海岸带国土空间开发适宜性评价及功能空间配置——以海南岛为例

doi:10.31497/zrzyxb.20220403

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海岸带国土空间开发适宜性评价及功能空间布局优化是推进陆海统筹战略目标的科学基础。以海南岛为例,基于环境损益分析思想构建海岸带“潜力—限制”评价指标体系,综合运用多要素乘积及空间叠置等方法,对海南岛海岸带地区的国土空间开发建设适宜性进行集成评价,并依据功能空间判别条件识别“港—工—城”区、滨海旅游区、农林牧渔区以及自然保护区四类海岸带功能空间。研究表明：海南岛海岸带国土空间开发适宜区总体呈现“西岸多,东岸少”的空间分布格局,适宜、基本适宜、基本不适宜、不适宜建设区面积依次为1785.32 km²、1724.57 km²、812.86 km²、4051.67 km²,适宜区与不适宜区重叠交错,给海岸带国土空间开发带来巨大压力。海岸带地区四类功能空间面积依次为1813.39 km²、2138.26 km²、1831.62 km²和2591.15 km²,分别占海岸带面积的21.65%、25.53%、21.87%和30.94%,海岸带的功能空间呈现“一环”“两极”和“多点”的空间格局。依据归纳出的三类典型功能空间冲突,对功能空间进行了调整优化,增强了各类功能空间的集聚性和连通性,但仍存在海域与陆域的相同功能空间不连片,海陆经济联系不够通畅,相互支撑不足等问题,国土空间开发还存在较多的陆海矛盾和冲突。研究结果指明了各类适宜性等级区域的开发或保护模式,丰富了适宜性的应用条件,也是对国土空间开发适宜性评价的适当拔高。

关键词: 国土空间开发, 适宜性评价, 陆海统筹, 功能空间, 海南岛

Abstract:

The evaluation of suitability of land and space development in coastal zone and optimization of functional space layout are the scientific basis for advancing the strategic goal of land-sea coordination. Taking Hainan Island as an example, this paper constructs an index system for the evaluation of the coastal zone "potential-limitation" based on the analysis of environmental benefits and losses, and comprehensively uses the multi-factor product and spatial overlapping methods, which is suitable for the development and construction of the land space in the coastal zone of Hainan Island. Then we carry out an integrated evaluation, and identify four types of coastal functional spaces: "port-industry-city" area, coastal tourism area, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery area, and nature reserve based on the functional space discrimination conditions. The research shows that the areas that are suitable for land space development in the study area generally present a spatial distribution pattern of "more on the west coast and less on the east coast". The areas of suitable, basically suitable, basically unsuitable, and unsuitable for construction are 1785.32 km², 1724.57 km², 812.86 km², and 4051.67 km², respectively; suitable and unsuitable areas overlap and intersect, which brings tremendous pressure to the development of coastal land space. The areas of the four types of functional space in the coastal zone is 1813.39 km², 2138.26 km², 1831.62 km² and 2591.15 km², accounting for 21.65%, 25.53%, 21.87% and 30.94% of the coastal zone area respectively. The functional space of the coastal zone presents a "circle", "bipole" and "multipoint" spatial pattern. Based on the summarized three types of typical functional space conflicts, the functional space has been adjusted and optimized, and the agglomeration and connectivity of various functional spaces have been enhanced. However, the same functional space between sea and land is not connected, and the sea and land are economically connected. There are still many land-sea contradictions and conflicts in the development of land and space. The research results point out the development or protection mode of various suitability grade areas, expand the application conditions of suitability, and also enrich the theory on the suitability evaluation of land space development.

Key words: land space development, suitability evaluation, land and sea coordination, functional space, Hainan Island

刘柄麟, 张振克, 纪学朋, 蒋生楠, 魏国恩, 周珂旭, 王佩玉. 海岸带国土空间开发适宜性评价及功能空间配置——以海南岛为例[J]. 自然资源学报, 2022, 37(4): 862-879.

LIU Bing-lin, ZHANG Zhen-ke, JI Xue-peng, JIANG Sheng-nan, WEI Guo-en, ZHOU Ke-xu, WANG Pei-yu. Research on suitability evaluation of land space development and functional space allocation in coastal zone: A case study of Hainan Island[J]. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES, 2022, 37(4): 862-879.

