中国典型冰雪旅游地开发模式及优化路径

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20220911

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

北京冬奥会的筹办为中国冰雪旅游发展带来巨大契机,促进了冰雪旅游地的蓬勃发展。基于冰雪旅游地系统理论,构建了冰雪旅游地发展水平评价指标体系,并利用层次分析法、熵权法及加权Topsis法,对崇礼、亚布力、神农架、西岭雪山四个中国典型冰雪旅游地发展水平进行了测度。结果表明：崇礼冰雪旅游发展水平最高,亚布力次之,神农架及西岭雪山仍有待提升。基于此,提炼出四种典型冰雪旅游地开发模式,包括资源主导内驱模式、市场主导外驱模式、资源市场双核共驱模式以及资源市场政策综合齐驱模式。同时,从冰雪旅游地系统视角,提出了中国冰雪旅游地开发优化路径。研究有助于丰富冰雪旅游开发相关理论,为中国冰雪旅游地高质量发展提供智力支撑和案例借鉴。

关键词: 冰雪旅游, 冰雪运动, 冰雪旅游地, 高质量发展, 北京冬奥会

Abstract:

Preparations for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics have brought great opportunities for the development of ice and snow tourism in China and promoted the vigorous development of ice and snow tourism destinations. Based on the ice and snow tourism destination system theory, an evaluation index system for the development level of snow and ice tourism destinations was established, and the development level of four typical snow and ice tourism destinations in China, namely Chongli, Yabuli, Shennongjia and Xiling Snow Mountain was measured by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP), entropy weight method and weighted Topsis method. The results show that the development level of ice and snow tourism in Chongli is the highest, followed by Yabuli, while Shennongjia and Xiling Snow Mountain still need to be improved. Based on this, four typical development modes of ice and snow tourism destinations were extracted, including internal resource-driven mode, external market-driven mode, resource-market double-driven mode, and resource-market-policy comprehensive-driven mode. Finally, from the perspective of ice and snow tourism destination system, the optimal development path of China's ice and snow tourism destinations was put forward. The research is helpful to enrich the theories related to ice and snow tourism development and provide intellectual support and case reference for the high-quality development of ice and snow tourism destinations in China.

Key words: ice and snow tourism, ice and snow sports, ice and snow tourist destination, high-quality development, Beijing Winter Olympics

唐承财, 肖小月, 韩莹, 曾睿, 徐诗怡, 刘亚茹, 万紫微. 中国典型冰雪旅游地开发模式及优化路径[J]. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37(9): 2348-2366.

TANG Cheng-cai, XIAO Xiao-yue, HAN Ying, ZENG Rui, XU Shi-yi, LIU Ya-ru, WAN Zi-wei. Development mode and optimization path of typical ice and snow tourism destinations in China[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2022, 37(9): 2348-2366.

图/表 9

图1

表1

典型冰雪旅游地概述及特点

案例点	概述	典型特点
崇礼	位于河北省张家口市,是2022年北京冬奥会举办地,近年来冰雪旅游发展迅猛。截至2021年,拥有大型滑雪场7家,形成以滑雪运动为核心,带动相关产业迅速发展的滑雪旅游产业集聚态势。2017年,崇礼滑雪大区荣获“中国冬季旅游目的地十强”;2020年,崇礼冰雪旅游度假区被文化和旅游部认定为国家级旅游度假区;2022年获评首批国家级滑雪旅游度假地	旅游资源丰富,政策优势显著,京津冀市场潜力无限
亚布力	位于黑龙江省哈尔滨市尚志市,冰雪资源得天独厚,年积雪期可达150天,植被丰富、资源充足,是中国冰雪产业发展的风向标和领军者,是第3届亚洲冬季运动会和第24届世界大学生运动会的滑雪比赛场地。2020年,亚布力滑雪旅游度假区被文化和旅游部认定为国家级旅游度假区;2022年获评首批国家级滑雪旅游度假地	气候适宜,冰雪资源禀赋强,品牌知名度高
神农架	位于湖北省神农架世界自然遗产地,目前已建成大型滑雪场四家;冬季旅游产品线路丰富,推出了野生金丝猴欣赏、神农坛祭祖、燕天风景区赏雪观冰等旅游项目;实施冰雪+旅游融合发展战略,将冰雪与文化游、民俗游、乡村体验游、研学教育游、节事活动等有效结合,形成了全域冰雪产品体系	生态环境优良,旅游资源丰富,贴近武汉城市群市场
西岭雪山	位于四川省成都市大邑县,距成都仅95 km。区域内西岭雪山景区是世界自然遗产地、大熊猫栖息地、国家4A级景区、国家重点风景名胜区。有终年积雪大雪山,海拔5364 m;现已建成大型高山滑雪场、大型雪上游乐场和大型滑草场,形成了“春赏杜鹃夏避暑,秋观红叶冬滑雪”的四季旅游格局。2022年获评首批国家级滑雪旅游度假地	资源独特性高,定位清晰,目标市场广泛

