玉龙雪山牦牛坪高山草甸的干扰格局分析

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20190608

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近几年玉龙雪山生态旅游热升温，对该区域生态环境和植被资源的影响日趋显著，研究该区域高山草甸所受干扰对制定该区域的生态保护、可持续发展对策具有重要意义。为明晰人类活动对玉龙雪山高山草甸的影响，选取该区域典型高山草甸分布区域作为研究区，分析其草甸退化格局，通过干扰强度模型量化研究区的干扰格局，并利用方差分解确定不同干扰对高山草甸退化的贡献率。结果表明：（1）放牧干扰主要集中在牲畜饮水点附近，旅游干扰更多作用于景区观景台和寺庙附近，干扰活动分布与路径体系相吻合，游径布设和游客行为扩散模式决定了旅游干扰的格局;（2）草甸退化程度随干扰程度的增加而升高，干扰强度最大的区域与草甸的重度退化区域重合;（3）总体上旅游较放牧对草甸退化的贡献作用更大，但存在空间差异。在玉龙雪山牦牛坪景区，旅游干扰已逐渐取代放牧干扰成为主要干扰因素，且路径体系与旅游干扰格局具有较高的吻合度，对草甸退化格局的影响在逐渐增加。综上，建议选取使用率高的非正式路径修建为正式路径，保护和恢复分布在使用率低的非正式路径旁的植被和土壤，以降低旅游干扰对高山草甸的影响。

关键词: 高山草甸, 干扰量化模型, 方差分解, 路径, 玉龙雪山

Abstract:

Eco-tourism in Mt. Jade Dragon heated up these years, which had an impact on the environment and vegetation resources in the region. Understanding the ecosystem degradation under disturbance is vital to policy making for ecological protection and sustainable development. In order to clarify the anthropic influence on the alpine meadow ecosystem, the typical alpine meadow area in Mt. Jade Dragon was selected as the study area; with field investigation and sampling during 2012-2016, we analyzed the degradation pattern of alpine meadow, and confirmed grazing and tourism as the key drivers for meadow degradation. The disturbance model was built to quantize disturbance intensity, and variation partitioning was used to determine the contribution of grazing and tourism to meadow degradation in the study area. The results showed that: (1) Half of the study area was disturbed by yak grazing and 70% area by tourism, and the grazing center mainly concentrated near livestock drinking points, while tourist noised around Viewing Deck and the Temple. We found that grazing and tourist activities matched with the trail system, the trail layout and tourists behavior mode account for the disturbance pattern. (2) Meadow degraded with the increase of disturbance intensity, the severe meadow degradation region overlapped with the highest disturbance intensity area. (3) Although there are grazing center area and tourist focus area, tourism, instead of grazing, has become the main disturbance driver in the study area. On the whole, tourism contributed more to the meadow degradation, and the future will remain so. Therefore, to reduce the impact of tourism on alpine meadows in Mt. Jade Dragon, informal trails of high frequency use can be fixed to formal artificial trail, vegetation and soil along the low usage informal trails can be recovered or regenerated.

Key words: alpine meadow, disturbance quantization model, variation partitioning, trail, Mt. Jade Dragon

吕曾哲舟, 黄晓霞, 王琇瑜, 和克俭, 丁佼, 孙晓能. 玉龙雪山牦牛坪高山草甸的干扰格局分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2019, 34(6): 1223-1231.

Zhe-zhou LYUZENG, Xiao-xia HUANG, Xiu-yu WANG, Ke-jian HE, Jiao DING, Xiao-neng SUN. Disturbance pattern of alpine meadow in Yak Meadow Park, Jade Dragon Mountain[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2019, 34(6): 1223-1231.

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年份	冰川公园	云杉坪	牦牛坪	总计
2006	66.22	86.11	16.44	168.77
2007	76.18	76.01	17.77	169.97
2008	69.86	53.89	17.43	141.18
2009	66.83	128.43	8.63	203.89
2010	16.12	168.22	8.95	193.29
2011	89.69	169.59	8.52	267.80
2012	119.70	155.81	8.26	283.76
2013	143.97	142.29	8.53	294.77
2014	157.74	168.46	11.12	337.31
2015	226.11	132.75	10.75	369.62
2016	267.53	125.16	8.34	401.03
总计	1299.95	1406.72	124.74	2831.39
年均	118.18	127.88	11.34	257.40

贡献率/%	WL	WM	WH	GL	GM	GH	TL	TM	TH
[a] 放牧单独解释	23.67	32.17	38.74	23.00	39.71	65.65	8.10	9.59	10.97
[b] 旅游单独解释	32.90	36.03	43.57	1.44	1.02	6.24	62.32	63.24	60.53
[c] 共同解释	-16.10	-19.40	-22.38	-2.90	-1.15	-5.61	-9.88	-10.33	-10.45
[a+b+c] 全部解释	40.47	48.79	59.93	21.54	39.58	66.28	60.54	62.50	61.05