and Environm ent, 2001, (11): 51-53]
[17] 张宗祜,等. 中国地下水资源评价(山西卷) [M]. 北京:中国地图出版社, 2005. [ZHANG Zong2hu, et al. Groundwater Evolution of China (Shanxi Series) . Beijing: Map Press of China, 2005.]
