
三峡库区“山—水—城”空间格局的生长模式与形成机理研究——以万州为例
王华, 方国臣, 赵万民, 周国华
自然资源学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (7) : 1698-1719.
三峡库区“山—水—城”空间格局的生长模式与形成机理研究——以万州为例
The growth model and formation mechanism of "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area: Take Wanzhou as an example
“山—水—城”空间格局是城市人工环境与自然山水环境交互适应所形成的空间组织关系。通过阐明“山—水—城”空间格局的概念内涵,从地理学视角建立其分析框架,选取典型城市万州为研究区,利用田野调查、地形位置指数模型、MCR模型等方法,综合研究三峡库区“山—水—城”空间格局的演化过程、生长模式、形成机理与优化调控。研究发现:(1)三峡库区“山—水—城”空间格局演化是一个“生成—强化—解构—重组”螺旋式上升的生长过程。在对外开埠与移民搬迁等因素的综合作用下,万州“山—水—城”空间格局的构成要素、结构形态与地域功能不断演化与重组。(2)三峡库区城市扩张对山水生态网络的影响与反馈,以及山水环境变化对城市空间生长的限制与引导,形成独特的“山—水—城”空间格局与生长模式,包括6种动态生长模式与12种静态生长模式。(3)地域性空间组织关系的重构以及城市系统的选择,决定“山—水—城”空间格局的形成与演化,受“自然山水环境+社会经济转型”“地域特殊事件+山水环境变化”的综合驱动,三峡库区城市空间生长逐渐突破实体门槛的限制,并向下一阶段生长周期持续演进。由此,提出库区“山—水—城”空间格局的调控路径,为治山、治水、治城一体推进与系统治理提供支撑。
The spatial pattern of "mountain-water-city" is the spatial organization relationship formed by the interactive adaptation of urban artificial environment and natural landscape environment. By clarifying the conceptual connotation of the "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern, this paper establishes its analysis framework from the perspective of geography. Wanzhou, a typical city, is selected as the research area, and the evolution process, growth model, formation mechanism and optimization regulation of the "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) are comprehensively studied by using field investigation, topographic position index and MCR model. Therefore, the research results are as follows: (1) The evolution of the "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern in the TGRA is a spiral upward cycle of "generation, strengthening, deconstruction and reorganization". The elements, structural forms and regional functions of the "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern in Wanzhou are constantly evolving and reorganizing under the comprehensive effect of the opening of the port to the outside world and the relocation of the Three Gorges Project. (2) The impact and feedback of urban expansion on landscape ecological network in the TGRA, as well as the restriction and guidance of landscape environment changes on urban spatial growth, formed a unique "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern and growth model, including 6 dynamic growth models and 12 static growth models. (3) The reconstruction of regional spatial organization relations and the selection of urban systems determine the formation and evolution of "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern. Driven by the comprehensive drive of "natural landscape environment+social and economic transformation" and "regional special events+landscape and environmental changes", the urban spatial growth in the TGRA gradually breaks through the physical threshold and continues to evolve in the next stage of growth cycle. Finally, this paper puts forward the regulation path of "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern in the TGRA, which provides support for the integrated promotion and systematic governance of mountain, water and city.
