
中国中部农区乡村重构特征及其地域模式——以江汉平原为例
余斌, 李营营, 朱媛媛, 卓蓉蓉, 曾菊新
自然资源学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (9) : 2063-2078.
中国中部农区乡村重构特征及其地域模式——以江汉平原为例
Characteristics and regional model of rural restructuring in main agricultural production regions in Central China: A case study of Jianghan Plain
以人地关系理论为基础,以乡村地域系统内部要素变化解析乡村重构特征、外部环境变化解读乡村重构机理、外源驱动因素与内生响应要素耦合解译乡村重构模式。基于江汉平原的实证研究表明:(1)研究期内乡村地域持续经历重构过程,表现为乡村重构综合指数不断增加,高值区主要沿域内交通干线分布、低值区主要分布长江沿线和平原腹地;(2)乡村重构机制主要表现为工业化、城镇化、市场化等外源驱动因素与经济、社会、空间等内生要素的耦合作用,非农产业规模扩张引发乡村人口外迁和就业转移,进而推动人口、土地和产业等乡村“存量”要素重组;(3)经济—社会重构主导是江汉平原乡村重构的主流模式,产业结构和生产方式变化加剧乡村生态环境和人居环境恶化,乡村振兴及其可持续发展面临水环境污染和水灾害侵袭的双重挑战。研究框架能够揭示江汉平原乡村地理剧变特征,中国中部农产品主产区的乡村重构具有与发达地区不尽相同的图景。研究结果意在为乡村地理研究和乡村振兴实践提供有益启示。
Rural restructuring is a complex economic-social-spatial phenomenon. Based on the human-land relationship theory, this study analyzed the rural restructuring characteristics by the internal factor changes of rural regional system, interpreted the mechanism by the changes of external environment, elucidated the model coupling with external driving factors and endogenous factors, and tried to improve the geographic analysis framework of rural restructuring. Three highlight results were unveiled. First, the rural restructuring in the Jianghan Plain has the characteristics of temporal continuity and spatial non-equilibrium. The comprehensive index of rural restructuring kept growing during the study period, indicating a spatial distribution pattern of high value along the main traffic trunk from "U" shape to ring shape and low value expressed as "point (plain hinterland) and line (along the Yangtze River)". Second, the rural restructuring mechanism in the Jianghan Plain mainly reflects the coupling effect of external driving factors such as industrialization, urbanization and marketization with endogenous factors such as economy, society and space. The expansion of non-agricultural industries triggers the rural population migration and employment transfer, then promotes the restructuring of rural "stock" elements such as population, land and industry. Third, economic-social restructuring is the main model of rural restructuring in Jianghan Plain. The changes in industrial structure and production mode have exacerbated the deterioration of rural ecological environment and human settlement, with the results that rural revitalization and its sustainable development face the dual challenges of water pollution and flood disasters. The research framework reveals the geographical characteristics of rural areas in the Jianghan Plain, and the special views of rural restructuring in main agricultural production regions in Central China. The research results will provide theoretical inspiration for the geographical reconstruc-tion of rural restructuring and decision support for the rural revitalization in the case area.
乡村地域系统 / 外源驱动 / 内生响应 / 乡村重构 / 中国中部农区 {{custom_keyword}} /
rural regional system / external driving / endogenous response / rural restructuring / Jianghan Plain {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 乡村重构指标选择及计算方法Table 1 Selection and calculation method of rural reconstruction index |
目标层 | 准则层 | 指标层 | 属性 | 指标释义 |
---|---|---|---|---|
乡村重构 (RRC) | 经济重构 (RX) | 农业产值占比(x1) | - | 农业产值占比(x1)=农业总产值/地区总产值 |
农业耕地占比(x2) | - | 农业耕地占比(x2)=常用耕地面积/辖区国土总面积 | ||
农业劳动占比(x3) | - | 农业劳动占比(x3)=农业从业人员数/全社会从业人员数 | ||
农业投入占比(x4) | - | 农业投入占比(x4)=农业固定资产投资/全社会固定资产投资 | ||
社会重构 (RY) | 农村人口占比(y1) | - | 农村人口占比(y1)=乡村总人口/地区总人口 | |
农民精英占比(y2) | - | 农民精英占比(y2)=农民精英数/农业从业人员数 | ||
农业收入占比(y3) | - | 农业收入占比(y3)=农业经营收入/农户家庭总收入 | ||
空间重构 (RZ) | 空间集中度(z1) | + | 空间集中度(z1)=(人口集中度+经济集中度)/2 | |
网络通达性(z2) | + | 网络通达性(z2)=(外向通达性+内部联通性)/2 | ||
地域异质性(z3) | + | 地域异质性(z3)=城乡建设用地面积/辖区国土总面积 |
