
“权释”生态产品价值实现机制:逻辑机理与政策启示
Explanation of the mechanism of value realization of ecological products using property rights theory: Logical mechanism and policy implications
为厘清生态产品价值实现的现实困境与逻辑机理,基于产权理论及多中心治理理论构建分析框架,并采取单案例纵向研究法,以全国首个生态产品价值实现机制试点浙江省丽水市进行案例检验。研究发现:生态产品价值实现面临资源价值难以显化、农民权益保障不足和治理结构遭受冲击三重困境。通过所有权明晰和横向权利束划分可优化生态产权体系,促进资源价值显化;剩余索取权和监督权与农民主体的匹配是保障农民权益的重要路径;以基层民主建设促进社会资本积累并加强政府的参与性引导和强制性规则可导向稳态治理结构,促进生态产品价值实现可持续。基于此,应沿生态产权制度优化和治理机制重塑两大方向开展改革,促进生态产品价值可持续实现。
In order to clarify the practical dilemma and theoretical logic of value realization of ecological products, this paper builds a logical analysis framework based on the property rights theory and the polycentric governance theory, and adopts the single case longitudinal study method to conduct a case study with Lishui, Zhejiang province, China's first pilot city of ecological product value realization. The research shows that: (1) Value realization of ecological products faces three challenges: difficulty in realizing resource value, insufficient protection of farmers' rights and interests, and impact on governance structure. (2) By clarifying ownership and dividing rights horizontally, the property rights system of ecological products can be optimized, and the value of resources can be promoted. (3) The matching of residual claim and supervision rights with farmers is an important path to protect farmers' rights and interests. (4) Promoting the accumulation of social capital through grassroots democratic construction and strengthening the local government's participatory guidance and mandatory rules can lead to a stable governance structure and promote the sustainable value of ecological products. Based on this, reforms should be carried out in two directions: optimizing the property rights system of ecological products and reshaping the governance mechanism, to promote the efficient, fair, and sustainable development of the value of ecological products.
生态产品 / 价值实现 / 产权 / 农民权益 / 治理机制 {{custom_keyword}} /
ecological products / value realization / property rights / farmers' rights and interests / governance mechanism {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 其他案例证据Table 1 Practice of other cases |
案例区域 | 类型 | 生态产权明晰 | 农民集体与权能匹配 | 社会资本建设与政府引导 |
---|---|---|---|---|
福建三明 | 生态资源指标 及产权交易 | 1. 明确产权主体、界线, 进行确权登记 2. 明晰所有权、承包权、 经营权,促进经营权流转 | 1. 明确村集体和成员股权 份额,将收益量化成林票 2. 引导企事业单位与村集 体合作 | 1. 经营模式、收益分配方案由村民会议讨论决定 2. 政府出台林权制度改革措施及配套政策 |
广东南澳 | 生态治理及 价值提升 | 1. 明晰产权,明确生态修 复和产业发展实施主体 2. 经营权流转,发展生态 文体旅产业 | 项目建设前出台公众参与 办法,明确监督途径 | 政府打造南澳牡蛎等区域公用品牌,搭建信息共享平台 |
云南元阳 | 生态产业化 经营 | 自然资源清产核资及确权 登记 | 1. 开展股份合作制改革, 重塑农村集体经济组织 2. 明确集体经营收入分配 标准 | 1. 赋能农民集体,实行内源式村集体主导,防止外来力量无序进入 2. 政府强化政策引导,打造“元阳红”等区域品牌 |
湖北鄂州 | 生态补偿 | 1. 开展自然资源调查与确 权登记,明确生态补偿责任,完善产权体系 2. 探索排污权交易和经营 权转让 | 1. 以生态旅游、生态农业 为抓手强化集体资产 2. 核实集体资产,优化集 体经济组织股权设置与组 织架构 | 围绕生态价值核算、补偿措施、担责机制完善制度保障 |
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朱新华, 贾心蕊. 生态产品价值实现地方经验上升为国家政策的机制分析: 浙江丽水案例. 资源科学, 2023, 45(1): 118-129.
