
植物迁地保护的跨地方性实践过程、机制与政策启示——以华南国家植物园为例
Processes, mechanisms, and policy implications of spatial practices of plant translocality: The case study of South China National Botanical Garden
流动性是近年来学术界关于物质转向思潮的重要领域。以华南国家植物园为研究对象,以跨地方性为理论工具,通过半结构化访谈、参与式观察以及文本收集等方法,探究植物迁地保护跨地方性实践的过程与机制,具体研究植物迁地保护的跨地方性实践如何通过人类和植物的互动实现,以及跨地方性实践如何塑造植物园的迁地保护运作体系。研究得出以下结论:(1)流动性实践是植物迁地保护的动力,其过程展演了生态保护话语、市场经济话语以及政治话语所构成的权力关系矩阵;(2)能动性作用是植物跨地方性实践的重要依据,植物基于其物候特征及其在不同空间中表现出环境适应特征,塑造灵活的植物照料体系,展演了植物园的植物—人—地互动关系;(3)连通性是植物跨地方性实践的本质特征,揭示了迁地保护的植物在构建社会关系和自然空间连通性中的潜在作用。研究从地理学的视角打开了植物作为一种有生命的非人类行动者的跨地方实践黑箱,在理论上补充与完善了跨地方性实践理论,在实践上为国家植物园迁地保护的空间实践提供了治理路径。
Mobility has been an important area of academic thinking about the material turn in recent years. This paper takes the South China National Botanical Garden (SCNBG) as the research object, uses translocality theory, and uses semi-structured interviews, participatory observation, and text collection to understand the translocality practice process of plant relocation and conservation in the SCNBG, specifically examining how translocality practices of plant relocation conservation are realized through the interactions between humans and plants, and how translocality practices shape the operational system of relocation conservation in botanical gardens.The study concludes that: (1) Mobility practice is the driving force of plant relocation conservation, and its process plays out the matrix of power relations formed by the discourse of ecological conservation, the discourse of market economy, and the discourse of politics. (2) The role of agency is an important basis for the translocality practice of plants. Plants are based on their climatic characteristics and environmental adaptations in different spaces, plants shape a flexible plant care system, and exhibit the Plant-Human-Place interaction in botanical gardens. (3) Connectivity is an essential feature of plant translocality practice, which reveals the potential roles of relocated and conserved plants in constructing the social relationship and the connectivity of the natural space. The study opens the black box of translocality practices of plants as a living non-human actor from a geographic perspective, theoretically complementing and refining the theory of translocality practices, and practically providing a governance pathway for the spatial practice of relocated conservation in national botanical gardens.
迁地保护 / 植物园 / 跨地方性 / 流动性 / 植物 {{custom_keyword}} /
relocation conservation / botanical garden / translocality / mobility / vegetation {{custom_keyword}} /
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随着现代科技发展与社会环境变化,人类与非人类的边界日益模糊,这使得以往研究中未能引起足够重视的非人类生命与物质逐渐引起学者们的关注。21世纪以来,在西方地理学界兴起的“回归唯物主义”思潮中,超越人类的地理学(MTHG)应运而生,并成为探索人类与非人类共同构成的世界的重要途径之一。通过对298篇相关期刊论文及著作的分析发现,超越人类的地理学主张“关系本体论”,其产生受到行动者网络理论、生物哲学与非表征理论的深刻影响,现有研究议题聚焦于新动物地理学与自然保护、城市社会文化与生态政治、物质性与商品经济、身体与生命健康、气候变化与环境问题等方面。本文通过梳理超越人类的地理学的理论源起并剖析各议题的经典研究案例,以期为中国地理学研究提供新的视域。
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Experiments suggest that biodiversity enhances the ability of ecosystems to maintain multiple functions, such as carbon storage, productivity, and the buildup of nutrient pools (multifunctionality). However, the relationship between biodiversity and multifunctionality has never been assessed globally in natural ecosystems. We report here on a global empirical study relating plant species richness and abiotic factors to multifunctionality in drylands, which collectively cover 41% of Earth's land surface and support over 38% of the human population. Multifunctionality was positively and significantly related to species richness. The best-fitting models accounted for over 55% of the variation in multifunctionality and always included species richness as a predictor variable. Our results suggest that the preservation of plant biodiversity is crucial to buffer negative effects of climate change and desertification in drylands.
