基于膳食营养需求的西藏县域土地资源承载力评价

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190502

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“食物营养安全”是“食物安全”的重要组成,而当前单纯以“粮食”作为土地资源承载力的评价指标只能反映部分承载能力,从膳食营养角度评估更切合其实际土地资源承载状况。以供给与需求的动态平衡为基本思路,选取热量和蛋白质为关键参量构建土地资源承载力（LCC）测算与土地资源承载指数（LCCI）评价模型,对2015年西藏自治区县域土地资源承载力与土地资源承载状况进行定量评价,以期为实现西藏地区居民热量与蛋白质供需平衡对策提供科学依据,同时也为该区域居民营养需求的变化、机理及对策研究奠定基础。结果表明：（1）西藏县域尺度下土地资源承载力总体呈盈余状态,位于西藏东南部的“一江两河”流域县域土地资源承载力高,而位于西北部的那曲和阿里等地区县域土地资源承载力相对较低。（2）根据以当前热量和蛋白质实际消耗量为依据对土地承载力的评价结果,农区县、半农半牧区县和牧区县基于蛋白质需求的土地承载力比基于热量需求的承载力分别多8.83%、22.51%和67.78%,其中有13个牧区县和半农半牧区县以热量指标判断为超载状态,但以蛋白质指标判断却未超载,其原因在于牧区县和农牧区县动物性食物供给比例高,食物蛋白质供给能力相较热量供给能力更强。（3）若按照居民膳食宝塔推荐的人均热量和蛋白质摄入量标准,农区县、半农半牧区县和牧区县基于热量和蛋白质需求的土地资源承载力较实际营养摄入量下的承载力可分别多承载35.22%和12.5%的人口。评估结果体现了实际消耗和膳食标准情景下以及不同营养指标之间各县域承载力及承载状态的差异,可为通过调整人口结构、膳食结构等措施寻求提升区域人粮平衡水平和居民膳食营养水平对策提供依据。

关键词: 西藏, 膳食营养需求, 食物供给, 食物消耗, 土地资源承载力

Abstract:

"Food nutrition safety" is an important component of "food safety". At present, the evaluation index of "grain" as the carrying capacity of land resources can only reflect part of the carrying capacity, and the assessment from the perspective of dietary nutrition is more in line with the actual land resource carrying status. Based on the dynamic balance between supply and demand, this paper selects calorie and protein as key parameters to construct the land resource carrying capacity (LCC) calculation and land resource carrying index (LCCI) evaluation model, and the land resource carrying capacity of Tibet Autonomous Region at county level in 2015. Quantitative evaluation of the land resources carrying status provides a scientific basis for the realization of the balance of calorie and protein supply and demand in Tibet, and lays the foundation for the study of the changes, mechanisms and countermeasures of the nutritional needs of residents in the region. The results show that: (1) The land resource carrying capacity of Tibet is generally surplus. The land resources of the "Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries" basin in the southeastern part of Tibet have high carrying capacity, while those in the counties of Naqu and Ali in the northwest of the study area have low carrying capacity. (2) According to the evaluation results of land carrying capacity based on the actual consumption of calorie and protein, in farming counties, semi-farming and semi-pastoral counties, and pastoral counties, the carrying capacity of protein indicators is 8.83%, 22.51% and 67.78% more than that of calorie indicators, respectively, and there are 13 pastoral counties and farming and pastoral areas with calorie overloaded and without protein overloaded. The reason is that the animal food calorie supply ratio is high in the pastoral counties and the farming and pastoral counties, and the food protein supply capacity is stronger than the calorie supply capacity. (3) According to the per capita calorie and protein intake standards recommended by residents' dietary pagodas, the carrying capacity of land resources based on calorie and protein demand in farming counties, semi-farming and semi-pastoral counties and pastoral counties is higher than the actual nutrient intake of residents, or carrying 35.22% and 12.5% more of the population, respectively. The assessment results reflect the differences in the carrying capacity and carrying status of each county under the actual consumption and dietary standard scenarios and between different nutritional indicators. It is possible for us to seek to improve the regional human food balance and the dietary nutrition level of residents by adjusting population structure and dietary structure.

Key words: Tibet, dietary nutrition demand, food supply, food consumption, land carrying capacity

王玮, 闫慧敏, 杨艳昭, 杜文鹏. 基于膳食营养需求的西藏县域土地资源承载力评价[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(5): 921-933.

Wei WANG, Hui-min YAN, Yan-zhao YANG, Wen-peng DU. Evaluation of land resources carrying capacity of Tibetan counties based on dietary nutritional demand[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(5): 921-933.

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食物类型	谷薯类	蔬菜	肉类	奶类	蛋类	菜籽油
热量/kcal	339	21	241	54	144	899
蛋白质/g	8.1	0.9	18.1	3	13.3	0

营养类型	按推荐营养摄入量	西藏居民实际摄入量
热量/(kcal/d）	2521	3409
蛋白质/(g/d)	64	72

类型	级别	LCCI
盈余	富富有余	LCCI≤0.5
	富裕	0.5<LCCI≤0.75
	平衡有余	0.75<LCCI≤1
超载	轻微超载	1<LCCI≤1.25
	过载	1.25<LCCI≤1.5
	严重超载	LCCI>1.5

		按西藏居民实际营养消耗量超载县域		按膳食推荐指标超载县域
县区类型	县名	热量	蛋白质	热量	蛋白质
牧区县	当雄县	√
	申扎县	√
	嘉黎县	√
	尼玛县	√
	仲巴县	√		〇
	班戈县	√		〇
	双湖县	√		〇
	萨嘎县	√	√	〇
	革吉县	√	√	〇
	那曲县	√	√	〇	〇
	巴青县	√	√	〇	〇
	噶尔县	√	√	〇	〇
	改则县	√	√	〇	〇
	措勤县	√	√	〇	〇
半农半牧业区县	江达县	√
	类乌齐县	√
	浪卡子县	√
	索县	√
	日土县	√
	比如县	√		〇
	亚东县	√	√	〇	〇
	札达县	√	√	〇	〇
农区县	南木林县	√	√
农区县	拉萨城关区	√	√	〇	〇