【目的】地方经验上升为国家政策是中国公共政策研究的重要议题,现有研究主要关注经济政策与社会政策的上升与扩散,缺乏对多重属性政策创新扩散完整过程的考察。【方法】基于政策创新扩散视角,聚焦兼具经济社会双重政策属性的生态产品价值实现政策,尝试构建此类政策创新扩散的分析框架,深入考察中国首个生态产品价值实现机制试点城市浙江丽水地方经验创新扩散的完整过程,以厘清生态产品价值实现地方经验上升为国家政策的动态机制。【结果】研究发现:①经济社会双重属性的存在为生态产品价值实现政策的创新扩散营造合规空间,从而在中央与地方的双向推动下呈现特殊创新扩散机理。②生态产品价值实现地方创新受经济社会发展需求、政策企业家、自然资源禀赋的内部推动及政策网络中纵向环境与横向经验的外部形塑。③生态产品价值实现地方经验的上升表现为螺旋上升机制,正式科层制度与半结构化制度捷径是内嵌于这一机制的两大核心架构。【结论】基于此,在未来生态产品价值实现地方经验的创新扩散中应充分发挥政策企业家作用,因地制宜把握并创造政策网络中横向、纵向交流机会,并争取正式科层制的支撑,从而实现降低改革成本,推动生态文明建设的目标。
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[Objective] The transformation of local experiences into national policies is an important topic in China’s public policy research. The existing research mainly focuses on the transformation and diffusion of economic and social policies, and lacks the investigation of the whole process of multi-attribute policy innovation and diffusion. [Methods] From the perspective of policy innovation and diffusion, this study focused on the ecological product value realization policy with dual economic and social policy attributes, built an analytical framework for such policy innovation and diffusion, and conducted an in-depth investigation on the complete process of policy innovation and diffusion of ecological product value realization in Lishui City of Zhejiang Province, as China’s first pilot city of ecological product value realization. [Results] The results show that: (1) The existence of dual economic and social attributes created a compliance space for the innovation and diffusion of policies of ecological product value realization, thus presenting a special innovation and diffusion mechanism under the two-way promotion of the central and local governments. (2) The local innovation of ecological product value realization was shaped by the internal driving factors of the needs for economic and social development, policy entrepreneurs, as well as natural resources endowment, and the external influence of vertical environment and horizontal experience in the policy network. (3) The transformation of ecological product value realization policy showed a spiral rising mechanism. The formal bureaucratic system and the semi-structured system shortcut were the two core structures embedded in this mechanism. [Conclusion] Based on this, the role of policy entrepreneurs in the innovation and diffusion of local experience in realizing the value of ecological products in the future must be valued. Local governments should seize and create opportunities for communication horizontally and vertically in the policy network according to local conditions, and strive for seeking the support of formal bureaucracy, in order to achieve the goal of reducing reform costs and promoting the construction of ecological civilization. {{custom_citation.content}}
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华玉昆, 虞晓芬, 郭建斌. 剩余索取权激励机理、模型拓展与效率改进. 管理评论, 2023, 35(7): 221-235.
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谢花林, 陈彬. 生态产品价值实现的全过程协同路径. 中国土地, 2022, (11): 9-13.
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余露, 刘源. 自然资源系统治理的创新模式探索. 自然资源学报, 2023, 38(9): 2386-2402.
如何构建灵活且富有弹性的自然资源产权体系及与之匹配的治理模式,以回应新时期自然资源管理面临的现实挑战,现有研究并未形成共识。针对不同情景,结合实践案例,本文提出创新治理模式探索的理论基础与方法论,以推动建立弹性、灵活的治理体系,服务于差异化、适应性的系统资源治理需求;梳理了自然资源系统治理面临的制度约束与实践挑战,从“资源系统—资源服务”的视角出发解构自然资源产权体系,并构建系统治理的理论分析框架;在此基础上,通过草地配额流转、跨区域综合治理、生态产品价值转换机制等案例,探索面向不同实践场景、基于自然资源资产属性与生态要素的适应性治理模式,并针对可能面对的制度与管理约束,提出相关建议。
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Over the last few decades, market demand has arisen for natural resources, along with conflicts over resource property rights, creating a need for institutional innovation for resource property rights and more flexible ways of governance. Nonetheless, there is yet no consensus on how to create such a flexible natural resources property rights system that aligns with appropriate governance models. An integrated system of property rights for natural resources is crucial to establish an institutional basis for the integrated protection and flexible governance of natural resources, such as mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, rangelands, and deserts. Through a theoretical analysis and case studies, this paper examines the existing theoretical puzzles and practical challenges in managing natural resources and the reasons behind. We suggest that natural resources vary considerably and in the meantime are interdependent and interconnected, and integrated natural resource management should consider the entirety of the ecosystem, the complexity and dynamic of the social-ecological system, and the uncertainty of resource issues. Therefore, we develop a framework for natural resource management that decouples property rights from the "Resource System-Resource Service" perspective, allowing property rights innovations to fit with ecological characteristics and local-specific social-economic circumstances. Moreover, the framework concentrates on matching both property rights and governance structures. To illustrate, we examine three practical cases, including self-organized grazing quota governance in pastoral areas, trans-provincial water resource management, and market-based systematic natural resource management in forestry areas. These cases demonstrated that the framework provides a theoretical forum for innovation of natural resource property rights and governance structures for governing various types of resources. It allows for flexible responses to resource variations and dynamics, while serving practical needs and encouraging governance innovation in diverse settings. {{custom_citation.content}}
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洪名勇, 郑丽楠. 农地流转中农民权益损害: 基于巴泽尔产权理论的经济分析. 河北经贸大学学报, 2019, 40(1): 14-20.
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徐戈, 陆迁, 姜雅莉. 社会资本、收入多样化与农户贫困脆弱性. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2019, 29(2): 123-133.
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焦克源, 陈晨. 社会资本对农村贫困代际传递影响机制研究. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2020, 30(4): 166-176.
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宋马林, 崔连标, 周远翔. 中国自然资源管理体制与制度: 现状、问题及展望. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37(1): 1-16.