“山—水—城”空间格局 / 演化过程 / 生长模式 / 形成机理 / 三峡库区 {{custom_keyword}} /
"mountain-water-city" spatial pattern / evolution process / growth model / formation mechanism / Three Gorges Reservoir Area {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 地形位置指数分类因子指标表Table 1 TPI classification factor index table |
类型 | 分类因子 | ||
---|---|---|---|
TPI*(SD) | 坡度/(°) | 水域分布/m | |
山脊 | >1 | — | — |
陡坡 | 0.5~1 | — | — |
中坡 | -0.5~0.5 | 6~25 | — |
平坡 | -0.5~0.5 | <6 | — |
坡脚 | -1~ -0.5 | — | — |
沟谷 | < -1 | — | — |
水岸 | — | — | 0<S≤50 |
水域 | — | — | 距水域≤0 |
注:SD为TPI*数值的标准差,“—”表示无参数设置;S表示建设用地与江河岸线的空间距离(m)。 |
表2 三峡库区“山—水—城”空间格局的动态生长模式Table 2 Dynamic organizational model of "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area |
类型 | 生长模式 | 生长模式特征 | 典型图示 |
---|---|---|---|
水平切割 | 边缘线性 蔓延模式 | 新增城市建设用地一般位于沿江阶地与平坡地段,山地沟谷、河流水系成为限定城市空间扩展的生态边界,在河流岸线的引导作用下,城市用地边缘在适应沿江阶地形态的过程中,连续式或间断式生长出新的建筑簇群,多见于狭长河谷地带的旧城组团 | |
跃迁飞地 蛙跳模式 | 新增城市建设用地由于山地地形、河流水系的水平切割作用,或跨越河流水系,跃迁至适宜建设的地段,或突破山体地形的门槛限制,生长出诸多城市飞地,这种多个方向零散分布的“蛙跳式”空间生长模式,多见于工业开发区、高铁新城等新开发建设区,在后期将发展为连续成片的功能组团 | ||
见缝完形 内填模式 | 新增城市建设用地一般为城市内部未建设用地,由于库区移民新城建设的阶段性与时序性,原本地形相对复杂且尚未开发的区域,随着城市基础设施与公共服务设施的逐步完善,新增用地与建筑簇群以“见缝插针”的方式不断内填城市内部空间,形成形态相对完整的城市功能结构形态,多见于移民新城组团 | ||
垂直引导 | 边缘分散 蔓延模式 | 新增城市建设用地综合考虑坡度坡向、地质条件、水位变化等因素,沿道路或等高线呈带状延伸,充分占据原有建设用地周边的平坡、中坡等适宜建设用地地段,形成相对紧凑的团状或带状组团“山—水—城”空间格局 | |
越山飞地 蛙跳模式 | 新增城市建设用地与原有建设用地一般处于不同海拔高度,由于原有建设用地已占据周边适宜建设用地,城市空间逐渐突破山地地形的实体门槛限制,边缘邻接用地或越过陡坡堡坎向中坡地段扩展,或越过沟谷山脊向平坡地段扩展 | ||
外延层级 内填模式 | 新增城市建设用地被原有建设用地“包裹”或“半围合”,一般位于城市用地边缘的中坡、坡肩地段,由于开发时序及复杂地形的影响长期处于未开发状态,随着城市基础设施与公共服务设施的逐步完善,城市空间突破山地地形的限制,顺应坡面、山谷呈阶梯状层级布局,形成多维立体的“山—水—城”空间格局 |
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Urban space growth is a complex dynamic process. Based on the theory of man-land relationship regional system, an analysis framework of urban spatial growth is constructed. By means of field survey, text analysis and spatial pattern analysis of construction land expansion, the urban spatial growth process, periodic evolution characteristics and dynamic mechanism in the Three Gorges Reservoir area are analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) Before the relocation of the Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGRA), due to the ecological constraints of regional natural environment, the cities in the Three Gorges region gradually developed from a compact cluster living by river and growing naturally to a compact ribbon-like structure extending along the river and growing vertically. After the relocation of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, the rapid agglomeration of urban population in a short period of time of unnatural growth, and the strong demand for land resources due to the rapid social and economic development prompted the cities in the TGRA to overcome the constraints of topography and river environment, presenting complex spatial and temporal patterns and diversified forms. (2) There are three positive feedback paths and three negative feedback paths between urban spatial growth and regional natural environment in the TGRA. The periodic evolution of urban space growth in the study area is comprehensively driven by "the phased evolution of artificial forces", "the continuous effect of natural forces", "the transition of special events" and "the influence feedback of environmental changes", so as to realize the threshold transition and structural evolution of urban space growth. (3) The interaction between urban space growth and regional natural environment in the TGRA is a two-way interactive and spiraling cycle evolution process. The urban space growth cycle before the relocation and the urban space growth process after the relocation constitute a unique "double-ring structure". The periodic evolution characteristics of spatial growth are different in semi-submerged cities, fully submerged cities and unsubmerged cities. There is not only the repeated multi-cycle growth and evolution, but also the overlapping phenomenon of multiple old and new cycles. {{custom_citation.content}}
