近年来城市暴雨频发导致内涝灾害广受关注,系统分析城市内涝原因是当前城市水文研究的热点和难点。论文以北京市典型积水点上清桥易积水区为例,基于排水管网、地形、下垫面、河道边界等数据构建研究区精细化洪涝模型,并以2012年“7·21”和2016年“7·20”两场典型暴雨的实测积水深度验证模型的适用性。结果表明,上清桥区域管网现状排水能力小于1 a一遇,当发生1 a一遇及以上设计降雨时上清桥有发生积水的风险。引起研究区积水频发主要有四方面因素,按主次关系排列：局部地势因素>管网因素>下垫面因素>河道顶托,最后基于分析结果系统提出解决上清桥区域积水的改造方案。
Abstract
Due to the high frequency of heavy rainstorm events, waterlogging disaster is considered widely in urban area. However, the key factors of inundation for quantitative study is one of the most difficult issues and research cores of urban hydrology. In this study, we constructed a watershed flood model for Shangqingqiao Catchment of Qinghe River Basin, which is very representative urban waterlogging region. The flood model is built upon detailed data of urban water cycle such as rainstorm drainage pipe networks, river networks, topography, land use composition and surface construction. The model is validated with maximum waterlogging depth, area and occurrence time measured in rainstorm events which happened on July 21, 2012 and July 20, 2016. We applied the validated model in simulation of rainfalls with different reappearing periods, such as 1-year storm, 3-year storm, 5-year storm and 10-year storm. The results show that the rainstorm drainage pipe networks in Shangqingqiao Catchment can only undertake rainfall less than the flood volume of 1-year rainfall, and there would be inundation risk in heavier rainfall. Based on the constructed flood model, we singled four typical factors which in descending order of insensibility are regional low terrain, drainage capability of pipe networks, impervious area ratio of land surface, and backwater effect from river flood. Besides, scenario simulation on flood model shows that modifying these four typical factors can maximize depth, area, quantity and time of waterlogging. We also simulated the flood model in scenarios with different improvement measures, such as building pump stations, developing low impact development measures and reasonably regulating dams. The results show that all improvement measures can release the waterlogging caused by the four typical factors effectively. With comprehensively analyzing current situation and waterlogging influence factors of Shangqingqiao Catchment in Qinghe River Basin, we gave some measurements to release the inundation risk in Shangqingqiao Catchment, such as setting up pump stations and reservoirs to release waterlogging caused by regional low terrain, perfecting the drainage pipe network system progressively to improve drainage ability, developing low impact development measures to decrease impervious area ratio of land surface, reasonably regulating dams to avoid backwater effect from river flood. The results could provide a technical support for flood control and drainage projects in urban area.
关键词
城市内涝 /
改造方案 /
清河上清桥地区 /
原因诊断
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Key words
factor analysis /
reconstruction scheme /
Shangqingqiao Catchment in Qinghe River Basin /
urban waterlogging
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中图分类号：
TU992
P426.616
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脚注
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基金
北京市科委重大项目（D161100005916001,D161100005916003,Z161100001116104）; 北京市科技新星计划（Z161100004916085）; 国家重点研发计划（2016YFC0401405）
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