注:人口集中度、经济集中度、外向通达性和内部连通性等指标计算方法参见参考文献[33]。 |
表2 乡村重构之外源驱动指标体系Table 2 External driving indicator system of rural restructuring |
驱动因子 | 指标 | 驱动因子 | 指标 |
---|---|---|---|
城镇化 | 城镇人口数量(U1) | 工业化 | 第二产业增加值(I1) |
城镇人口增长率(U2) | 第二产业增加值增长率(I2) | ||
城镇建设用地面积(U3) | 第二产业从业人员数量(I3) | ||
城镇建设用地增长率(U4) | 第二产业从业人员增长率(I4) | ||
市场化 | 第三产业增加值(M1) | 全球化 | 进出口总额(G1) |
第三产业增加值增长率(M2) | 进出口总额增长率(G2) | ||
第三产业从业人员数量(M3) | 实际利用外资(G3) | ||
第三产业从业人员增长率(M4) | 实际利用外资增长率(G4) |
表3 2000—2016年江汉平原乡村重构指数空间特征及变化Table 3 Spatial characteristics and changes of rural restructuring index in Jianghan Plain from 2000 to 2016 |
年份 | 综合重构指数 | 经济重构指数 | 社会重构指数 | 空间重构指数 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
均值 | 标准差 | 变异系数 | 均值 | 标准差 | 变异系数 | 均值 | 标准差 | 变异系数 | 均值 | 标准差 | 变异系数 | ||||
2000 | 0.43 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.46 | |||
2005 | 0.48 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.38 | |||
2010 | 0.59 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.35 | |||
2016 | 0.67 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.24 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.32 |
表4 江汉平原乡村重构与外源驱动因素的回归分析结果Table 4 Regression analysis results of rural restructuring and external driving factors in Jianghan Plain |
被解释变量 | 解释变量 | 未标准化系数 | 标准化系数 | t | 显著性 | 共线性统计 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 标准误差 | 容差 | VIF | ||||||
RRC | 常量 | 0.312 | 0.015 | 20.943 | 0.000 | ||||
I | 1.074 | 0.145 | 0.432 | 7.389*** | 0.000 | 0.483 | 2.070 | ||
U | 0.964 | 0.157 | 0.289 | 6.130*** | 0.000 | 0.742 | 1.347 | ||
M | 0.308 | 0.215 | 0.092 | 1.437* | 0.152 | 0.404 | 2.473 |
注:*、***分别代表0.1、0.01的显著性水平。 |
表5 江汉平原乡村分维重构与外源驱动特征指标的回归分析结果Table 5 Regression analysis results of different dimension restructuring and external driving factors in Jianghan Plain |
被解释变量 | 解释变量 | 未标准化系数 | 标准化系数 | t | 显著性 | 共线性统计 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 标准误差 | 容差 | VIF | |||||||
RX | 常量 | 0.173 | 0.007 | 23.927 | 0.000 | |||||
M1 | 1.036E-7 | 0.000 | 0.551 | 7.867*** | 0.000 | 0.292 | 3.425 | |||
I1 | 1.407E-8 | 0.000 | 0.182 | 2.588*** | 0.010 | 0.291 | 3.440 | |||
I2 | 0.143 | 0.042 | 0.131 | 3.430*** | 0.001 | 0.988 | 1.012 | |||
U4 | -0.083 | 0.034 | -0.094 | -2.464** | 0.014 | 0.988 | 1.012 | |||
RY | 常量 | 0.177 | 0.004 | 47.258 | 0.000 | |||||
I1 | 2.478E-8 | 0.000 | 0.534 | 11.892*** | 0.000 | 0.765 | 1.307 | |||
U3 | 0.000473 | 0.000 | 0.213 | 4.793*** | 0.000 | 0.784 | 1.276 | |||
M2 | -0.062 | 0.022 | -0.114 | -2.848*** | 0.005 | 0.956 | 1.046 | |||
RZ | 常量 | 0.047 | 0.006 | 7.649 | 0.000 | |||||
U3 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.555 | 12.710*** | 0.000 | 0.751 | 1.331 | |||
I1 | 2.219E-8 | 0.000 | 0.379 | 8.015*** | 0.000 | 0.639 | 1.564 | |||
I2 | 0.072 | 0.032 | 0.086 | 2.244** | 0.026 | 0.971 | 1.030 | |||
M3 | -0.001 | 0.000 | -0.182 | -4.018*** | 0.000 | 0.697 | 1.435 |
注:*、**、***分别代表0.1、0.05、0.01的显著性水平。 |
表6 江汉平原乡村重构分区特征Table 6 Rural restructuring zoning characteristics in Jianghan Plain |
区号 | 地域范围 | 主导要素 | 主控因素 | 地理特征 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | I1 | 荆州市辖区、 云梦县;国土 面积2169 km2、 占比5.14% | 经济—社会—空间重构均衡 | 工业化(I1)、 城镇化(U3)、 市场化(M1) | 该区位于江汉平原高强度乡村重构类型区环状分布关键区位。荆州市是江汉平原区域中心城市,云梦县毗邻湖北省北部区域中心城市孝感,两地交通区位条件优越,外源驱动因素工业化、城镇化和市场化均具有较高水平,I1、U3和M1等因素的正向变化引发乡村人口结构、产业结构和土地利用结构显著变化,乡村人类活动作用地理环境的性质随之发生变化,生产方式和生活模式变化正在加剧生态环境压力,农用地的非农化转移可能削弱区域主体功能 |
I2 | 荆门市辖区、枝江、当阳、汉川、仙桃、潜江、钟祥、京山、应城、安陆;国土面积22401 km2、占比53.13% | 经济—社会重构主导 | 市场化(M1)、 工业化(I1) | 该区是江汉平原高强度乡村重构类型区环状分布的主体组成部分,也是现阶段乡村重构的主流模式。市场化(M1)和工业化(I1)效应沿焦柳—汉宜—汉丹—长荆组成的环形交通干线向乡村地域强力扩散,引发乡村人口结构和产业结构的剧烈变动,地表空间格局尚未发生深刻变化,但乡村人类活动内容和活动方式的快速变化已然形成递增的环境压力,地表水及地下水污染成为该区乡村人地关系的主要矛盾[12] | |