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山地丘陵地区城镇化过程中,城市快速扩张与无序生长造成的自然山水环境破坏、山水人文特色渐失与人地矛盾加剧,成为城市可持续发展面临的突出问题。治山、治水、治城一体推进,既是新型城镇化建设与美丽中国建设的实践需要,也是城市空间重构与绿色低碳转型的重要支撑。在这种背景下,城市空间生长与山水环境相互影响、相互作用的综合探讨要求采取融贯的综合研究范式,即将城市物质空间形态、自然山水生态网络与山水人文空间秩序的组织关系及作用机理进行系统探讨。“山—水—城”空间格局是指城市人工环境与自然山水环境交互适应所形成的空间组织关系,强调城市空间、自然与人文要素的综合作用。基于此,本文试图探明“山—水—城”空间格局研究的理论脉络与现实需求,从空间、自然与人文互动的综合视角,解析“山—水—城”空间格局的概念内涵,阐明“山—水—城”空间格局的构成因素、层级尺度与形成机制,进而探索“山—水—城”空间格局的分析框架并进行研究展望。“山—水—城”空间格局研究,应重点分析“山—水—城”空间格局的时空过程、主控要素与演化规律,阐释“山—水—城”空间格局形成与演化的驱动机制、组织模式及综合效应,探索“山—水—城”空间格局的治理方式与调控路径,以期促进“山—水—城”空间格局的共生发展。
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In the course of urbanization in mountainous and hilly regions, the rapid and disorderly expansion of urban areas has led to environmental degradation of natural landscapes, the gradual erosion of cultural heritage inherent to landscapes, and an intensification of the conflict between human activities and environmental preservation. This dilemma has emerged as a prominent challenge confronting the sustainable development of cities. The integrated advancement of mountain management, water governance, and urban planning emerges not only as a pragmatic imperative for new urbanization and the realization of a visually appealing China, but also as a pivotal pillar supporting urban spatial restructuring and the pursuit of green, low-carbon transformations. This study advocates for a comprehensive exploration of the reciprocal influences and interactions between urban spatial expansion and natural landscapes, necessitating the adoption of an integrated research pattern. This pattern systematically scrutinizes the organizational dynamics and mechanisms of interaction among urban physical spatial configurations, natural ecological networks, and the structure of landscaping and cultural spaces. The spatial pattern termed "mountain-water-city" encapsulates the symbiotic relationships forged through the interplay and adaptation between urban artificial environments and natural landscape environment, with an emphasis on the holistic fusion of urban spaces, natural elements, and cultural components. Building upon this conceptual foundation, the present paper endeavors to elucidate the theoretical contexts and practical imperatives underlying the investigation of the "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern. It delves into the conceptual nuances of this spatial pattern, elucidating its constituent elements, hierarchical scales, and formation mechanisms from a comprehensive perspective integrating spatial, natural, and cultural interactions. Subsequently, it examines the analytical framework and future prospects for research on the "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern, which should center on analyzing its spatiotemporal processes, identifying key controlling factors, and discerning its evolutionary patterns. Furthermore, it should elucidate the driving mechanisms, organizational models, and holistic impacts shaping the formation and evolution of the "mountain-water-city" spatial pattern, as well as explore governance strategies and regulatory pathways conducive to fostering the symbiotic development of this spatial pattern. {{custom_citation.content}}
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樊杰. 人地系统可持续过程、格局的前沿探索. 地理学报, 2014, 69(8): 1060-1068.
