海洋牧场碳汇资源生态补偿标准

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20221209

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海洋牧场建设是中国扩增海洋碳汇，实现碳中和战略目标的有效途径。碳汇具有明显的外部性，只有确定合理的补偿标准才能调动海洋牧场建设经营者积极性。以海洋牧场中藻类、贝类、鱼类、甲壳及其他类经济性碳汇资源为研究对象，利用最优化模型核算了碳汇资源生态价值的补偿标准。研究结果表明：藻类、贝类、鱼类、甲壳及其他类的生态补偿标准分别为134.94元/t、820.05元/t、782.39元/t、3764.16元/t，补偿标准存在种类间差异性。研究结果可为优化当前海洋牧场生态补偿政策提供理论参考。

关键词: 海洋牧场, 碳汇资源, 补偿标准, 生态功能价值

Abstract:

The construction of marine ranches is an effective way to increase the ocean carbon sink and achieve the strategic goal of carbon neutrality in China. Carbon sink has obvious externality, only to determine a reasonable compensation standard to mobilize the enthusiasm of marine ranch construction operators. This paper takes economic carbon sink resources such as algae, shellfish, fish, crustacean and other species in the marine ranch as the research object, and accounted for the compensation criteria for the ecological value of carbon sink resources using an optimization model. The results indicated that the ecological compensation standards of algae, shellfish, fish, crustacean and other species were 134.94 yuan/t, 820.05 yuan/t, 782.39 yuan/t, and 3764.16 yuan/t, respectively, and there was inter-species variability in compensation standards. The results can provide a theoretical reference for optimizing the current ecological compensation policy for the marine ranch.

Key words: marine ranch, carbon sink resource, compensation standard, ecological function value

曹港程, 沈金生. 海洋牧场碳汇资源生态补偿标准[J]. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37(12): 3153-3166.

CAO Gang-cheng, SHEN Jin-sheng. Ecological compensation standards of carbon sink resources in the marine ranch[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2022, 37(12): 3153-3166.

图/表 8

表1

海洋牧场碳汇资源生态功能

生态系统服务	生态功能	碳汇资源	功能描述
调节服务	X₁固碳功能	藻类、贝类、鱼类、甲壳及其他类	固碳功能如图1所示，浮游植物通过光合作用将溶解在海水中的CO₂转化为有机碳^[23]。有机碳中的5%可在海洋牧场藻类、贝类、鱼类、甲壳及其他类间通过食物网从低营养级向高营养级传递^[24]，即“生物泵（Biological Carbon Pump，BCP）”。“生物泵”有机碳中的25%固定在碳汇资源体内并通过捕捞等活动从海水中转移出来^[25]，称为可移出碳；25%伴随着海洋生物的死亡、排便、蜕皮等活动形成颗粒有机碳（Particulate Organic Carbon，POC），并沉积海底^[26]。有机碳中剩余的95%是释放在水中的溶解有机碳（Dissolved Organic Carbon，DOC）。DOC中至少有95%可被微生物利用，经分解转化为能储存数千年的惰性溶解有机碳（Recalcitrant Dissolved Organic Carbon，RDOC），即“微生物泵（Microbial Carbon Pump, MCP）”^[27]过程
	X₂产氧功能	藻类	藻类通过光合作用释放O₂，供给海洋动物呼吸，并促进大气中CO₂和O₂平衡
	X₃净化氮功能	藻类、贝类、鱼类	藻类、贝类、鱼类吸收有机氮、有机磷，通过反硝化作用，最终以无机形式将氮、磷释放到大气中，降低海水富营养化程度
	X₄净化磷功能	藻类、贝类	藻类、贝类、鱼类吸收有机氮、有机磷，通过反硝化作用，最终以无机形式将氮、磷释放到大气中，降低海水富营养化程度
	X₅净化重金属功能	藻类、贝类、鱼类	藻类、贝类、鱼类利用体内金属疏蛋白解毒机制将吸附的重金属重新以无毒形式释放
	X₆干扰调节功能	贝类	贝类礁体中双壳贝类能够促进生物沉积，降低海水流速，减少水土流失，减轻风暴潮、海浪等对海洋环境的侵蚀，是“活的海岸线”
	X₇生物控制功能	鱼类	增殖放流中的鱼类利用摄食过程恢复和优化海洋生物种群结构。该生态过程既促进生态系统保持营养平衡和良性竞争，又有效控制外来生物和有害生物入侵，减少海洋牧场生物灾害
支持服务	X₈物种多样性功能	藻类、贝类、鱼类、甲壳及其他类	增殖放流、保护野生种群等丰富海洋基因资源；投放人工鱼礁、修复海藻床等构建增殖物种的产卵场、索饵场和洄游通道，提高生物丰度

表1

图1

图2

表2

表3

表4

表5

海洋牧场碳汇资源生态功能产出能力

	藻类	贝类	鱼类	甲壳及其他类
$∑ j = 1 5 X j$ /t	227677395	60426366	4767515	16495660
$∑ j = 1 5 X j R i$ /t	14.58	23.97	33.73	18.87
$∑ j = 6 8 X j$ /hm²	2330405	861751	843743	869920
$∑ j = 6 8 X j R i$ /(hm²/t)	0.15	0.34	5.97	1.00

表5

表6

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	藻类	贝类	鱼类	甲壳及其他类
传统海水养殖单产/(t/hm²)	4.200	5.964	0.451	0.703
海洋牧场单产能力/(t/hm²)	5.628	7.992	0.605	0.942
海洋牧场渔获物产量/t	1314774	1867133	141327	219978
海洋牧场碳汇资源量/t	15620708	2521425	141327	874270

	藻类	贝类	鱼类	甲壳及其他类
X₁系数	0.070	0.043	0.030	0.053
X₂系数	4.202
X₃系数	306.748	128.601	31.656
X₄系数	2500.000	1243.781
X₅系数	20.833	1.427	2.710
X₆系数		23.130
X₇系数			0.335
X₈系数	6.703	3.351	0.335	1.005

	藻类	贝类	鱼类	甲壳及其他类
X₁/t	223152971 （98.01%）	58637791 （97.04%）	4710900 （98.81%）	16495660 （100%）
X₂/t	3717446 （1.63%）
X₃/t	50924 （0.02%）	19607 （0.03%）	4464 （0.09%）
X₄/t	6248 （0.003%）	2027 （0.003%）
X₅/t	749806 （0.33%）	1766941 （2.92%）	52150 （1.09%）
X₆/hm²		109011 （12.65%）
X₇/hm²			421872 （50.00%）
X₈/hm²	2330405 （100.00%）	752440 （87.35%）	421871 （50.00%）	869920 （100.00%）