II | II1 | 江陵、监利; 国土面积 4492 km2、 占比10.65% | 社会—经济重构主导 | 工业化(I1)、市场化(M1) | 该区位于江汉平原低强度乡村重构类型区沿江带的中间区位,具有沿江带乡村发展大致相同的区域背景和区位特征。由于历史原因,该区发展基础更为薄弱,工业化(I1)和市场化(M1)等外源驱动的内生响应明显不足,其乡村重构效应仍主要停留在乡村人口的域外迁移和乡村就业的空间转移;类似II2区的沿江地区,该区同样存在长江水环境污染和沿岸水灾害侵袭挑战,但人力资源短缺可能是该区乡村振兴及其可持续发展面临的严重威胁 |
II2 | 松滋、公安、 石首、洪湖、 天门、沙洋; 国土面积 13104 km2、 占比31.08% | 经济—社会重构主导 | 市场化(M1)、 工业化(I1) | 该区包括江汉平原低强度乡村重构类型区沿江带的主体组成部分和江汉平原腹地,同属现阶段乡村重构的主流模式。由于远离区域中心城市或主要陆路交通干线,加之长江黄金水道优势尚未充分发挥,市场化(M1)和工业化(I1)的外源驱动效应不及I2区,但乡村产业结构和人口结构正在发生快速变化,生产方式和生活模式的转变正在加剧该区的生态环境压力;沿江地区还同时面临长江水环境污染和沿岸水灾害侵袭的双重挑战 |
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AbstractDespite widespread speculation about the likely future extent of agricultural restructuring in the UK, researchers and policymakers are surprisingly ignorant of the nature and extent of farm household adjustment in the period since the mid 1990s. Meanwhile, claims that agriculture is in crisis and on the threshold of radical structural change continue to receive widespread media attention. Critics point out that because European policy debates are constructed in ways which emphasise the vulnerability of farmers and their businesses, there is a lack of attention to the true status and economic sustainability of agricultural households themselves. This paper reports results from a recent survey of agricultural business restructuring within six English study areas selected to span a range of agricultural settings and designed to identify the different trajectories of change to be found there. It concludes that while there is some evidence of disengagement from mainstream agriculture and an increasingly diverse set of relationships between the occupation and management of land, commitment to remaining in agriculture remains strong amongst farming families. A substantial proportion of agricultural and agri-environmental assets seem likely to remain in the same hands for the foreseeable future. ]]>{{custom_citation.content}}
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AbstractIn current policy discourse, rural decline is often described as an inevitable process associated with such broader structural trends as globalization and urbanization. The purpose of this paper is to challenge the supposed inevitability of rural decline in northern British Columbia (BC), Canada. We argue that rural decline in northern BC has been facilitated through an intentional policy program that views hinterland areas as a ‘resource bank’ from which to fund provincial infrastructure and services, without adequate attention to rural reinvestment. We highlight the potential discrepancies of this approach through a comparative study of two development eras in the province. In the first era, we examine the policies and development approach adopted by the W.A.C. Bennett provincial government, which governed from 1952 to 1972. We argue that the Bennett regime confronted the complexity of the post-war era with a comprehensive vision and coordinated policy program for ‘province building’ through intensive investments in industrial expansion and community infrastructure throughout the BC hinterland. By comparison, the post-1980s era in BC has witnessed a continuation of the resource bank approach, minus a concomitant commitment to hinterland investment. Reversing the inevitability of rural decline requires a renovation of the investment orientation witnessed during the Bennett era through an appreciation of the role of place in economic development. Our recommendations for renewed rural development in northern BC are drawn from a synthesis of the Bennett lessons with those emerging within place-based development literature. ]]>{{custom_citation.content}}
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