本文结合笔者近年来在人文地理学前沿问题探讨的综述,阐释了人—地系统相互作用时空分异规律是现代地理学最高层级的科学难题、也是决定未来地理学前途的关键问题的认识,提出了截至目前开展人地系统综合研究所采用的“过程归纳、区域比较、定性分析、逻辑判断”等4个实用方法,并围绕着区域均衡、资源环境承载能力、地域功能、空间结构等4个前沿领域,讨论了影响区域发展格局变化的驱动力、自然圈对人类活动圈层的作用、综合地理区划原理和方法、以及“生活—生产—生态”空间结构变化规律等研究的学术思想,探讨了“未来地球”框架下区域可持续发展研究的意义和重要命题,认为“自然科学和社会科学交叉”、“基础研究和决策应用贯通”的复杂性科学基础理论体系和综合研究集成方法体系建设,将深刻影响着人地系统过程和格局的研究进展。
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In combination with the author's review of frontier issues in human geography in recent years, this paper clarifies that uncovering the spatiotemporal difference rules of human-environment system interaction in the geographic pattern is the highest-level scientific puzzle in modern geography, and is the understanding of key issues which could decide the prospect of future geography. Four practical methods including "process induction, regional comparison, qualitative analysis, logical judgment" until now for integrated human-environment system researches are proposed. Aiming at four frontier fields including regional equilibrium, resources and environment carrying capacity, territorial function, and spatial structure, academic ideas including the driving forces of regional development pattern changes, the impact carrier of natural sphere on human activity sphere, the rules and methods for integrated geographic zoning, and the changing laws of "living-production-ecology" spatial structure, are discussed. Finally, this paper discusses the significance and key issues of regional sustainable development in the framework of "Future Earth", and presents that the integrated method system and basic theoretical system of comprehensive research in complexity science based on "integration of both natural and social sciences" and "interpenetration of both basic researches and decision-making application", will profoundly influence research progress of the process and framework of human-environment system. {{custom_citation.content}}
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龙花楼, 屠爽爽. 论乡村重构. 地理学报, 2017, 72(4): 563-576.
快速城镇化进程驱动中国乡村地域发生巨大变化。乡村重构,即为适应乡村内部要素和外部调控的变化,通过优化配置和有效管理影响乡村发展的物质和非物质要素,重构乡村社会经济形态和优化地域空间格局,以实现乡村地域系统内部结构优化、功能提升以及城乡地域系统之间结构协调、功能互补的过程。本文在界定乡村重构的概念内涵,构建基于“要素—结构—功能”演变助推乡村重构的理论框架基础上,从空间重构、经济重构、社会重构视角探讨了乡村重构的实现路径,并着眼于服务当前国家重大战略需求和解决城乡转型发展进程中乡村地域系统面临的现实困境,提出了未来中国乡村重构研究需重点关注的内容。最后,就现有旨在促进乡村社会经济发展的重大引导性战略和政府干预性政策及其在实践操作中引发的一系列问题,展开批判性分析和讨论。
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For the sake of adapting to the changes of elements in both kernel system and external system of rural development, rural restructuring is a process of optimally allocating and efficiently managing the material and non-material elements affecting rural development, reshaping social and economic structures in rural areas and optimizing spatial pattern in rural territory, and approaching the structure optimization and function promotion of rural territorial system as well as the structure coordination and function complementation of urban-rural territorial system. Based on elaborating the concept and connotations of rural restructuring and the mechanism of promoting rural restructuring due to the evolution of "elements-structure-function", the paper probed the approaches of rural restructuring from the aspects of spatial restructuring, economic restructuring and social restructuring. In order to meet the current national strategic demands and meet the challenges of rural development in the process of urban-rural development transformation, it is in great urgency to strengthen the study on the patterns and processes, dynamic mechanism, differentiated development models, rural planning technology systems, strategies and policies for rural development, and the impacts of globalization on China's rural restructuring in the future. Finally, focusing on a series of problems in the implementation of some important government intervention policies, which is aimed at boosting the social and economic development of rural areas in recent years, a critical analysis and discussion is carried out. {{custom_citation.content}}
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傅伯杰. 地理学综合研究的途径与方法: 格局与过程耦合. 地理学报, 2014, 69(8): 1052-1059.