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自然的社会建构是近年来欧美地理学界重新审视人与自然关系的重要理论思潮之一。本文从自然的社会建构视角出发,以福柯“生命权力”的概念为理论工具,通过参与式观察、半结构化访谈和文本分析的方法,深入分析野生动物旅游活动中人与动物互动过程及其权力关系的运作,并展示在此过程中景区、野生动物、政府和NGO等组建的行动者网络。研究发现:① 通过标准化、高科技的管治与保育措施,景区中动物种群的性别、健康与数量等方面得以最大程度的调控,并由此形成了与旅游市场相适应的“生命政治”运作模式;② 景区已经能够熟练地规训野生动物参与各项旅游活动,并在此基础上巧妙地操控游客想要亲近并征服野生动物的双重渴望;③ 不同行动者在协商与制衡中组建的行动者网络,实质上为人对野生动物生命权力的施展提供了合法性与道德性的框架,使其更加紧密地嵌入到社会文化情境之中。研究丰富了野生动物旅游研究的相关理论成果,为人文地理学分析自然与社会的关系提供了新的思考和尝试。
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"Social construction of nature" has emerged as a new approach within recent Western human geographical agenda in re-examining the relationship between society and nature. In this article, we consider the metaphor of "construction" not only as a social constructionist approach that emphasises the role of power, discourse and text in meaning formation, but also as a network that assemblages human and non-human actors. Based on this formulation, this paper seeks to explore the human-animal relationship and in particular the power relationship in wildlife tourism with an empirical focus on Crocodile Park, Guangzhou. Wildlife tourism which shows animals in their natural habitat is an important part of human's accessibility to experience of nature in the context of late-modernity. Drawing on Foucault's scope of biopower, we investigate the way in which biopower exercises and embeds into the actor network organized by animals, park, government and NGO. We found that: First, in Crocodile Park, management practices imposing on animals have become heavily reliant on the use of disciplinary techniques and biopolitics of animal, for example the population and health control and manipulation of gender, thus to reconcile the park with the changing demands of tourism market. Second, the park not only utilizes a series of disciplinary techniques to generate the “docile bodies” of animals subjected to the tourism activities, but tactfully manipulates tourists' embodied experience towards animals. This paper argues that tourists' embodied experience is embedded into double desires that intend to closely discover animals on the one hand and conquer animals on the other. Third, the exercise of biopower is in an ongoing process of negotiation between different human and non-human actors. We point out that the re-assemblage of actor network in essence provides a legal and moral framework in which biopower is legitimatized and thus can constantly operate in wildlife tourism. In conclusion, we argue that the operation of biopower should not be understood as a representation of social construction, but an outcome of the interaction of society and nature within the actor network. This article seeks to provide a new insight in analyzing the social construction of nature for Chinese human geography. {{custom_citation.content}}
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Mobility represents a key innovation in the evolution of complex animal life. The ability to move allows for the exploration of new food sources, escapes from unfavorable environmental conditions, enhanced ability to exchange genetic material, and is one of the major reasons for the diversity and success of animal life today. The oldest widely accepted trace fossils of animal mobility are found in Ediacaran-aged rocks (635-539 Ma). The earliest definitive evidence for movement associated with exploitation of resources for feeding occurs in the White Sea assemblage of the Ediacara Biota-macroscopic, soft-bodied fossils of Ediacaran age. Here, we evaluate potential support for mobility in dickinsoniomorphs, presenting new data regarding abundant Dickinsonia and associated trace fossils from the Ediacara Member, South Australia. Results quantitatively demonstrate that Dickinsonia was capable of mobility on relatively short, ecological timescales. This organism was bilaterally symmetrical, likely moved via muscular peristalsis, and left trace fossils due to active removal of the organic mat related to feeding. Analogous structures associated with Yorgia indicate that it was also mobile and fed in a similar manner. Morphological evidence suggests that two other modular taxa, Andiva and Spriggina, were able to move but did not feed in a manner that impacted the organic mat. Together, these data suggest that mobility was present in multiple disparate bilaterally symmetrical Ediacaran taxa.© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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选取并分析585篇与新动物地理学相关的西方文献,进一步梳理了理论起源及研究议题,发现:① 1995—2005年是新动物地理学的探索起步阶段,2005年至今则是蓬勃发展阶段;② 英国是该研究领域的中心地区;③ 当前新动物地理学研究主要通过“以人类为中心”(动物空间)和“以动物为中心”(兽性地方)两大线索展开,前者重点关注于人类世界,研究话题涉及人类社会不平等、作为人类社会生产要素的动物和人类对动物的生命管治,后者则在新的认识论与方法论的基础上,发展形成了其主要议题,包括动物主体性和能动性、动物伦理再思考以及人类动物和谐共存的实践探索。
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以历山自然保护区为研究案例地,多角度构建了游径附近森林群落生态环境承载力的评价指标体系;运用双向指示种分类法研究了旅游干扰下不同森林群落的类型特征,尤其是识别了其临界类型;基于除趋势对应分析法,提取了每个样地的综合生态信息,构建和测算了其生态距离与生态环境承载力;最后,分析了森林群落生态环境承载力及其指标与各地理因子之间的相关性。结果表明:(1)历山自然保护区游径附近森林群落可分为7个类型:无一年生植物—多幼苗—多地上芽组、无一年生植物—幼苗最多—无地上芽组、无一年生植物—无地上芽—地下芽最多组、少一年生植物—无地上芽—无地下芽组、一年生植物最多—幼苗居中—多地上芽组、多一年生植物—少幼苗—无灌木组、少一年生植物—幼苗最少—灌木较低组。(2)森林群落生态环境承载力测算结果显示:有33个样地处于生态环境承载力“未超载”状态,有7个样地处于“超载”状态,超载率为17.07%。(3)局部来看,评价森林群落生态环境承载力的大部分指标(灌木盖度、乔木景观重要值、灌木景观重要值、高位芽重要值比值、地面芽重要值比值以及幼苗量)与坡度之间存在显著或极显著的关系,与其他地理因子的相关性不明显。然而,总体来看,生态环境承载力与各地理因子之间却未呈现出明显的相关性;森林群落的生态环境承载力与其评价指标体系中的群落垂直和水平结构的大部分指标(乔木层盖度、草本层盖度、乔木景观重要值和草本景观重要值)显著相关,与生活型比例中的少部分指标(地上芽重要值比值和一年生重要值比值)显著相关。
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The nervous system of animals serves the acquisition, memorization and recollection of information. Like animals, plants also acquire a huge amount of information from their environment, yet their capacity to memorize and organize learned behavioral responses has not been demonstrated. In Mimosa pudica-the sensitive plant-the defensive leaf-folding behaviour in response to repeated physical disturbance exhibits clear habituation, suggesting some elementary form of learning. Applying the theory and the analytical methods usually employed in animal learning research, we show that leaf-folding habituation is more pronounced and persistent for plants growing in energetically costly environments. Astonishingly, Mimosa can display the learned response even when left undisturbed in a more favourable environment for a month. This relatively long-lasting learned behavioural change as a result of previous experience matches the persistence of habituation effects observed in many animals.
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非物质文化遗产不仅是来源于过去的特定区域的传统实践,更是生成于全球化体系中面向未来的现代文化政治和文化经济过程。因此,本文尝试以跨地方性理论为切入点,架构非遗的形成、运作和认同的社会—空间过程,在此基础上使用跨地方聚合的思想重新概念化非遗实践,将其解读为多元主体权力关系中介下,由跨地方异质性要素聚合而成的不稳定的开放系统,以区别于固有对非遗实践“稳定”“以人为中心”和“边界化”的认知。通过分析云南鹤庆银器锻制技艺和摩梭纺织技艺两个案例来呈现非遗实践作为跨地方聚合的过程及特性,以及非遗传承和保护由此所面对的机遇和挑战,呼吁在重视非遗服务于乡村振兴等发展战略的潜力时,要进一步认识非遗实践的跨地方性对本土社区的影响,反思遗产原真性和文化价值与当前非遗实践的关系,强调在非遗全球化生产和消费中保持其与本土认同和本土生计之间的关联。
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论文对淮北煤矿塌陷区国家城市湿地公园野生植物区系进行调查,对公园栽培植物营建进行分析。结果表明:1)该区共有野生植物42科95属115种,其中单子叶植物6科27种,双子叶植物35科87种,蕨类植物1科1种。菊科(Compositae)、禾本科(Gramineae)和豆科(Leguminosae)为优势科;属的成分相对分散,均为寡种属和单种属;植物以农田杂草为主,区系成分简单,野生湿地植物种类优势明显。2)湿地公园湿地植被划分为2个植被型组、5个植被型和18个群系。白茅(Imperata cylindrical)、藜(Chenopodium album)、狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)、芦苇(Phragmites australis)、香蒲(Typha orientalis)等为湿地公园湿地植物优势种群,形成大面积优势群落。3)栽培植物共计19科31属34种,主要有意杨(Populus × canadensis ‘I-214’)、垂柳(Salix babylonica)、冬青卫矛(Euonymus japonica)、马尼拉草(Zoysia tenuifolia)等。4)园区有喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)等外来植物共10种,其中小花山桃草(Gaura parviflora)为安徽省首次记录。论文针对公园野生植物保护及栽培植物营建中存在的主要问题,提出了相应的保护及修复对策。
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宁越敏, 杨传开. 新型城镇化背景下城市外来人口的社会融合. 地理研究, 2019, 38(1): 23-32.