自然资源在国家发展中扮演着重要角色。十九大以来,党和国家对自然资源管理保持高度重视,我国自然资源管理的体制、制度以及理念方法不断变革创新,逐步形成了较为符合我国国情的管理体系和模式。然而,管理实践中仍然存在诸多不足和矛盾。从我国自然资源管理体制和制度建设的现状着手,从管理对象、管理主体和管理保障三个方面,阐明自然资源管理体制和制度建设的发展困因,总结凝练当前制约管理实践发展的突出现实问题,并从构建国家安全视角下的多维自然资源管理体系和建立健全自然资源管理制度体系两个方面,为我国自然资源管理体制改革和制度建设的未来发展提供思考和建议,这将有助于我国可持续发展和生态文明建设的更进一步推进。
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Natural resources play an important role in a country's development. Since the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2017, China has attached great importance to the management of natural resources. China's natural resource management systems, institutions, concepts and methods have been constantly reformed and innovated, and management systems and models that are more suitable to China's national conditions have been gradually formed, with remarkable results. However, there are still many inadequacies and contradictions in management practice. Starting from current situations of China's natural resources management system and institutional construction, this paper expounds the difficulties in developing natural resources management system and institutional construction from three aspects: management object, management subject, and management guarantee; summarizes prominent practical problems that restrict the development of management practice at present; and finally provides thinking and suggestions for China's natural resource management system reform and institutional construction in the future from two aspects: constructing the multi-dimensional natural resource management system and perfecting the natural resource management system under the perspective of national security. This will help further promote China's sustainable development and ecological civilization construction in the future. {{custom_citation.content}}
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人民网. “十三五”期间丽水生态环境提标屡创连冠记录, http://zj.people.com.cn/n2/2020/1127/c186806-34441287.html2020-11-27.
[People's Daily. During the 13th five-year plan period, Lishui's ecological environment has repeatedly set a record for consecutive championships, http://zj.people.com.cn/n2/2020/1127/c186806-34441287.html2020-11-27.]
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丽水水利局. 河海大学陈涛、浙江农林大学蒋培调研丽水河权改革工作, http://slj.lishui.gov.cn/art/2022/7/11/art_1229248087_58932034.html2022-07-11.
[Lishui Water Conservancy Bureau. Chen Tao from Hohai University and Jiang Pei from Zhejiang A&F University investigated the river right reform in Lishui, http://slj.lishui.gov.cn/art/2022/7/11/art_1229248087_58932034.html2022-07-11.]
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搜狐. 丽水市纪委通报13起扶贫领域腐败案例, 有你那的吗? https://history.sohu.com/a/167601459_7659132017-08-27.
[Sohu. Lishui municipal commission for discipline inspection reported 13 cases of corruption in the field of poverty alleviation, How about yours? https://history.sohu.com/a/167601459_7659132017-08-27.]
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丽水市人民政府. 丽水市农民人均可支配收入增幅实现全省“十四连冠”, http://www.lishui.gov.cn/art/2023/1/30/art_1229218389_57343075.html2023-01-30.
[Lishui People's Government. The increase of per capita disposable income of farmers in Lishui city has achieved the provincial "14th consecutive championship", http://www.lishui.gov.cn/art/2023/1/30/art_1229218389_57343075.html2023-01-30.]
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姜闻远, 陈海嵩. 中国自然资源督察体系完善的规范路径. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37(12): 3073-3087.
建立自然资源督察制度是中国生态文明体制改革的重要举措,然而这一制度在运行中面临督察力量分散、与生态环境保护督察存在重叠、督察问责成效受限等现实困境。研究表明:资源与生态领域相关部门职责不清、不同资源管理模式的内在矛盾和督察规范依据的缺失,共同导致了上述困境。从健全督察机制的角度看,不仅需要整合分散的督察队伍,还应构建“中央—省”两级督察体系;从督察职责界定的角度看,应基于主管部门承担的“执行—监督”职责,由自然资源督察承担自然资源、空间规划及用途管制的督察职责;从督察法治化的角度看,需要制定《自然资源督察工作规定》并引入党政同督机制,为督察各环节提供规范依据,提升督察问责的层级和威慑效力。
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陈倩茹, 吴曼玉, 谢花林. 湿地资源生态产品价值实现: 基本逻辑、核心机制与模式. 自然资源学报, 2023, 38(10): 2490-2503.
在梳理湿地资源生态产品价值实现的基本逻辑及其内在关联基础上,提出湿地资源生态产品价值实现的关键要件与核心机制。结合国内外实践等将湿地资源生态产品价值实现模式分为4大类11小类,其中湿地保护补偿模式包括湿地生态补偿、湿地转移支付、湿地损害赔偿、湿地信用交易,湿地产业开发模式包括物质产品交易、湿地产业经营和湿地特许经营,湿地权益交易模式包括资源权益流转和湿地碳汇交易,湿地权益融资模式包括湿地权益金融和湿地权益投融资。湿地资源生态产品形态丰富、价值实现周期长、资金需求量大,应以多要素供给机制保障湿地资源要素供给,以多主体参与机制激励湿地资源组合运营,以多业态融合机制促进湿地资源价值循环。
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