地理学是一门以综合性和区域性见长的学科。地理学的综合性通过要素多样化来体现,区域性则表现为区域分异或区域差异。地理学综合研究是对地球表层各要素的相互作用以及人地关系的研究,帮助我们认识地球表层系统的过去、现状和未来的趋势,把握其变化的脉搏。格局是认识世界的表观,过程是理解事物变化的机理,基于长期的野外观测和综合调查以及模型模拟,对不同时空尺度下的地理格局与过程进行耦合研究,是从机理上理解与解决地理学综合研究的有效途径与方法。文章结合在黄土高原地区的相关研究案例,探讨了将格局与过程耦合研究的地理学综合研究的途径与方法。
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Geography is a subject which perceptibly reveals integration and regionalism. The integration means that the diversiform subjects in which geography is involved, and that the regionalism of geography is reflected by the regional differentiation. Through the comprehensive study of the interrelationships among the constituent elements of earth system and the relationship between natural and human systems, it helps us understand the variations of the past, present and future of earth system, and grasp the essence of these changes. Pattern helps us to understand the external features of the world and the process is conducive to the understanding of the internal biophysical mechanism of the world. On the basis of field observations and long-term comprehensive surveys, coupling of patterns and processes at different spatiotemporal scales is an effective way to understand and solve the problems in the field of geography. By analysis of the case studies in the Loess Plateau, the methods of coupling the patterns and processes in the integrated research of geography are discussed and explored. {{custom_citation.content}}
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同近年国外人文地理学呈现人文化趋势相比,中国人文与经济地理学秉承吴传钧先生关于人文与经济地理学是研究自然圈与人文圈相互作用下、人类活动分布格局形成和演变规律的一门交叉学科的定位,形成了以不同空间尺度的地域、重要的生产生活领域、以及典型的地域空间类型的可持续发展时空规律作为研究指向的中国人文与经济地理学主流学派。吴先生提出的“人地关系地域系统”理论不仅为人文与经济地理学,而且是为整个地理学的综合研究提供了重要的理论基石。地域功能性、系统结构化、时空变异有序过程、以及人地系统效应的差异性及可调控性,是该理论的精髓,这与“未来地球”研究计划的前沿思想完全契合。近10年来,以城镇化科学模式、主体功能区划、一带一路路线图、京津冀城市群、农村空心化和精准扶贫、东北振兴与资源型城市转型、行政区划优化等为研究对象,发展了人文与经济地理重要的可持续过程、地域功能形成和综合地理格局有序化规律、城市群形成演化机理及其资源环境效应、问题地区可持续生命周期与振兴路径、地缘政治地缘经济和区域间相互作用关系、人文界线对可持续发展的影响等理论方法。人文与经济地理学科建设取得重要进展,应用成果对近年来中国生态文明建设和可持续发展产生了重要影响。中国人文与经济地理学在全球范围内发展态势最佳、总体水平领先,以此告慰吴传钧先生,并以此纪念吴传钧先生百年诞辰。
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Compared with the increasingly obvious humanistic tendency in foreign human geography, China's human and economic geography still follows Academician Wu Chuanjun's theory, with human and economic geography as an interdisciplinary subject which is the study of the formation and evolution of the distribution pattern of human activities under the interaction of natural circle and human circle. And China's mainstream school on human and economic geography has been formed with studies on spatio-temporal rule of sustainable development on territories with different space scales, territories with important production and living, and territories with typical geospatial patterns as the main research points. "Territorial System of Human-environment Interaction", developed by Academician Wu Chuanjun, is the important theoretical foundation not only for human and economic geography, but also for the comprehensive research on geography. The essence of the theory, which includes territorial functional, system structured, orderly process for spatio-temporal variation, and the difference and controllability of human-environment interaction system effect, is entirely harmonious with the forefront of thought of the "Future Earth" studies program. In recent decade, with scientific mode of urbanization, major function oriented zoning, road map for the Belt and Road Initiative, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, rural hollowing and targeted poverty alleviation, revitalization of Northeast China and transformation of resource-based cities, and administrative area optimization as the main research objects, theoretical methods have been developed in the aspects of important sustainable process of human and economic geography, territorial function formation and ordering rules for comprehensive geographical pattern, formation and evolution mechanism of urban agglomeration and its resources and environmental effects, sustainable life cycle and the revitalization of the path for problem areas, the interaction between geopolitics, geo-economy and regions, and effect of cultural boundaries on sustainable development. China's human and economic geography has made great progress in discipline development, and the application results have produced profound influences on the ecological civilization construction and sustainable development in recent years. With decades of hard work, China's human and economic geography has reached a world-class advanced level, so as to console the soul and spirit of Wu Chuanjun on the occasion of commemoration of the centenary of his birth. {{custom_citation.content}}