表1

表2

冰雪旅游地发展水平评价指标体系

目标层	因素层	评价因子	评价指标	指标评价赋分规则
目标层	因素层	评价因子	评价指标	10	8	6	4	2
冰雪旅游地发展水平A	旅游资源B1	冰雪旅游资源C1	冰雪旅游资源数量D1/个	>10	8~10	6~7	4~5	1~3
		冰雪旅游资源C1	冰雪旅游资源品位D2	国际级	国家级	省级	市级	区县级
		非冰雪旅游资源C2	非冰雪类旅游资源数量D3/个	≥8	6~7	4~5	2~3	1
			非冰雪旅游资源类型丰度D4/种	≥5	4	3	2	1
			非冰雪旅游资源品位D5	国际级	国家级	省级	市级	区县级
		节事活动资源C3	典型冰雪节事活动影响力D6	国际级	国家级	省级	市级	区县级
		节事活动资源C3	非冰雪类重要节事活动影响力D7	国际级	国家级	省级	市级	区县级
	生态环境B2	森林与水环境C4	森林覆盖率D8/%	81~100	61~80	41~60	21~40	1~20
	生态环境B2	森林与水环境C4	区域降水量D9/mm	601~800	801~900; 501~600	901~1000; 401~500	1001~1100; 300~400	>1100; <300
		气候与灾害C5	冰雪气候环境D10(雪期/天)	>130	101~130	71~100	40~70	<40
		气候与灾害C5	空气质量D11 [PM_2.5指数/(μg/m³)]	<10	10~20	21~30	31~40	>40
			典型气候灾害风险D12/种	≤2	3~4	5~6	7~8	≥9
	社会经济B3	经济环境C6	县域人均GDP D13/万元	>5	4~5	3~4	2~3	1~2
	社会经济B3	经济环境C6	县域GDP D14/万元	>200	100~200	50~100	30~50	<30
		设施环境C7	交通设施D15：① 民用机场;② 高铁站;③ 火车站; ④高速公路	满足 ①②	满足① 或②	满足③④	满足 ③或④	—
		设施环境C7	公共服务设施D16(医院及图书馆数量/个)	41~50	31~40	21~30	11~20	1~10
			旅游接待设施D17(星级酒店、星级农家乐数量/个)	>40	31~40	21~30	11~20	1~10
		政策投资环境C8	政策环境(政策级别) D18	国际级	国家级	省级	市级	区县级
		政策投资环境C8	投资环境(专家打分) D19	81~100	61~80	41~60	21~40	1~20
		人力资源C9	旅游从业人员数量D20/万人	>4	3~4	2~3	1~2	<1
		人力资源C9	冰雪相关专业学校数量D21/个	>7	5~6	3~4	2	1
	市场品牌B4	市场规模C10	冰雪游客接待量D22/万人	>250	200~250	100~200	50~100	<50
			年接待游客数D23/万人	>2000	1500~2000	1000~1500	500~1000	<500
			年旅游收入D24/万元	>80	60~8	40~60	20~40	<20
		消费潜力C11	主要客源地人均GDP D25/万元	>10	8~10	6~8	4~6	<4
			主要客源地人均可支配收入D26/万元	>4	3~4	2~3	1~2	<1
		品牌建设C12	冰雪旅游品牌宣传力度(年百度资讯指数均值) D27	>30000	10001~30000	5001~10000	3001~5000	<3000
		品牌建设C12	冰雪旅游品牌影响力(专家打分) D28	81~100	61~80	41~60	21~40	1~20

表2

表3

表4

图2

图3

图4

图5

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评价因子	权重			评价因子	权重			评价因子	权重
评价因子	主观	客观	复合	评价因子	主观	客观	复合	评价因子	主观	客观	复合
D1	0.021	0.073	0.045	D11	0.025	0.026	0.019	D21	0.066	0.014	0.027
D2	0.022	0.180	0.117	D12	0.022	0.035	0.022	D22	0.031	0.040	0.037
D3	0.022	0.009	0.006	D13	0.046	0.030	0.041	D23	0.035	0.012	0.012
D4	0.049	0.014	0.020	D14	0.033	0.015	0.015	D24	0.029	0.024	0.021
D5	0.021	0.022	0.013	D15	0.025	0.013	0.010	D25	0.036	0.016	0.017
D6	0.049	0.054	0.077	D16	0.034	0.010	0.010	D26	0.052	0.032	0.049
D7	0.025	0.012	0.009	D17	0.030	0.017	0.015	D27	0.031	0.038	0.035
D8	0.027	0.081	0.063	D18	0.036	0.020	0.021	D28	0.034	0.045	0.045
D9	0.026	0.078	0.060	D19	0.052	0.016	0.025
D10	0.098	0.055	0.158	D20	0.022	0.020	0.013

案例地	总体	旅游资源	生态环境	社会经济	市场品牌
崇礼	0.79	0.87	0.29	0.66	0.55
亚布力	0.70	0.81	0.42	0.40	0.40
神农架	0.55	0.62	0.45	0.26	0.47
西岭雪山	0.18	0.07	0.25	0.42	0.51