促进农业转移人口的市民化、提高城镇化质量,已成为新型城镇化关注的焦点。在考察中国城镇化过程和行为主体的基础上,揭示城市外来人口社会融合面临的主要问题及形成原因,进而提出促进外来人口社会融合的策略。研究发现:政府、企业和个人不仅是推进城镇化的三个行为主体,三者之间的交互影响也导致外来人口社会融合问题的产生。中央政府主要通过政策引导城镇化的健康发展,地方政府在推进地方城镇化中扮演重要的作用,但更多关注自身行政区范围内的经济发展和社会福祉,通过户籍制度排斥外来人口的社会融入。中国企业主要承接劳动密集型的产业,因而大多采取低工资、低社会保障的政策。个人的人力资本等特征对于外来人口的社会融合也具有重要影响。但在三个行为主体中,外来人口处于最弱势的地位,制度性的障碍使他们难以嵌入城市社会。为了更好促进城市外来人口的社会融合,研究认为:需要进一步深化户籍制度改革,建设包容性城市,推进基本公共服务均等化,政府、企业和个人三个行为主体共同承担市民化的成本。
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汪芳, 苗长虹, 刘峰贵, 等. 黄河流域人居环境的地方性与适应性: 挑战和机遇. 自然资源学报, 2021, 36(1): 1-26.
黄河流域由于自然环境、地理区位的特殊性,其人居环境处于不断变化的复杂过程中,并且始终面临着严峻挑战。而人居环境空间与自然、社会各要素的耦合过程,源于人地关系变化进程中呈现出的动态、综合、系统性的适应机制。因而揭示系统适应性机制是解决黄河流域人居环境困境的关键。为此,本文以“地方性与适应性”为视角,邀请来自黄河流域青海、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、陕西、山西、河南、山东等省区的专家学者,从自然地理、社会经济、城乡发展、遗产保护等视角解读黄河流域的人居环境特征,并为适应中国新型城镇化路径寻找可持续策略。核心观点如下:总体而言,黄河流域的人居环境适应性具有多尺度空间关联性和历史地理依赖性;黄河流域承担着重要的生态功能,但不同区段的自然环境面临着土地盐碱化、水土流失、环境污染等问题,需要推动人地耦合关系的绿色化;黄河流域特别是上游沿线聚落具有鲜明的开放性、民族文化多样性和交融性特色,多民族协同共荣发展是必由之路;黄河中上游因复杂的自然环境形成了窑洞等特殊的聚落空间,在快速城镇化进程中面临着转变和消失,留住传统聚落的文化基因,亟需分级分类推进其演化进程;黄河流域城市群的内外辐射带动是流域全境高质量发展的基础,城市结构的优化提升是推动高质量发展的重要途径,实现可持续发展还需要科技创新和产业结构转型升级。
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Due to the particularity of natural environment and geographical location, the human settlement environment of the Yellow River Basin is in a complex process of constant changes and is always facing severe challenges. The coupling process of human environment space with natural and social elements originates from the dynamic, comprehensive and systematic adaptation mechanism presented in the process of human-land relationship change, so revealing the system adaptation mechanism is the key to solve the human environment dilemma in the Yellow River Basin. Therefore, based on the perspective of "locality and adaptability", this paper invited experts and scholars from Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong along the Yellow River and other provinces. They interpreted the characteristics of human settlements in the Yellow River Basin from the perspectives of natural geography, social economy, urban and rural development, and heritage protection, and sought sustainable strategies to adapt to China's new urbanization path. The main points are stated as follows: On the whole, the adaptability of human settlements in the study area has multi-scale spatial correlation and historical geographic dependence. The Yellow River Basin has an important ecological function, but the natural environment in different regions is facing such problems as land salinization, soil erosion and pollution, etc., so it is necessary to promote the greening of human-land coupling relationship. The Yellow River Basin, especially the cities along the upper reaches of the river, have distinct characteristics of openness, ethnic cultural diversity and integration. Due to the complex natural environment, caves and other special settlements have been formed in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. In the process of rapid urbanization, they are faced with transformation and disappearance, retaining the cultural genes of traditional settlements, and it is urgent to classify and treat them differently to promote their healthy evolution. The internal and external radiation drive of urban agglomeration in the Yellow River Basin is the foundation of high-quality development throughout the river basin, and the optimization and upgrading of urban structure is an important way to promote high-quality development. To achieve sustainable development, scientific and technological innovation and industrial structure transformation and upgrading are also needed. {{custom_citation.content}}
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