图/表 11

表1

海南岛海岸带国土空间开发适宜性评价指标体系

准则层	指标层		分级方法
建设潜力 x （陆域）	x₁	地类名称	建设用地（商业服务业设施用地、物流仓储用地、工业用地、采矿用地、城镇住宅用地、农村宅基地、机关团体新闻出版用地、科教文卫用地、公用设施用地、铁路用地、轨道交通用地、公路用地、城镇村道路用地、交通服务场站用地、机场用地、港口码头用地、管道运输用地、水工建筑用地、空闲地/1,盐田/0.8,公园与绿地/0.6,特殊用地/0）;农用地（水田、水浇地、旱地、农村道路/1,田坎、其他草地/0.8,设施农用地、果园、茶园、橡胶园、其他园地、灌木林地/0.6,乔木林地、竹林地、人工牧草地、其他林地、沟渠/0.4,灌丛沼泽、红树林地、森林沼泽、天然牧草地、沼泽草地、水库水面、坑塘水面/0）;未利用地（裸土地/0.8,裸岩石砾地/0.4,河流水面、湖泊水面、沿海滩涂、内陆滩涂、沼泽地、盐碱地、沙地/0）
	x₂	岸线底质类型	海岸线200 m缓冲区内（人工海岸/1,基岩海岸/0.8,淤泥质海岸/0.6,砂质海岸/0.4,红树林海岸/0.2）,海岸线200 m缓冲区外/1
	x₃	掩护条件	好/1,较好/0.8,较差/0.4,差/0.2
	x₄	基本农田	是/0,否/1
	x₅	交通优势度	便利/1、较便利/0.8、较差/0.4、差/0.2
	x₆	人均GDP/万元	≥6.1/1,4.9~6.1/0.8,3.8~4.9/0.6,2.5~3.8/0.4,<2.5/0.2
	x₇	二三产业比例/%	≥90/1,70~90/0.8,63~70/0.6,43~63/0.4,<43/0.2
	x₈	人均可利用土地资源/(hm²/人)	≥0.7/1,0.4~0.7/0.8,0.3~0.4/0.6,0.2~0.3/0.4,<0.2/0.2
环境限制 y （陆域）注：环境限制与赋值成反比	y₁	高程/m	小于20/1,20~60/0.8,60~100/0.6,100~200/0.4,大于200/0.2
	y₂	坡度/(°)	小于3/1,3~7/0.8,7~15/0.6,15~25/0.4,大于25/0.2
	y₃	生态红线	是/0,否/1
	y₄	风暴潮风险	低/1,较低/0.8,较高/0.4,高/0.2
	y₅	地面沉降	轻微或稳定区/1、一般沉降区/0.8、较严重沉降区/0.6、严重沉降区/0.4、非沉降区/1
	y₆	活动断层	稳定区/1、轻微影响/0.8、较严重影响/0.8、严重影响/0.6
海洋功能区 z（海域）	z	海洋功能区	工业与城镇用海区/1;港口航运区、矿产能源区、旅游休闲娱乐区/0.8;特殊利用区/0.2;农渔业区、海洋保护区、保留区/0

表1

图1

图2

图3

图4

表2

图5

图6

表3

图7

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地名	适宜		基本适宜		基本不适宜		不适宜
地名	面积/km²	占比/%	面积/km²	占比/%	面积/km²	占比/%	面积/km²	占比/%
海口	309.46	38.67	188.68	23.58	58.50	7.31	243.60	30.44
三亚	308.71	28.30	223.69	20.50	150.09	13.76	408.44	37.44
文昌	6.98	0.48	240.69	16.61	251.41	17.35	949.63	65.55
琼海	49.24	14.50	120.91	35.62	23.65	6.97	145.69	42.91
万宁	4.07	0.51	274.66	34.67	128.69	16.24	384.84	48.58
澄迈	160.54	44.09	75.62	20.77	4.64	1.27	123.30	33.86
临高	2.23	0.45	47.39	9.48	104.06	20.81	346.47	69.27
儋州	381.41	34.93	171.16	15.68	14.66	1.34	524.59	48.05
东方	202.55	33.87	67.00	11.20	10.32	1.73	318.15	53.20
乐东	112.04	23.37	141.32	29.48	21.63	4.51	204.35	42.63
陵水	65.82	13.12	158.33	31.56	41.90	8.35	235.68	46.97
昌江	182.27	49.58	15.12	4.11	3.31	0.90	166.93	45.41

地名	港—工—城		滨海旅游		农林牧渔		自然保护区
地名	面积/km²	占比/%	面积/km²	占比/%	面积/km²	占比/%	面积/km²	占比/%
海口	359.81	44.96	136.52	17.06	222.45	27.80	81.44	10.18
三亚	108.16	9.91	584.87	53.61	181.26	16.62	216.64	19.86
文昌	51.30	3.54	320.84	22.15	153.02	10.56	923.54	63.75
琼海	89.04	26.23	87.23	25.69	77.02	22.69	86.21	25.39
万宁	44.58	5.63	334.47	42.22	93.31	11.78	319.90	40.38
澄迈	159.42	43.78	77.55	21.30	74.04	20.33	53.09	14.58
临高	6.99	1.40	28.34	5.67	295.92	59.17	168.90	33.77
儋州	375.89	34.43	190.01	17.40	251.71	23.05	274.21	25.11
东方	202.08	33.79	60.74	10.16	168.00	28.09	167.20	27.96
乐东	130.51	27.23	124.32	25.93	153.56	32.03	70.97	14.81
陵水	102.16	20.36	167.02	33.29	105.52	21.03	127.04	25.32
昌江	183.45	49.90	26.35	7.17	55.81	15.18	102.01	27.75

评价单元	冲突类型	调整前	调整后
海口市	陆海功能空间冲突
万宁市	陆域四类功能空间错乱
儋州市	陆域农林牧渔与港—工城—功能空间交错