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In this paper, based on review of the studies on methods and techniques of terrain information description, topographic unit diversity index (<em>TUDI</em>), a new concept and quantification method, was proposed. The diversity index integrates several terrain parameters, e.g., elevation, slope, slope position, slope aspect, water confluences and distributions information. By combining the algorithms of the topographic position index and the topographic wetness index, using layer overlay analysis method and appropriate indicators for classification and grading, <em>TUDI</em> algorithm re-classifies the types of topographic units, and then calculate the <em>TUDI</em> using the neighborhood statistics and analysis method. The results of the experiment in Sichuan Province as a test region using DEM (100 m×100 m) and waters distribution data (1:250,000, 2005) show that <em>TUDI</em> is a comprehensive index, revealing the complexity and variations of the true surface. In the process of calculation, the topographic units were divided into 13 different types. The topographic unit diversity index was calculated with the statistics window radius set to 900m based on division results of the topographic units. The areas with diversity index value less than 0.5 cover around 11 percent of the whole region; the areas with the value more than 0.75 take up as much as 57 percent. Basically the results of the calculation agree with the topographic features of the study areas. In addition to the experiment to test the reliability of the algorithm, the advantages and disadvantages of it were also evaluated. This research provides a good basis for constructing a conceptual system of DEM-based topographic attributes, as well as for the spatial analysis of terrain information from micro to macro scales.
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以南京市区不同时段遥感影像为基础,在综合凸壳方法与公共边方法基础上,通过矩阵分析对1985-2007年南京市区建设用地扩张模式进行划分,探讨不同扩张模式的空间结构特征。结果表明:① 1985年以来,南京市区建设用地扩张迅速。其中,填充扩张由主城区逐渐向外推移,飞地扩张分散在远离主城区的开发区、工业园及大学城内,蔓延扩张则介于二者之间,多表现为前期扩张的继续发展。② 功能上,填充扩张由居住主导向居住与工业混合转变;蔓延扩张由居住与工业混合向工业主导转变;飞地扩张一直以工业主导,并伴随科教的区域性集中。③ 驱动机理,填充与蔓延扩张属于收益驱动型,飞地扩张更多地受成本制约。随着城市空间向外拓展,建设用地扩张的成本约束作用均逐渐加强;而城市建设用地中工业用地比重的增加,又使三种扩张模式的收益驱动作用加强。
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As the largest developing country in the world, China has faced the most serious challenge to urban land expansion, which is rare in the world. Drawing upon the Landsat TM satellite images of Nanjing in 1985, 1995, 2000 and 2007, this paper integrates convex-hull analysis, shared boundary analysis and matrix analysis to distinguish different types of urban land expansion. We also investigate the restructuring of urban land in the course of spread expansion. The results showed that Nanjing has experienced rapid expansion of construction land from 1985 to 2007. And the infilling expansion was initially focused on the areas near the city center, and showed a trend of outward expansion recently; the enclave expansion was centered on development zones, industrial parks and university towns, which were disconnected from the original urban area; the spread expansion was not only concentrated around the original built-up areas, but also expanded from the previous enclave areas. With respect to the functional characteristics of newly developed urban land, the infilling expansion was initially dominated by residential land and was recently featured by a mix of residential and industrial land; the land expansion was characterized by a mix of residential and industrial land, while it has shifted towards land for industrial purposes; the enclave expansion was consistently dominated by land for industrial purposes, along with land expansion for science & education purposes. The new types of urban land use was characterized by the strengthening of its original function, which reflected a rapid industrialization process. Results derived from regression analyses of influencing factors further pointed to the following findings: the infilling expansion and the spread expansion were demand-driven; in comparison with the infilling expansion, the spread expansion was more sensitive to demand-related factors; and the enclave expansion was mainly cost-driving. We also found that, with the continued urban expansion, the expansion of built-up area was increasingly constrained by cost-related factors. However, with the increased proportion of industrial land, revenue-related factors have been strengthening their roles. In the future, the local government of Nanjing should play the role of the central city in the Yangtze River Delta and intensify Nanjing metropolitan governance by making up scientific and rational urban plans, adjusting the structure of the construction land, accelerating industrial restructuring and upgrading, and promoting the development of sub-centers as well. {{custom_citation.content}}
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